Air Pollutants

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • A Mobile Sensing Approach for Regional Surveillance of Fugitive Methane Emissions in Oil and Gas Production. 
  • A Multivariate Dynamic Spatial Factor Model for Speciated Pollutants and Adverse Birth Outcomes. 
  • A call for deep-ocean stewardship. 
  • A case-control method for assessing environmental risks from multiple industrial point sources. 
  • A controlled trial of acute effects of human exposure to traffic particles on pulmonary oxidative stress and heart rate variability. 
  • A model of the regional uptake of gaseous pollutants in the lung. I. The sensitivity of the uptake of ozone in the human lung to lower respiratory tract secretions and exercise. 
  • A personal exposure study employing scripted activities and paths in conjunction with atmospheric releases of perfluorocarbon tracers in Manhattan, New York. 
  • A review on the importance of metals and metalloids in atmospheric dust and aerosol from mining operations. 
  • A time-series analysis of air pollution and preterm birth in Pennsylvania, 1997-2001. 
  • Activation of EGF receptors mediates pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by residual oil fly ash. 
  • Acute changes in heart rate variability in subjects with diabetes following a highway traffic exposure. 
  • Adequacy of a single monitoring site for defining mean outdoor concentrations of fine particles in a demarcated residential community. 
  • Aerial Surveys of Elevated Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production Sites. 
  • Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Nested Case-Control Study among Members of a Northern California Health Plan. 
  • Air impacts of increased natural gas acquisition, processing, and use: a critical review. 
  • Air pollution and lung cancer mortality in Harris County, Texas, 1979-1981. 
  • Air pollution in China, with Junfeng (Jim) Zhang by Ashley Ahearn. 
  • Air pollution: clean up our skies. 
  • Air quality impacts and health-benefit valuation of a low-emission technology for rail yard locomotives in Atlanta Georgia. 
  • Air-water fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ during microalgae (Staurosira sp.) cultivation in an open raceway pond. 
  • Ambient ozone and pulmonary innate immunity. 
  • Ambient particulate matter and lung function growth in Chinese children. 
  • An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society policy statement: disparities in respiratory health. 
  • Analysis of a workplace air particulate sample by synchronous luminescence and room-temperature phosphorescence. 
  • Apoptotic and inflammatory effects induced by different particles in human alveolar macrophages. 
  • Association between air pollution and suicide in South Korea: a nationwide study. 
  • Association of Roadway Proximity with Fasting Plasma Glucose and Metabolic Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in a Cross-Sectional Study of Cardiac Catheterization Patients. 
  • Association of air pollution sources and aldehydes with biomarkers of blood coagulation, pulmonary inflammation, and systemic oxidative stress. 
  • Associations among plasma metabolite levels and short-term exposure to PM2.5 and ozone in a cardiac catheterization cohort. 
  • Associations between Environmental Quality and Mortality in the Contiguous United States, 2000-2005. 
  • Associations between urinary diphenyl phosphate and thyroid function. 
  • Associations of neighborhood concentrated poverty, neighborhood racial/ethnic composition, and indoor allergen exposures: a cross-sectional analysis of los angeles households, 2006-2008. 
  • Bayesian multinomial probit modeling of daily windows of susceptibility for maternal PM2.5 exposure and congenital heart defects. 
  • Bioaerosol emissions associated with pit latrine emptying operations. 
  • Bioaerosols and innate immune responses in airway diseases. 
  • Biocatalytic coatings for air pollution control: a proof of concept study on VOC biodegradation. 
  • Biochemical and pathological effects of fly ash on lung, liver, and blood of rats. 
  • Biological effects of desert dust in respiratory epithelial cells and a murine model. 
  • Biological treatment of mixtures of toluene and n-hexane vapours in a hollow fibre membrane bioreactor. 
  • Biological waste air treatment in biofilters. 
  • Biomass control in waste air biotrickling filters by protozoan predation. 
  • Biosensor system for continuous monitoring of organophosphate aerosols. 
  • Bronchial reactivity of healthy subjects: 18-20 h postexposure to ozone. 
  • Cardiopulmonary effects of overnight indoor air filtration in healthy non-smoking adults: A double-blind randomized crossover study. 
  • Cardiorespiratory biomarker responses in healthy young adults to drastic air quality changes surrounding the 2008 Beijing Olympics. 
  • Case study of the effects of atmospheric aerosols and regional haze on agriculture: an opportunity to enhance crop yields in China through emission controls? 
  • Chapter two: methodologies for characterisation of combustion sources and for quantification of their emissions. 
  • Characterization of Adipogenic Activity of House Dust Extracts and Semi-Volatile Indoor Contaminants in 3T3-L1 Cells. 
  • Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China. 
  • Characterization of non-methane hydrocarbons emitted from various cookstoves used in China. 
  • Characterization of the dust/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001. 
  • Children's respiratory morbidity prevalence in relation to air pollution in four Chinese cities. 
  • Chlordanes in the indoor and outdoor air of three U.S. cities. 
  • Clinical findings for residents near a polyurethane foam manufacturing plant. 
  • Combustion sources of particles. 1. Health relevance and source signatures. 
  • Combustion sources of particles: 2. Emission factors and measurement methods. 
  • Comment on "Atmospheric particulate matter pollution during the 2008 Beijing Olympics". 
  • Comparing polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in a food web in Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan. 
  • Comparison of different packing materials for the biofiltration of air toxics. 
  • Comparison of residential geocoding methods in population-based study of air quality and birth defects. 
  • Comparison of the Revised Air Quality Index with the PSI and AQI indices. 
  • Comparisons of ultrafine and fine particles in their associations with biomarkers reflecting physiological pathways. 
  • Continuous operation of foamed emulsion bioreactors treating toluene vapors. 
  • Contribution of environmental fibers to respiratory cancer. 
  • Contribution of magnetic resonance microscopy in the 12-week neurotoxicity evaluation of carbonyl sulfide in Fischer 344 rats. 
  • Controlled human exposures to ambient pollutant particles in susceptible populations. 
  • Costs of smoking: a focus on maternal, childhood, and other short-run costs. 
  • Cross influences of ozone and sulfate precursor emissions changes on air quality and climate. 
  • Current approaches used in epidemiologic studies to examine short-term multipollutant air pollution exposures. 
  • Determination of elemental baseline using peltigeralean lichens from Northeastern Canada (Québec): Initial data collection for long term monitoring of the impact of global climate change on boreal and subarctic area in Canada. 
  • Development of a methyl bromide collection system for fumigated farmland. 
  • Development of foamed emulsion bioreactor for air pollution control. 
  • Differences in Birth Weight Associated with the 2008 Beijing Olympics Air Pollution Reduction: Results from a Natural Experiment. 
  • Dynamic-chemical coupling of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region. 
  • Economic evaluation of the benefits of reducing acute cardiorespiratory morbidity associated with air pollution. 
  • Effect of inhalation of coal fly ash on vitamin A distribution in organs of the rat. 
  • Effects of a nanoceria fuel additive on the physicochemical properties of diesel exhaust particles. 
  • Effects of well spacing on geological storage site distribution costs and surface footprint. 
  • Efficiency of sampling and analysis of asbestos fibers on filter media: implications for exposure assessment. 
  • Emerging mechanistic targets in lung injury induced by combustion-generated particles. 
  • Emissions of air pollutants from household stoves: honeycomb coal versus coal cake. 
  • Emissions of nitric oxide from 79 plant species in response to simulated nitrogen deposition. 
  • Environmental aspects of fibrous glass production and utilization. 
  • Environmental toxins induce intracellular responses of airway epithelium through reactive species of oxygen and nitrogen. Roger S. Mitchell Lecture. 
  • Estimating personal exposures from ambient air pollution measures: using meta-analysis to assess measurement error. 
  • Estimation of in-canopy ammonia sources and sinks in a fertilized Zea mays field. 
  • Estimations of historical atmospheric mercury concentrations from mercury refining and present-day soil concentrations of total mercury in Huancavelica, Peru. 
  • Evident elevation of atmospheric monoterpenes due to degradation-induced species changes in a semi-arid grassland. 
  • Experimental approaches for studies of particulate matter: the case for stronger consideration of dosimetric and exposure issues. 
  • Exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs): a review. 
  • Exposure to flame retardant chemicals on commercial airplanes. 
  • Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds among recently pregnant rural Guatemalan women cooking and heating with solid fuels. 
  • Fate of products of degradation processes: consequences for climatic change. 
  • Field investigation of roadside vegetative and structural barrier impact on near-road ultrafine particle concentrations under a variety of wind conditions. 
  • Fine ambient particles induce oxidative stress and metal binding genes in human alveolar macrophages. 
  • Fine particle components and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological time series studies of daily mortality and hospital admissions. 
  • Fine particulate matter and cardiovascular disease: Comparison of assessment methods for long-term exposure. 
  • Functional group characterization of indoor, outdoor, and personal PM: results from RIOPA. 
  • GIS modeling of air toxics releases from TRI-reporting and non-TRI-reporting facilities: impacts for environmental justice. 
  • Gene expression profile in circulating mononuclear cells after exposure to ultrafine carbon particles. 
  • Global chemical composition of ambient fine particulate matter for exposure assessment. 
  • Global soil nitrous oxide emissions since the preindustrial era estimated by an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models: Magnitude, attribution, and uncertainty. 
  • Health benefits from large-scale ozone reduction in the United States. 
  • Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia. 
  • Health effects of a mixture of indoor air volatile organics, their ozone oxidation products, and stress. 
  • Health effects of real-world exposure to diesel exhaust in persons with asthma. 
  • Health inputs and cumulative health deficits among the older Chinese. 
  • Hormesis, Hotspots and Emissions Trading 
  • Host and environmental factors affect pulmonary responses measured in bronchoalveolar lavage. 
  • House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters. 
  • How does infiltration behavior modify the composition of ambient PM2.5 in indoor spaces? An analysis of RIOPA data. 
  • How irritating: the role of TRPA1 in sensing cigarette smoke and aerogenic oxidants in the airways. 
  • Human exposure assessment in air pollution systems. 
  • Hydrocarbon emissions and health risks from cookstoves in developing countries. 
  • Impacts of a nanosized ceria additive on diesel engine emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants. 
  • Implications of shale gas development for climate change 
  • In vitro exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) does not alter bronchial smooth muscle responsiveness in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs. 
  • In vivo exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) induces a decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and tachykinin immunoreactivity in guinea-pig peripheral airways. 
  • Increasing forest carbon sequestration through cooperation and shared strategies between China and the United States. 
  • Induction of pulmonary and hepatic cytochrome P-450 species by coal fly ash inhalation in rats. 
  • Inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of healthy young adults to changes in air quality during the Beijing Olympics. 
  • Influence of ambient (outdoor) sources on residential indoor and personal PM2.5 concentrations: analyses of RIOPA data. 
  • Integrated model shows that atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases have reduced rice harvests in India. 
  • Intercontinental impacts of ozone pollution on human mortality. 
  • Long-term ambient air pollution levels in four Chinese cities: inter-city and intra-city concentration gradients for epidemiological studies. 
  • Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality. 
  • Low acetaldehyde collection efficiencies for 24-hour sampling with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated solid sorbents. 
  • Low-Level Air Pollution Associated With Death: Policy and Clinical Implications. 
  • Lung injury, inflammation and Akt signaling following inhalation of particulate hexavalent chromium. 
  • Malondialdehyde in exhaled breath condensate and urine as a biomarker of air pollution induced oxidative stress. 
  • Mapping urban pipeline leaks: methane leaks across Boston. 
  • Maternal diesel inhalation increases airway hyperreactivity in ozone-exposed offspring. 
  • Maternal exposure to criteria air pollutants and congenital heart defects in offspring: results from the national birth defects prevention study. 
  • Maternal exposure to particulate matter increases postnatal ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity in juvenile mice. 
  • Measurement of human CYP1A2 induction by inhalation exposure to benzo(a)pyrene based on in vivo isotope breath method. 
  • Measurement of inflammation and oxidative stress following drastic changes in air pollution during the Beijing Olympics: a panel study approach. 
  • Measurements of secondary organic aerosol from oxidation of cycloalkenes, terpenes, and m-xylene using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. 
  • Meeting report: Estimating the benefits of reducing hazardous air pollutants--summary of 2009 workshop and future considerations. 
  • Meta-analysis of environmental health data. 
  • Methane emissions from natural gas infrastructure and use in the urban region of Boston, Massachusetts. 
  • Mitochondrial oxidant production by a pollutant dust and NO-mediated apoptosis in human alveolar macrophage. 
  • Modeling of a foamed emulsion bioreactor: I. Model development and experimental validation. 
  • Modeling of a foamed emulsion bioreactor: II. model parametric sensitivity. 
  • Models to predict emissions of health-damaging pollutants and global warming contributions of residential fuel/stove combinations in China. 
  • Mortality from ship emissions: a global assessment. 
  • Mortality patterns among miners and millers of non-asbestiform talc: preliminary report. 
  • Mortality patterns of rock and slag mineral wool production workers: an epidemiological and environmental study. 
  • Multilevel quantile function modeling with application to birth outcomes. 
  • Nasal toxicity of manganese sulfate and manganese phosphate in young male rats following subchronic (13-week) inhalation exposure. 
  • Natural gas pipeline leaks across Washington, DC. 
  • Near-real-time determination of hydrogen peroxide generated from cigarette smoke. 
  • Negatively charged 2- and 10-microm particles activate vanilloid receptors, increase cAMP, and induce cytokine release. 
  • Neurotoxicity of carbonyl sulfide in F344 rats following inhalation exposure for up to 12 weeks. 
  • New real-time technique to measure the size distribution of water-insoluble aerosols. 
  • Odor and volatile organic compound removal from wastewater treatment plant headworks ventilation air using a biofilter. 
  • Optimizing a dansylhydrazine (DNSH) based method for measuring airborne acrolein and other unsaturated carbonyls. 
  • Outdoor air pollution and respiratory health in Asia. 
  • Outdoor air pollution: a global perspective. 
  • Outdoor air pollution: counseling and exposure risk reduction. 
  • Outdoor air pollution: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health effects. 
  • Outdoor air pollution: ozone health effects. 
  • Outdoor air pollution: particulate matter health effects. 
  • Overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase decreases lung injury after exposure to oil fly ash. 
  • Ozone activates pulmonary dendritic cells and promotes allergic sensitization through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent mechanism. 
  • Ozone and pulmonary innate immunity. 
  • Ozone exposure is associated with acute changes in inflammation, fibrinolysis, and endothelial cell function in coronary artery disease patients. 
  • Ozone pollution in the rural United States and the new NAAQS. 
  • Ozone, Electrostatic Precipitators, and Particle Number Concentrations: Correlations Observed in a Real Office during Working Hours. 
  • Ozone-initiated chemistry in an occupied simulated aircraft cabin. 
  • PM2.5 constituents and oxidative DNA damage in humans. 
  • PM2.5 of ambient origin: estimates and exposure errors relevant to PM epidemiology. 
  • Particle phase acidity and oligomer formation in secondary organic aerosol. 
  • Particulate allergens potentiate allergic asthma in mice through sustained IgE-mediated mast cell activation. 
  • Patients with asthma demonstrate airway inflammation after exposure to concentrated ambient particulate matter. 
  • Personal and ambient exposures to air toxics in Camden, New Jersey. 
  • Personal exposure to particles in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia. 
  • Personal exposure to particulate PAHs and anthraquinone and oxidative DNA damages in humans. 
  • Pharmacokinetics of methanol and formate in female cynomolgus monkeys exposed to methanol vapors. 
  • Photosynthesis and biomass allocation of radish cv. "Cherry Belle" in response to root temperature and ozone. 
  • Physiologic impairment of olfactory stimulus processing in schizophrenia. 
  • Pollutant particles enhanced H2O2 production from NAD(P)H oxidase and mitochondria in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. 
  • Pollutant particles induce arginase II in human bronchial epithelial cells. 
  • Pollutant particles produce vasoconstriction and enhance MAPK signaling via angiotensin type I receptor. 
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other semivolatile organic compounds collected in New York City in response to the events of 9/11. 
  • Polyfluorinated compounds in serum linked to indoor air in office environments. 
  • Population Exposure to Ambient PM2.5 at the Subdistrict Level in China. 
  • Prevalence of persistent cough and phlegm in young adults in relation to long-term ambient sulfur oxide exposure. 
  • Pulmonary function and respiratory health of rural farmers and artisanal and small scale gold miners in Ghana. 
  • Pulmonary phenotype of CCSP/UG deficient mice: a consequence of CCSP deficiency or altered Clara cell function? 
  • Quantifying the health impacts of ambient air pollutants: recommendations of a WHO/Europe project. 
  • Quantitative analysis of particulate burden in lung tissue. 
  • Quantitative systematic review of the associations between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality and hospital admissions. 
  • Radon risk information and voluntary protection: evidence from a natural experiment. 
  • Reduce short-lived climate pollutants for multiple benefits. 
  • Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting agricultural management for climate change in developing countries: providing the basis for action. 
  • Reduction in pulmonary and hepatic respiratory cytochrome contents by fly ash inhalation in rats. 
  • Relation between ambient air quality and selected birth defects, seven county study, Texas, 1997-2000. 
  • Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study: study design, methods and quality assurance/control results. 
  • Relationships between personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to trace elements in PM(2.5). 
  • Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA). Part I. Collection methods and descriptive analyses. 
  • Reply to Selin: Human impacts on the atmospheric burden of trace metals. 
  • Residential air exchange rates in three major US metropolitan areas: results from the Relationship Among Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air Study 1999-2001. 
  • Respiratory effects of exposure to diesel traffic in persons with asthma. 
  • Response to Comment on "Effects of Environmental Temperature Change on the Efficiency of Coal- and Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants". 
  • Robust two-stage estimation in hierarchical nonlinear models. 
  • Rodent thyroid, liver, and fetal testis toxicity of the monoester metabolite of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (tbph), a novel brominated flame retardant present in indoor dust. 
  • Seasonal variations in air pollution particle-induced inflammatory mediator release and oxidative stress. 
  • Short-term effects of fine particulate matter and ozone on the cardiac conduction system in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. 
  • Sickness response symptoms among healthy volunteers after controlled exposures to diesel exhaust and psychological stress. 
  • Simple models for community exposure from point sources of pollution. 
  • Simulating real-world exposures during emergency events: studying effects of indoor and outdoor releases in the Urban Dispersion Program in upper Manhattan, NY. 
  • Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security. 
  • Single-walled carbon nanotubes increase pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus infectivity of lung epithelial cells. 
  • Social and physical environments and disparities in risk for cardiovascular disease: the healthy environments partnership conceptual model. 
  • Source proximity and outdoor-residential VOC concentrations: results from the RIOPA study. 
  • Sources of organic acids in indoor air: a field study. 
  • Space-time data fusion under error in computer model output: an application to modeling air quality. 
  • Spatial-temporal characteristics of haze and vertical distribution of aerosols over the Yangtze River Delta of China. 
  • Spatially refined aerosol direct radiative forcing efficiencies. 
  • Sulfur dioxide treatment from flue gases using a biotrickling filter-bioreactor system. 
  • Synergistic effects of exposure to concentrated ambient fine pollution particles and nitrogen dioxide in humans. 
  • TRPV1 receptors mediate particulate matter-induced apoptosis. 
  • The Clean Air Act: science, policy, and politics. 
  • The SIT image Vidicon as a gas-phase fluorescence detector for gas chromatography. 
  • The accumulation of nickel in human lungs. 
  • The cardiopulmonary effects of ambient air pollution and mechanistic pathways: a comparative hierarchical pathway analysis. 
  • The characterization of airborne occupational safety and health hazards in selected small businesses; manufacturing wood pallets. 
  • The complexities of air pollution regulation: the need for an integrated research and regulatory perspective. 
  • The control of mercury vapor using biotrickling filters. 
  • The discoloration of the Taj Mahal due to particulate carbon and dust deposition. 
  • The effect of packing hydrophilization on bacterial attachment and the relationship with the performance of biotrickling filters. 
  • The effects of a lower irrigation system on pollutant removal and on the microflora of a biofilter. 
  • The global atmospheric environment for the next generation. 
  • The influence of air cleaners on indoor particulate matter components and oxidative potential in residential households in Beijing. 
  • The outdoor air pollution and brain health workshop. 
  • The removal of H2S from process air by diffusion into activated sludge. 
  • The role of air quality management programs in improving public health: a brief synopsis. 
  • The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study. 
  • The role of in vitro gene expression profiling in particulate matter health research. 
  • The role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the response of airway epithelium to particulates. 
  • The role of soluble components in ambient fine particles-induced changes in human lungs and blood. 
  • The toxicology of climate change: environmental contaminants in a warming world. 
  • Toluene degradation in the recycle liquid of biotrickling filters for air pollution control. 
  • Trading cases 
  • Traffic and meteorological impacts on near-road air quality: summary of methods and trends from the Raleigh Near-Road Study. 
  • Treatment of mixtures of toluene and n-propanol vapours in a compost-woodchip-based biofilter. 
  • Treatment of mixtures of toluene and n-propanol vapours in a compost-woodchip-based biofilter. 
  • U.S. air quality management: local, regional and global approaches. 
  • Up-regulation of tissue factor in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells after ultrafine particle exposure. 
  • Urinary biomarkers of flame retardant exposure among collegiate U.S. gymnasts. 
  • Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites as biomarkers of exposure to traffic-emitted pollutants. 
  • Using air pollution based community clusters to explore air pollution health effects in children. 
  • Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors influence inflammatory sensitivity in response to particulate matter. 
  • Vanilloid receptor activation by 2- and 10-microm particles induces responses leading to apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells. 
  • Variation in DNA-Damage Responses to an Inhalational Carcinogen (1,3-Butadiene) in Relation to Strain-Specific Differences in Chromatin Accessibility and Gene Transcription Profiles in C57BL/6J and CAST/EiJ Mice. 
  • Vascular effects of ambient pollutant particles and metals. 
  • Vehicular Traffic-Related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure and Breast Cancer Incidence: The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP). 
  • Workshop on fiber toxicology research needs. 
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  Keywords of People

  • Deshusses, Marc, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University Energy Initiative
  • Grambow, Steven C., Assistant Professor of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics
  • Hsu-Kim, Heileen, Mary Milus Yoh and Harold L. Yoh, Jr. Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering
  • Huang, Yuh-Chin Tony, Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine