Embryonic and Fetal Development

• 

  Subject Areas on Research

  • 4.5 kb of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase 5' flanking sequence directs tissue specific expression during development and contains consensus sites for multiple transcription factors. 
  • A Bayesian approach for joint modeling of cluster size and subunit-specific outcomes. 
  • A cell-specific nuclear receptor plays essential roles in adrenal and gonadal development. 
  • A cross-sectional study of in utero growth of the above average sized fetus. 
  • A role for sonic hedgehog signaling in the pathogenesis of human tracheoesophageal fistula. 
  • A unique placental lactogen receptor: implications for fetal growth. 
  • AT2 receptor and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in vascular development. 
  • Adenosine-deaminase-deficient mice die perinatally and exhibit liver-cell degeneration, atelectasis and small intestinal cell death. 
  • Adrenomedullary catecholamine release in the fetus and newborn: secretory mechanisms and their role in stress and survival. 
  • Allocation of epiblast cells to germ layer derivatives during mouse gastrulation as studied with a retroviral vector. 
  • Analysis of expression of CD2, CD3, and T cell antigen receptor molecules during early human fetal thymic development. 
  • Anti-bombesin monoclonal antibodies modulate fetal mouse lung growth and maturation in utero and in organ cultures. 
  • Assessing overall risk in reproductive experiments. 
  • Associations between prenatal and postnatal growth and adult body size and composition. 
  • Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor in mice. 
  • Biochemical development of the rat lung: studies on cellular DNA, RNA and protein content in relation to maternal vitamin A status. 
  • Biosynthesis and in vivo localization of the decapentaplegic-Vg-related protein, DVR-6 (bone morphogenetic protein-6). 
  • Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo. 
  • Bmps: multifunctional regulators of mammalian embryonic development. 
  • Bombesin increases fetal lung growth and maturation in utero and in organ culture. 
  • Bone marrow transplantation in the perinatal period. 
  • Bone morphogenetic protein-4 is required for mesoderm formation and patterning in the mouse. 
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins in development. 
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins: multifunctional regulators of vertebrate development. 
  • Branching morphogenesis of the lung: new models for a classical problem. 
  • Cardiac alpha-adrenergic receptor expression is regulated by thyroid hormone during a critical developmental period. 
  • Catecholamine synthesis is mediated by tyrosinase in the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase. 
  • Changes in dendritic structure and function following hippocampal lesions: correlations with developmental events? 
  • Characterization of a gene trap insertion into a novel gene, cordon-bleu, expressed in axial structures of the gastrulating mouse embryo. 
  • Choline availability during embryonic development alters the localization of calretinin in developing and aging mouse hippocampus. 
  • Choline supplementation during prenatal development reduces proactive interference in spatial memory. 
  • Cocaine inhibits central noradrenergic and dopaminergic activity during the critical developmental period in which catecholamines influence cell development. 
  • Colocalization of BMP 7 and BMP 2 RNAs suggests that these factors cooperatively mediate tissue interactions during murine development. 
  • Complete discontinuity of the distal fistula tract from the developing gut: direct histologic evidence for the mechanism of tracheoesophageal fistula formation. 
  • Congenital malformations of the lung. 
  • Conservation and regeneration of transgenic lines of swine by semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination. 
  • Control of air quality in an assisted reproductive technology laboratory. 
  • Convergent control of serotonin transporter expression by glucocorticoids and cocaine in fetal and neonatal rat brain. 
  • Critical windows of exposure for children's health: the reproductive system in animals and humans. 
  • Cryptic brain cell injury caused by fetal nicotine exposure is associated with persistent elevations of c-fos protooncogene expression. 
  • Cytochrome c deficiency causes embryonic lethality and attenuates stress-induced apoptosis. 
  • Defective mesonephric cell migration is associated with abnormal testis cord development in C57BL/6J XY(Mus domesticus) mice. 
  • Determinants of poliovirus neurovirulence. 
  • Developmental biology. Another hit for gene targeting. 
  • Developmental defects in mouse embryos lacking N-cadherin. 
  • Developmental expression of glycogenolytic enzymes in rabbit tissues: possible relationship to fetal lung maturation. 
  • Developmental expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide gene in rat intestine. 
  • Developmental neurotoxicity elicited by gestational exposure to chlorpyrifos: when is adenylyl cyclase a target? 
  • Developmental psychobiology: prenatal, perinatal, and early postnatal aspects of behavioral development. 
  • Developmental regulation of cytochrome oxidase subunit VIa isoforms in cardiac and skeletal muscle. 
  • Differential expression of S1 and elongation factor-1 alpha during rat development. 
  • Differential expression of VEGF isoforms in mouse during development and in the adult. 
  • Differential expression of genes encoding TGFs beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 during murine palate formation. 
  • Disruption of testis cords by cyclopamine or forskolin reveals independent cellular pathways in testis organogenesis. 
  • Disruption of the mouse Rce1 gene results in defective Ras processing and mislocalization of Ras within cells. 
  • Distinct mesodermal signals, including BMPs from the septum transversum mesenchyme, are required in combination for hepatogenesis from the endoderm. 
  • ELAV protein HuA (HuR) can redistribute between nucleus and cytoplasm and is upregulated during serum stimulation and T cell activation. 
  • Ecsit is required for Bmp signaling and mesoderm formation during mouse embryogenesis. 
  • Effect of ambient levels of power-line-frequency electric fields on a developing vertebrate. 
  • Effect of corticosteroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes. NIH Consensus Development Panel on the Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes. 
  • Effect of reduced inspired oxygen on fetal growth and maternal glucose metabolism in rat pregnancy. 
  • Effects of lead exposure on skeletal development in rats. 
  • Effects of maternal nicotine injections on brain development in the rat: ornithine decarboxylase activity, nucleic acids and proteins in discrete brain regions. 
  • Effects of prenatal dexamethasone on development of ornithine decarboxylase activity in brain and peripheral tissues of rats. 
  • Embryologic and physiologic basis of neonatal respiration. 
  • Enhancement of human hematopoiesis by mast cell growth factor in human-sheep chimeras created by the in utero transplantation of human fetal hematopoietic cells. 
  • Enhancer analysis of the mouse HNF-3 beta gene: regulatory elements for node/notochord and floor plate are independent and consist of multiple sub-elements. 
  • Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like transforming growth factor (TGF) activity and EGF receptors in ovine fetal tissues: possible role for TGF in ovine fetal development. 
  • Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions and branching morphogenesis of the lung. 
  • Essential role of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in cardiac development and function. 
  • Estimated fetal weight: applicability to small- and large-for-gestational-age fetus. 
  • Evaluation of the developmental neuroendocrine and reproductive toxicology of aluminium. 
  • Evidence for the involvement of the Gli gene family in embryonic mouse lung development. 
  • Expression and modification of Hox 2.1 protein in mouse embryos. 
  • Expression of CD44 molecules and CD44 ligands during human thymic fetal development: expression of CD44 isoforms is developmentally regulated. 
  • Expression of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (caMKIV) messenger RNA during murine embryogenesis. 
  • Expression of TGF-beta-related genes during mouse embryo whisker morphogenesis. 
  • Expression of TIMP in fetal and adult mouse tissues studied by in situ hybridization. 
  • Expression of a wide T cell receptor V beta repertoire in human T lymphocytes derived in vitro from embryonic liver cell precursors. 
  • Expression of cadherin-11 delineates boundaries, neuromeres, and nuclei in the developing mouse brain. 
  • Expression of homeo box genes during mouse development: a review. 
  • Expression of the homeobox gene, Hox 2.1, during mouse embryogenesis. 
  • Expression of transforming growth factor beta 2 RNA during murine embryogenesis. 
  • Expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor in rat lung is regulated during development. 
  • Fetal biometry in the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. 
  • Fetal nicotine exposure alters ontogeny of M1-receptors and their link to G-proteins. 
  • Fetal nicotine or cocaine exposure: which one is worse? 
  • Formation of Rathke's pouch requires dual induction from the diencephalon. 
  • GABA-induced chemokinesis and NGF-induced chemotaxis of embryonic spinal cord neurons. 
  • GATA4 transcription factor is required for ventral morphogenesis and heart tube formation. 
  • Gastrulation. 
  • Gene dosage-dependent embryonic development and proliferation defects in mice lacking the transcriptional integrator p300. 
  • Glucocorticoids enhance intracellular signaling via adenylate cyclase at three distinct loci in the fetus: a mechanism for heterologous teratogenic sensitization? 
  • Glutamate acting at NMDA receptors stimulates embryonic cortical neuronal migration. 
  • Gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in insulin-dependent diabetics: follicular response, oocyte quality, embryo development, and follicular environment. 
  • HNF-3 beta as a regulator of floor plate development. 
  • Haploinsufficient phenotypes in Bmp4 heterozygous null mice and modification by mutations in Gli3 and Alx4. 
  • How does the mouse get its trunk? 
  • Hyperechoic meconium in the third trimester fetus: an uncommon normal variant. 
  • Hypertrophy of basal forebrain neurons and enhanced visuospatial memory in perinatally choline-supplemented rats. 
  • In utero growth of the large-for-menstrual-age fetus. 
  • Influence of paternal age, smoking, and alcohol consumption on congenital anomalies. 
  • Influence of vitamin A injection before mating on oocyte development, follicular hormones, and ovulation in gilts fed high-energy diets. 
  • Intradural spinal teratoma: evidence for a dysembryogenic origin. Report of four cases. 
  • Involvement of R-cadherin in the early stage of glomerulogenesis. 
  • Involvement of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in mouse embryonic lung growth and morphogenesis. 
  • Isolation and characterization of a mouse homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dishevelled. 
  • Isolation of Vgr-2, a novel member of the transforming growth factor-beta-related gene family. 
  • Left ventricular volumes and function in the embryonic mouse heart. 
  • Leptin mediates the parathyroid hormone-related protein paracrine stimulation of fetal lung maturation. 
  • Localization and phosphorylation of Abl-interactor proteins, Abi-1 and Abi-2, in the developing nervous system. 
  • Magnetic resonance microscopy of embryos. 
  • Male-to-female sex reversal in mice lacking fibroblast growth factor 9. 
  • Maternal vitamin A restriction alters biochemical development of the brain in rats. 
  • Mekk3 is essential for early embryonic cardiovascular development. 
  • Metabolic imprinting of choline by its availability during gestation: implications for memory and attentional processing across the lifespan. 
  • Metaphors and the role of genes in development. 
  • Mice deficient for the secreted glycoprotein SPARC/osteonectin/BM40 develop normally but show severe age-onset cataract formation and disruption of the lens. 
  • Mice lacking Bmp6 function. 
  • Minimal phenotype of mice homozygous for a null mutation in the forkhead/winged helix gene, Mf2. 
  • Mouse Mesenchyme forkhead 2 (Mf2): expression, DNA binding and induction by sonic hedgehog during somitogenesis. 
  • Mouse small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene. 
  • Mutations in filamin 1 prevent migration of cerebral cortical neurons in human periventricular heterotopia. 
  • Müllerian inhibiting substance: gene structure and mechanism of action of a fetal regressor. 
  • NIEHS/EPA Workshops. Cellular migration. 
  • NIEHS/EPA Workshops. Growth and differentiation factors. 
  • NIEHS/EPA Workshops. Pattern formation. 
  • Neem oil inhibits two-cell embryo development and trophectoderm attachment and proliferation in vitro. 
  • Nitric oxide modulates branching morphogenesis in fetal rat lung explants. 
  • Non-phosphorylated neurofilament protein immunoreactivity in adult and developing rat hippocampus: specificity and application in grafting studies. 
  • Normal sonographic appearance of the fetal neck late in the first trimester: the pseudomembrane. 
  • Nutritional regulation of the placental lactogen receptor in fetal liver: implications for fetal metabolism and growth. 
  • Ontogenesis of prolactin receptors in the human fetus in early gestation. Implications for tissue differentiation and development. 
  • Ontogenesis of prolactin receptors in the human fetus: roles in fetal development. 
  • Ontogenetic and phylogenetic transformations of the ear ossicles in marsupial mammals. 
  • Ontogeny and localization of TGF-beta type I receptor expression during lung development. 
  • Ontogeny of T-cell precursors: a model for the initial stages of human T-cell development. 
  • Ontogeny of the human thymus during fetal development. 
  • Ontogeny of the striatal neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor in humans. 
  • Organogenesis: molecular mechanisms of tubulogenesis. 
  • Patterns of expression of murine Vgr-1 and BMP-2a RNA suggest that transforming growth factor-beta-like genes coordinately regulate aspects of embryonic development. 
  • Persistent c-fos induction by nicotine in developing rat brain regions: interaction with hypoxia. 
  • Persistent expression of MNF identifies myogenic stem cells in postnatal muscles. 
  • Physiopathologic role of cubilin and megalin. 
  • Placental lactogen and growth hormone receptors in human fetal tissues: relationship to fetal plasma human placental lactogen concentrations and fetal growth. 
  • Plasma membrane transporters of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine mediate serotonin accumulation in atypical locations in the developing brain of monoamine oxidase A knock-outs. 
  • Potential roles for RUNX1 and its orthologs in determining hematopoietic cell fate. 
  • Prenatal anger effects on the fetus and neonate. 
  • Prenatal cocaine and cell development in rat brain regions: effects on ornithine decarboxylase and macromolecules. 
  • Prenatal terbutaline exposure in the rat: selective effects on development of noradrenergic projections to cerebellum. 
  • Promotional role for glucocorticoids in the development of intracellular signalling: enhanced cardiac and renal adenylate cyclase reactivity to beta-adrenergic and non-adrenergic stimuli after low-dose fetal dexamethasone exposure. 
  • Prox 1, a prospero-related homeobox gene expressed during mouse development. 
  • Recognition of the overgrown fetus: in utero ponderal indices. 
  • Regulation of gene expression in the lung. 
  • Regulation of translation and transcription of messenger RNA during early embryonic development. 
  • Regulatory gene networks and the properties of the developmental process. 
  • Restricted expression of type-II TGF beta receptor in murine embryonic development suggests a central role in tissue modeling and CNS patterning. 
  • Retinoic acid receptors: transcription factors modulating gene regulation, development, and differentiation. 
  • Role of transforming growth factor beta in human disease. 
  • Roles for the winged helix transcription factors MF1 and MFH1 in cardiovascular development revealed by nonallelic noncomplementation of null alleles. 
  • Roles of cadherins in patterning of the developing brain. 
  • Secretion of extracellular superoxide dismutase in neonatal lungs. 
  • Selective induction of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein isoforms occurs during rat liver development. 
  • Semen quality: is there a paternal effect on pregnancy outcome in in-vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection? 
  • Spatially restricted patterns of expression of the homeobox-containing gene Hox 2.1. during mouse embryogenesis. 
  • Spontaneous neuronal firing patterns in fetal rat cortical networks during development in vitro: a quantitative analysis. 
  • Sry and the testis: molecular pathways of organogenesis. 
  • Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is essential for ovarian development and function. 
  • Strength and anthropometric measures in identical and fraternal twins: no evidence of masculinization of females with male co-twins. 
  • Structural equation modeling and nested ANOVA: effects of lead exposure on maternal and fetal growth in rats. 
  • Syntaxin 1A is transiently expressed in fetal lung mesenchymal cells: potential developmental roles. 
  • TGF-beta regulates expression of tenascin alternative-splicing isoforms in fetal rat lung. 
  • Temporal organization of sleep-wake states in preterm infants. 
  • Tenascin in rat lung development: in situ localization and cellular sources. 
  • Tenascin: an extracellular matrix protein prominent in specialized embryonic tissues and tumors. 
  • Terbutaline is a developmental neurotoxicant: effects on neuroproteins and morphology in cerebellum, hippocampus, and somatosensory cortex. 
  • Terminal differentiation-dependent alteration in the expression of translation elongation factor-1 alpha and its sister gene, S1, in neurons. 
  • The DVR gene family in embryonic development. 
  • The TGF-beta-related DVR gene family in mammalian development. 
  • The bZIP transcription factor LCR-F1 is essential for mesoderm formation in mouse development. 
  • The battle of the sexes: opposing pathways in sex determination. 
  • The combined functions of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members bak and bax are essential for normal development of multiple tissues. 
  • The effects of high-dose toluene on embryonic development in the rat. 
  • The fetal gastrointestinal tract. 
  • The human thymus. A chimeric organ comprised of central and peripheral lymphoid components. 
  • The inhibition of differentiation caused by TGFbeta in fetal myoblasts is dependent upon selective expression of PKCtheta: a possible molecular basis for myoblast diversification during limb histogenesis. 
  • The insulin gene is transcribed in the human thymus and transcription levels correlated with allelic variation at the INS VNTR-IDDM2 susceptibility locus for type 1 diabetes. 
  • The mouse lethal nonagouti (a(x)) mutation deletes the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (Ahcy) gene. 
  • The murine winged helix transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are both required for cardiovascular development and somitogenesis. 
  • The relationship of placental grade to fetal size and growth at term. 
  • The role of placental lactogen in the regulation of fetal metabolism and growth. 
  • The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development. 
  • Third ventricle: size and appearance in normal fetuses through gestation. 
  • Time-course imaging of rat embryos in utero with magnetic resonance microscopy. 
  • Toluene abuse embryopathy: longitudinal neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal exposure to toluene in rats. 
  • Transient elevation of messenger RNA encoding gastrin-releasing peptide, a putative pulmonary growth factor in human fetal lung. 
  • Ultrasonographic identification of the macrosomic fetus. 
  • Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: reproductive health in children and adolescents work group summary. 
• 

  Keywords of People

  • Erickson, Harold Paul, James B. Duke Distinguished Professor of Cell Biology, Cell Biology
  • Freemark, Michael Scott, Robert C. Atkins, M.D. and Veronica Atkins Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, in the School of Medicine, Pediatrics, Endocrinology
  • Hogan, Brigid L. M., George Barth Geller Distinguished Professor for Research in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology
  • Sunday, Mary Elizabeth Anne, Professor of Pathology, Cell Biology