Anesthesia

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • "Two steps forward, one back" 
  • 2010 meeting of the Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society (CCAS) and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia (SPA). 
  • A Plague on Both Your Monitors! Are Bispectral Index and Cerebral Oximetry Useful for Reducing Postoperative Cognitive Impairment? 
  • A Systematic Review Evaluating Neuraxial Morphine and Diamorphine-Associated Respiratory Depression After Cesarean Delivery. 
  • A limited evaluation of the association of race and anesthetic medication administration: A single-center experience with appendectomies. 
  • A model for biliary and vascular access in the unanesthetized, unrestrained rat. 
  • A new method for hemodynamic and echocardiographic assessment of conscious dogs: comparison with thiopental-morphine anaesthesia. 
  • A prospective comparison of a noninvasive cardiac output monitor versus esophageal Doppler monitor for goal-directed fluid therapy in colorectal surgery patients. 
  • A randomized controlled trial of the Arctic Sun Temperature Management System versus conventional methods for preventing hypothermia during off-pump cardiac surgery. 
  • A survey of the global impact of COVID-19 on the practice of pediatric anesthesia: A study from the pediatric anesthesia COVID-19 Collaborative Group. 
  • Active Management of Labor Epidural Analgesia Is the Key to Successful Conversion of Epidural Analgesia to Cesarean Delivery Anesthesia. 
  • Acute and Long-Term Effects of Brief Sevoflurane Anesthesia During the Early Postnatal Period in Rats. 
  • Alzheimer's disease, anesthesia, and surgery: a clinically focused review. 
  • American College of Cardiology/Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions Clinical Expert Consensus Document on cardiac catheterization laboratory standards. A report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. 
  • American College of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Parameters for Hemodynamic Support of Pediatric and Neonatal Septic Shock. 
  • An isolated perfused rat lung preparation. 
  • An update on the management of PONV in a pediatric patient. 
  • Anaesthetic management of the brain dead for organ donation. 
  • Anaphylaxis. What is monitored to make a diagnosis? How is therapy monitored? 
  • Anesthesia Care Handovers and Risk of Adverse Outcomes. 
  • Anesthesia and Surgery in Space: Comment. 
  • Anesthesia and mitochondrial disorders. 
  • Anesthesia for Acute Spinal Cord Injury. 
  • Anesthesia for Lung Transplantation. 
  • Anesthesia for a child with reflex anoxic seizures. 
  • Anesthesia for catheter ablation procedures. 
  • Anesthesia for interventional neuroradiology. 
  • Anesthesia implications of waterpipe use. 
  • Anesthesia in Experimental Stroke Research. 
  • Anesthesia-Guided Palliative Care in the Perioperative Surgical Home Model. 
  • Anesthesia-based pain services improve the quality of postoperative pain management. 
  • Anesthesia: a discipline that incorporates clinical pharmacology across the DDRU continuum. 
  • Anesthetic Evolution in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Expert Perspectives From High-Volume Academic Centers in Europe and the United States. 
  • Anesthetic Implications of Button Battery Ingestion in Children. 
  • Anesthetic concerns for patients with coagulopathy. 
  • Anesthetic considerations for magnetic seizure therapy: a novel therapy for severe depression. 
  • Anesthetic management of a pediatric Wada test. 
  • Anesthetic management of children with Moebius sequence. 
  • Anesthetic management of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for cerebral aneurysm clipping. 
  • Anesthetic management of the patient with a ventricular assist device. 
  • Anesthetic management of the patient with extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support. 
  • Anesthetizing the phantom: peripheral nerve stimulation of a nonexistent extremity. 
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema associated with endotracheal intubation. 
  • Another use for transesophageal echocardiography during aortic valve bypass surgery. 
  • Arterial blood pressure and heart rate discrepancies between handwritten and computerized anesthesia records. 
  • Association between anesthesiologist experience and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation. 
  • Asymmetric cerebral near-infrared oximetric measurements during cardiac surgery. 
  • Authors' reply. 
  • BIPAP for management of hypoxemia associated with unilateral phrenic nerve palsy following surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. 
  • Best Practices for Postoperative Brain Health: Recommendations From the Fifth International Perioperative Neurotoxicity Working Group. 
  • Capnography monitoring the hypoventilation during the induction of bronchoscopic sedation: A randomized controlled trial. 
  • Cardiac anesthetic: is it unique? 
  • Cardiopulmonary bypass induces neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunction in the rat. 
  • Case 1-2011: The challenges posed by a complicated pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. 
  • Case 6-2011: Aortic valve replacement in a patient with aortic stenosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and renal dysfunction. 
  • Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after thermometer insertion through the nose. 
  • Changes in S1 neural responses during tactile discrimination learning. 
  • Characterization of sedation and anesthesia complications in patients with alternating hemiplegia of childhood. 
  • Children with sick hearts: towards anesthesia safety. 
  • Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. 
  • Closed-loop systems in anesthesia: reality or fantasy? 
  • Colorectal testing utilization and payments in a large cohort of commercially insured US adults. 
  • Comparison of metoclopramide and promethazine for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the post-anesthesia care unit: A retrospective database analysis. 
  • Consensus Recommendations for the Conduct, Training, Implementation, and Research of Perioperative Handoffs. 
  • Controversies in office-based anesthesia: obstructive sleep apnea considerations. 
  • Creating a Cognitive Aid for Use During Intraoperative Power Failures. 
  • Curtailing Unnecessary Waste Among Operating Room Personnel: Evaluating the Cost Awareness of Commonly Used Surgical Items. 
  • Defining Value-Based Care in Cardiac and Vascular Anesthesiology: The Past, Present, and Future of Perioperative Cardiovascular Care. 
  • Determinants of seizure threshold in ECT: benzodiazepine use, anesthetic dosage, and other factors. 
  • Developing a Real-Time Electroencephalogram-Guided Anesthesia-Management Curriculum for Educating Residents: A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial. 
  • Differences in Seizure Expression Between Magnetic Seizure Therapy and Electroconvulsive Shock. 
  • Differential cerebral gene expression during cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat: evidence for apoptosis? 
  • Differential effects of anesthetic agents on outcome from near-complete but not incomplete global ischemia in the rat. 
  • Does anesthetic technique make a difference? Augmentation of systolic blood pressure during carotid endarterectomy: effects of phenylephrine versus light anesthesia and of isoflurane versus halothane on the incidence of myocardial ischemia. 
  • Does functional ability in the postoperative period differ between remifentanil- and fentanyl-based anesthesia? 
  • Duration and recovery profile of cisatracurium after succinylcholine during propofol or isoflurane anesthesia. 
  • Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on tissue blood flow and microwave heating of rat tumors. 
  • Effect of neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure on luteinizing hormone secretion following ketamine anesthesia and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in castrated postpubertal rats. 
  • Effects of isoflurane versus fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia on long-term outcome from severe forebrain ischemia in the rat. 
  • Effects of pentobarbital anesthesia on the energy metabolism of murine tumors studied by in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 
  • Encoding of tactile stimulus location by somatosensory thalamocortical ensembles. 
  • Endovascular approaches to complex thoracic aortic disease. 
  • Endovascular transcatheter aortic valve implantation: an evolving standard. 
  • Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) for gastrointestinal surgery, part 2: consensus statement for anaesthesia practice. 
  • Epinephrine induces rapid deterioration in pulmonary oxygen exchange in intact, anesthetized rats: a flow and pulmonary capillary pressure-dependent phenomenon. 
  • Ethyl pyruvate improves survival in awake hemorrhage. 
  • Evaluation of an Opioid-Free Anesthesia Protocol for Elective Abdominal Surgery in a Community Hospital. 
  • Evaluation of hemostasis by the Clot Signature Analyzer: a potentially valuable device for the anesthesiologist. 
  • Evaluation of the eZono 4000 with eZGuide for ultrasound-guided procedures. 
  • Evidence-based anesthesia for major gynecologic surgery. 
  • Extended anesthesia exposure for abdominal and pelvic procedures in older adults with colorectal cancer: Associations with chart dementia diagnoses. 
  • Facial nerve palsy: a complication following anaesthesia in a child with Treacher Collins syndrome. 
  • False increase BIS values with forced-air head warming. 
  • Focused anesthesia interview resource to improve efficiency and quality. 
  • Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. 
  • Global surgery and the World Health Organization: indispensable partners to achieve triple billion goals. 
  • Hemodynamics and emergence profile of remifentanil versus fentanyl prospectively compared in a large population of surgical patients. 
  • Heparinase I (neutralase) reversal of systemic anticoagulation. 
  • High-dose fentanyl does not adversely affect outcome from forebrain ischemia in the rat. 
  • High-frequency organization and synchrony of activity in the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum. 
  • High-resolution measurement of electrically-evoked vagus nerve activity in the anesthetized dog. 
  • How much are patients willing to pay to avoid intraoperative awareness? 
  • How to manage drug interactions. 
  • Hyperbaric medicine: an integral part of trauma care. 
  • Hypertension in CB57BL/6J mouse model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 
  • Hypertension: a new look at an old problem. 
  • Hypokalemia before induction of anesthesia and prevention by beta 2 adrenoceptor antagonism. 
  • Hypotensive effect of clonidine is not mediated by enhanced baroreflex gain in rats. 
  • Hypoventilation patterns during bronchoscopic sedation and their clinical relevance based on capnographic and respiratory impedance analysis. 
  • Impact of anesthesia on transcranial electric motor evoked potential monitoring during spine surgery: a review of the literature. 
  • Impact of restarting home neuropsychiatric medications on sedation outcomes in medical intensive care unit patients. 
  • Implantation of an Isoproterenol Mini-Pump to Induce Heart Failure in Mice. 
  • Improving Emergency Airway Knowledge and Self-Efficacy Levels of Outpatient Gastroenterology Staff via Implementation of Online Education and In Situ Simulation. 
  • Improving infection control practices of nurse anesthetists in the anesthesia workspace. 
  • In vitro effects of lidocaine on anaerobic respiratory pathogens and strains of Hemophilus influenzae. 
  • Influence of splanchnic intravascular volume changes on cardiac output during muscarinic receptor stimulation in the anaesthetized dog. 
  • Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on brain oxygenation in anesthetized rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. 
  • Initial anesthetic experience during combined epicardial-endocardial treatment of atrial fibrillation. 
  • Integrating the STOP-Bang Questionnaire Into the Preanesthetic Assessment at a Military Hospital. 
  • Interpreting the Lancet surgical indicators in Somaliland: a cross-sectional study. 
  • Interventional neuroradiology--anesthetic considerations. 
  • Intraoperative waste segregation initiative among anesthesia personnel to contain disposal costs. 
  • Intrathecal sufentanil for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy provides earlier discharge of the outpatient than intrathecal lidocaine. 
  • Is More Anesthesia Care Better in Endoscopy? Comparing the Safety and Cost of Conscious Sedation and Anesthesia Provider-Based Care. 
  • Laryngospasm: review of different prevention and treatment modalities. 
  • Limb tourniquets and central temperature in anesthetized children. 
  • Living-related lobar lung transplantation. 
  • Loss of tissue sensitivity to growth hormone during maternal deprivation in rats. 
  • Low interscalene block provides reliable anesthesia for surgery at or about the elbow. 
  • Management of postdischarge nausea and vomiting after ambulatory surgery. 
  • Methoxyflurane-induced renal dysfunction. 
  • Methylene blue in congenital methemoglobinemia: prophylactic or on demand? 
  • Mobile Cricothyrotomy Simulation Cart Improves Anesthesia Providers' Confidence, Technical Skills, and Procedure Time. 
  • Multidisciplinary team partnerships to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes: the Kybele experience. 
  • Muscular dystrophy versus mitochondrial myopathy: the dilemma of the undiagnosed hypotonic child. 
  • Myocardial depression by anesthetic agents (halothane, enflurane and nitrous oxide): quantitation based on end-systolic pressure-dimension relations. 
  • Neonatal neoplasms. 
  • Neurocognitive dysfunction following cardiac surgery. 
  • Neuroinflammation and Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. 
  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome postoperative onset due to levodopa withdrawal. 
  • Neuromuscular Disease in the Neurointensive Care Unit. 
  • Neurophysiological characterization of high-dose magnetic seizure therapy: comparisons with electroconvulsive shock and cognitive outcomes. 
  • New concepts in the treatment of anaphylactoid reactions in anesthesia. 
  • New medications and techniques in ambulatory anesthesia. 
  • Nocturnal Dexmedetomidine in Nonintubated, Critically Ill Patients: Sleep or Sedation? 
  • Noninvasive detection of periinduction ischemic ventricular dysfunction by cardiokymography in humans: preliminary experience. 
  • Office-based anesthesia for children. 
  • Oliguria. A sign of renal success or impending renal failure? 
  • Opioid-free Anesthesia: Reply. 
  • Opioid-free Anesthesia: Time to Regain Our Balance. 
  • Paediatric cardiomyopathy and anaesthesia. 
  • Paediatric preoperative teaching: effects at induction and postoperatively. 
  • Pediatric Airway Management in COVID-19 Patients: Consensus Guidelines From the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's Pediatric Difficult Intubation Collaborative and the Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society. 
  • Pediatric trauma. Anesthesia management. 
  • Percutaneous tracheostomy for long-term ventilated COVID-19-patients: rationale and first clinical-safe for all-experience. 
  • Perianesthetic Implications and Considerations for Myasthenia Gravis. 
  • Perianesthetic and Anesthesia-Related Mortality in a Southeastern United States Population: A Longitudinal Review of a Prospectively Collected Quality Assurance Data Base. 
  • Perioperative Anesthetic and Transfusion Management of Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery: A Case Series of 21 Procedures. 
  • Perioperative anaphylaxis and the United States perspective. 
  • Perioperative care of adults with Down syndrome: a narrative review. 
  • Perioperative management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Part 1. Operative management. 
  • Perioperative renal dysfunction and cardiovascular anesthesia: concerns and controversies. 
  • Pharmacogenomics and end-organ susceptibility to injury in the perioperative period. 
  • Pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in anesthetized pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures. 
  • Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors oppose hyperoxic vasoconstriction and accelerate seizure development in rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen. 
  • Postoperative Brain Function: Toward a Better Understanding and the American Society of Anesthesiologists Perioperative Brain Health Initiative. 
  • Postoperative Pulmonary Complications, Early Mortality, and Hospital Stay Following Noncardiothoracic Surgery: A Multicenter Study by the Perioperative Research Network Investigators. 
  • Postoperative delirium: etiology and management. 
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting. A retrospective analysis in patients undergoing elective craniotomy. 
  • Preoperative Optimization: A Continued Call to Action. 
  • Preoperative Risk Assessment to Guide Prophylaxis and Reduce the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. 
  • Pressure support mode improves ventilation in "asleep-awake-asleep" craniotomy. 
  • Prevalence and Predictors of Adverse Events during Procedural Sedation Anesthesia-Outside the Operating Room for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Colonoscopy in Children: Age Is an Independent Predictor of Outcomes. 
  • Prevention of perioperative and anesthesia-related complications in facial cosmetic surgery. 
  • Prevention of venous thromboembolism and haemostasis monitoring in patients with COVID-19: Updated proposals (April 2021): From the French working group on perioperative haemostasis (GIHP) and the French study group on thrombosis and haemostasis (GFHT), in collaboration with the French society of anaesthesia and intensive care (SFAR). 
  • Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled study of neuroprotection with lidocaine in cardiac surgery. 
  • Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Cognitive Change Associated With Anaesthesia and Surgery-2018. 
  • Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Cognitive Change Associated with Anaesthesia and Surgery-2018. 
  • Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Cognitive Change Associated with Anaesthesia and Surgery-20181. 
  • Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018. 
  • Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018. 
  • Recommendations for the nomenclature of cognitive change associated with anaesthesia and surgery-2018. 
  • Recurrent circuitry is required to stabilize piriform cortex odor representations across brain states. 
  • Reexamining traditional intraoperative fluid administration: evolving views in the age of goal-directed therapy. 
  • Repetitive intraperitoneal caspase-3 inhibitor and anesthesia reduces neuronal damage. 
  • Response to Letter to the Editor on "Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Timing of Manipulation Under Anesthesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty". 
  • Richard Wolf piezoelectric lithotripters: Piezolith 2300 and 2500. 
  • Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Timing of Manipulation Under Anesthesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty. 
  • SPINAL OR GENERAL ANESTHESIA FOR INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR?A COMPARISON OF CERTAIN COMPLICATIONS IN A CONTROLLED SERIES. 
  • STBUR: Sleep trouble breathing and unrefreshed questionnaire: Evaluation of screening tool for postanesthesia care and disposition. 
  • Safety and feasibility of the Woven EndoBridge device deployment with monitored anesthesia care. 
  • Seizure length and clinical outcome in electroconvulsive therapy using methohexital or thiopental. 
  • Serum enzyme alterations after extensive surgical procedures. 
  • Simulator training enhances resident performance in transesophageal echocardiography. 
  • Simultaneous GCaMP6-based fiber photometry and fMRI in rats. 
  • Sleep safe in clean hands: Improving hand hygiene compliance in the operating room through education and increased access to hand hygiene products. 
  • Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. 
  • Society for Pediatric Anesthesia/American Academy of Pediatrics/Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society: winter meeting review. 
  • Spatiotemporal structure of somatosensory responses of many-neuron ensembles in the rat ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus. 
  • Special Articles: 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 
  • Special article: basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. 
  • Spike avalanches exhibit universal dynamics across the sleep-wake cycle. 
  • State of the clinical science of perioperative brain health: report from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Brain Health Initiative Summit 2018. 
  • Steady-state gas exchange in normothermic, anesthetized, liquid-ventilated dogs. 
  • Stimulus onset quenches neural variability: a widespread cortical phenomenon. 
  • Surgery upregulates high mobility group box-1 and disrupts the blood-brain barrier causing cognitive dysfunction in aged rats. 
  • Sustained potential shifts and paroxysmal discharges in hippocampal formation. 
  • Techniques of experimental animal radiotherapy. 
  • The Perioperative Use of Dexmedetomidine in Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Disease: An Analysis from the Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society-Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Disease Database. 
  • The Year in Cardiothoracic Critical Care: Selected Highlights From 2017. 
  • The Year in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia: Selected Highlights From 2015. 
  • The Year in Perioperative Echocardiography: Selected Highlights from 2020. 
  • The Year in Thoracic Anesthesia: Selected Highlights from 2019. 
  • The big short(age): perioperative and patient-reported outcomes during a fentanyl shortage at a tertiary care facility. 
  • The effects of ethanol on pancreatic blood flow in awake and anesthetized dogs. 
  • The evolution of anesthesiology and perioperative medicine. 
  • The future of cardiothoracic anesthesia. 
  • The impact of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy on the way endocrinologists treat primary hyperparathyroidism. 
  • The importance of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms. 
  • The importance of the STOP- BANG questionnaire as a preoperative assessment tool for the elderly population. 
  • The incidence of unacceptable movement with motor evoked potentials during craniotomy for aneurysm clipping. 
  • The management of resistant depression. 
  • The need for perspective. 
  • The new age of medical genomics. 
  • The psychiatric use of electrically induced seizures. 
  • The puzzling aspects of anesthesia and autism spectrum disorder. 
  • The rationale and development of an adult cardiac anesthesia module to supplement the society of thoracic surgeons national database: using data to drive quality. 
  • The role of corticosteroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a review for the anesthetist. 
  • The sedative and analgesic sparing effect of music. 
  • The systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass: pathophysiological, therapeutic, and pharmacological considerations. 
  • The year in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia: selected highlights from 2014. 
  • The year in cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia: selected highlights from 2012. 
  • Thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery. 
  • Tracheomegaly. 
  • Transthoracic echocardiography in models of cardiac disease in the mouse. 
  • Update on pediatric cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation. 
  • Updates in Enhanced Recovery Pathways for Total Knee Arthroplasty. 
  • Usability Assessment of an Electronic Handoff Tool to Facilitate and Improve Postoperative Communication Between Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit Staff. 
  • Use of the bispectral index to monitor anaesthesia. 
  • Value-based healthcare. 
  • Ventilation-synchronous magnetic resonance microscopy of pulmonary structure and ventilation in mice. 
  • What Does a Red Meat Allergy Have to Do With Anesthesia? Perioperative Management of Alpha-Gal Syndrome. 
  • When Interpolation-Induced Reflection Artifact Meets Time-Frequency Analysis. 
  • [Nondepolarizing muscle relaxant improves direct laryngoscopy view with no effect on face mask ventilation]. 
  • [Nphe1]nociceptin(1-13)-NH2 antagonizes nociceptin-induced hypotension, bradycardia, and hindquarters vasodilation in the anesthetized rat. 
  • ε-Aminocaproic acid and clinical value in cardiac anesthesia. 
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  Keywords of People

  • An, Si Sandy, Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine
  • Berger, Miles, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Duke Science & Society
  • Laskowitz, Daniel Todd, Professor of Neurology, Duke Science & Society
  • Miller, Timothy Ellis, Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, General, Vascular, High Risk Transplant & Critical Care
  • Moon, Richard Edward, Professor of Anesthesiology, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
  • Nagavelli, Harika, Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, VA Anesthesiology Service
  • Nielsen, Karen Cristina, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology, Ambulatory
  • Simmons, Virginia Chris, Clinical Professor in the School of Nursing, School of Nursing
  • Smith, Shad Benjamin, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology
  • Terrando, Niccolò, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Cell Biology