Glioblastoma

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • 1p36 is a preferential target of chromosome 1 deletions in astrocytic tumours and homozygously deleted in a subset of glioblastomas. 
  • 3'-Deoxy-3'-[F-18]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: comparison with Gd-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. 
  • A PRMT5-RNF168-SMURF2 Axis Controls H2AX Proteostasis. 
  • A Rational Approach to Target the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Glioblastoma. 
  • A Three-Dimensional Organoid Culture System Derived from Human Glioblastomas Recapitulates the Hypoxic Gradients and Cancer Stem Cell Heterogeneity of Tumors Found In Vivo. 
  • A change in the apparent diffusion coefficient after treatment with bevacizumab is associated with decreased survival in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • A constitutively active form of neurokinin 1 receptor and neurokinin 1 receptor-mediated apoptosis in glioblastomas. 
  • A fully automatic extraction of magnetic resonance image features in glioblastoma patients. 
  • A genetic variant in the APE1/Ref-1 gene promoter -141T/G may modulate risk of glioblastoma in a Chinese Han population. 
  • A novel extracellular Hsp90 mediated co-receptor function for LRP1 regulates EphA2 dependent glioblastoma cell invasion. 
  • A novel splice variant of GLI1 that promotes glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. 
  • A novel, reproducible, and objective method for volumetric magnetic resonance imaging assessment of enhancing glioblastoma. 
  • A phase II study of temozolomide vs. procarbazine in patients with glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. 
  • A phase II study of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway inhibitor TLN-4601 in patients with glioblastoma at first progression. 
  • A phase II, multicenter trial of rindopepimut (CDX-110) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma: the ACT III study. 
  • A phase III randomized prospective trial of external beam radiotherapy, mitomycin C, carmustine, and 6-mercaptopurine for the treatment of adults with anaplastic glioma of the brain. CNS Cancer Consortium. 
  • A pilot study of IL-2Rα blockade during lymphopenia depletes regulatory T-cells and correlates with enhanced immunity in patients with glioblastoma. 
  • A pooled multisite analysis of the effects of atopic medical conditions in glioma risk in different ethnic groups. 
  • A promising cancer vaccine. 
  • A prospective study of short-course radiotherapy in poor prognosis glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • A public database for gene expression in human cancers. 
  • A review of VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapeutics for recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • A sphingosine kinase inhibitor induces cell death in temozolomide resistant glioblastoma cells. 
  • ACRIN 6684: Assessment of Tumor Hypoxia in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Using 18F-FMISO PET and MRI. 
  • ACRIN 6684: Multicenter, phase II assessment of tumor hypoxia in newly diagnosed glioblastoma using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 
  • AJAP1 expression modulates glioma cell motility and correlates with tumor growth and survival. 
  • Aberrant NF-kappaB activity is critical in focal necrosis formation of human glioblastoma by regulation of the expression of tissue factor. 
  • Activity of high-dose cyclophosphamide in the treatment of childhood malignant gliomas. 
  • Activity of irofulven (6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene) in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme-derived xenografts in athymic mice. 
  • Adaptive Global Innovative Learning Environment for Glioblastoma: GBM AGILE. 
  • Addition of bevacizumab to standard radiation therapy and daily temozolomide is associated with minimal toxicity in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Adherence to antiemetic guidelines in patients with malignant glioma: a quality improvement project to translate evidence into practice. 
  • Advances and challenges: dendritic cell vaccination strategies for glioblastoma. 
  • Age-specific genome-wide association study in glioblastoma identifies increased proportion of 'lower grade glioma'-like features associated with younger age. 
  • Algorithmic three-dimensional analysis of tumor shape in MRI improves prognosis of survival in glioblastoma: a multi-institutional study. 
  • Alternating Electric Fields for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. 
  • An EGFRvIII-targeted bispecific T-cell engager overcomes limitations of the standard of care for glioblastoma. 
  • An analysis of radiotherapy data from the CNS cancer consortium's randomized prospective trial comparing AZQ to BCNU in the treatment of patients with primary malignant brain tumors. The CNS cancer consortium. 
  • An automated method for nonparametric kinetic analysis of clinical DCE-MRI data: application to glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab. 
  • An epidermal growth factor receptor variant III-targeted vaccine is safe and immunogenic in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • An update on vaccine therapy and other immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma. 
  • Anaplastic human gliomas grown in athymic mice. Morphology and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. 
  • Anti-angiogenic therapy for high-grade glioma. 
  • Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy for glioblastoma in adults. 
  • Antiangiogenic therapy for high-grade glioma. 
  • Antigenic heterogeneity of human anaplastic gliomas and glioma-derived cell lines defined by monoclonal antibodies. 
  • Antitumor activity of temozolomide combined with irinotecan is partly independent of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and mismatch repair phenotypes in xenograft models. 
  • Apparent diffusion coefficient histogram analysis stratifies progression-free and overall survival in patients with recurrent GBM treated with bevacizumab: a multi-center study. 
  • Assessment of early response to tumor-treating fields in newly diagnosed glioblastoma using physiologic and metabolic MRI: initial experience. 
  • Association between body mass index and mortality in patients with glioblastoma mutliforme. 
  • Association of sequence variants on chromosomes 20, 11, and 5 (20q13.33, 11q23.3, and 5p15.33) with glioma susceptibility in a Chinese population. 
  • Association of surgically acquired motor and language deficits on overall survival after resection of glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Associations of high-grade glioma with glioma risk alleles and histories of allergy and smoking. 
  • Avastin: more questions than answers. . . 
  • B7-H3-redirected chimeric antigen receptor T cells target glioblastoma and neurospheres. 
  • BLyS levels correlate with vaccine-induced antibody titers in patients with glioblastoma lymphodepleted by therapeutic temozolomide. 
  • Bayesian genome- and epigenome-wide association studies with gene level dependence. 
  • Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Bevacizumab and daily temozolomide for recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Bevacizumab continuation beyond initial bevacizumab progression among recurrent glioblastoma patients. 
  • Bevacizumab for the treatment of high-grade glioma: an update after phase III trials. 
  • Bevacizumab plus irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Bevacizumab therapy for glioblastoma: a passionate discussion. 
  • Bevacizumab-induced reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome and successful retreatment in a patient with glioblastoma. 
  • Biodistribution of O6-benzylguanine and its effectiveness against human brain tumor xenografts when given in polyethylene glycol or cremophor-EL. 
  • Biology of gliomas: potential clinical implications of glioma cellular heterogeneity. 
  • Brain tumor types induced by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus in inbred Fischer rats. 
  • CAR T Cells Targeting Podoplanin Reduce Orthotopic Glioblastomas in Mouse Brains. 
  • CRISPR Editing of Mutant IDH1 R132H Induces a CpG Methylation-Low State in Patient-Derived Glioma Models of G-CIMP. 
  • Cancer. The transcription factor GABP selectively binds and activates the mutant TERT promoter in cancer. 
  • Case report of interstitial nephritis induced by bevacizumab therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Caspase 8 is absent or low in many ex vivo gliomas. 
  • Characterization and immunotherapeutic potential of gammadelta T-cells in patients with glioblastoma. 
  • Characterization of new gangliosides of the lactotetraose series in murine xenografts of a human glioma cell line. 
  • Characterization of the mechanisms of busulfan resistance in a human glioblastoma multiforme xenograft. 
  • Chemopotentiation by ultrafractionated radiotherapy in glioblastoma resistant to conventional therapy. 
  • Chromosomal characteristics of childhood brain tumors. 
  • Chromosomal evolution in malignant human gliomas starts with specific and usually numerical deviations. 
  • Chromosome breakpoint at 17q11.2 and insertion of DNA from three different chromosomes in a glioblastoma with exceptional glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. 
  • Cilengitide with metronomic temozolomide, procarbazine, and standard radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma and unmethylated MGMT gene promoter in ExCentric, an open-label phase II trial. 
  • Cisplatin but not BCNU inhibits urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels in human glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. 
  • Clinical and molecular characteristics of gliosarcoma and modern prognostic significance relative to conventional glioblastoma. 
  • Clinical applications of a peptide-based vaccine for glioblastoma. 
  • Clinical characteristics and treatment of malignant brainstem gliomas in elderly patients. 
  • Clinical experience with alpha-particle emitting 211At: treatment of recurrent brain tumor patients with 211At-labeled chimeric antitenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6. 
  • Clinicopathological characteristics and treatment of rhabdoid glioblastoma. 
  • Combination testing of cediranib (AZD2171) against childhood cancer models by the pediatric preclinical testing program. 
  • Combination therapy with potent PI3K and MAPK inhibitors overcomes adaptive kinome resistance to single agents in preclinical models of glioblastoma. 
  • Combining PARP inhibitors with radiation therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma: Is PTEN predictive of response? 
  • Commentary on "Strong adverse prognostic impact of hyperglycemic episodes during adjuvant chemoradiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme". 
  • Comparative genetic patterns of glioblastoma multiforme: potential diagnostic tool for tumor classification. 
  • Comparison of intratumoral bolus injection and convection-enhanced delivery of radiolabeled antitenascin monoclonal antibodies. 
  • Comparison of three physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for the prediction of contrast agent distribution measured by dynamic MR imaging. 
  • Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways. 
  • Comprehensive, Integrative Genomic Analysis of Diffuse Lower-Grade Gliomas. 
  • Computer-extracted MR imaging features are associated with survival in glioblastoma patients. 
  • Computerized assessment of vessel morphological changes during treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: report of a case imaged serially by MRA over four years. 
  • Constrained customization of non-coplanar beam orientations in radiotherapy of brain tumours. 
  • Construction of an immunotoxin, D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL, targeting EGFRwt and EGFRvIII for brain tumor therapy. 
  • Conventional external beam radiotherapy for central nervous system malignancies. 
  • Correlation of MRI sequences to assess progressive glioblastoma multiforme treated with bevacizumab. 
  • Correlation of relative permeability and relative cerebral blood volume in high-grade cerebral neoplasms. 
  • Cortical localization of temporal lobe language sites in patients with gliomas. 
  • Corticosteroid use in patients with glioblastoma at first or second relapse treated with bevacizumab in the BRAIN study. 
  • Corticosteroids compromise survival in glioblastoma in part through their elevation of blood glucose levels. 
  • Critical review of the addition of tumor treating fields (TTFields) to the existing standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. 
  • Crizotinib and erlotinib inhibits growth of c-Met+/EGFRvIII+ primary human glioblastoma xenografts. 
  • Cytotoxic and immunogenic mechanisms of recombinant oncolytic poliovirus. 
  • DNA interstrand crosslinking and strand break repair in human glioma cell lines of varying [1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea] resistance. 
  • DNA mismatch repair and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. 
  • Decreased DNA interstrand cross-linking and cytotoxicity induced in human brain tumor cells by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea after in vitro reaction with glutathione. 
  • Deletion of p16 and p15 genes in brain tumors. 
  • Deletion or epigenetic silencing of AJAP1 on 1p36 in glioblastoma. 
  • Dendritic Cells Enhance Polyfunctionality of Adoptively Transferred T Cells That Target Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastoma. 
  • Detection of DNA damage in transcriptionally active genes by RT-PCR and assessment of repair of cisplatin-induced damage in the glutathione S-transferase-pi gene in human glioblastoma cells. 
  • Detection of humoral response in patients with glioblastoma receiving EGFRvIII-KLH vaccines. 
  • Deubiquitinase USP13 maintains glioblastoma stem cells by antagonizing FBXL14-mediated Myc ubiquitination. 
  • Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting EGFRvIII in glioblastoma samples. 
  • Diffusion MRI quality control and functional diffusion map results in ACRIN 6677/RTOG 0625: a multicenter, randomized, phase II trial of bevacizumab and chemotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Direct in vivo evidence for tumor propagation by glioblastoma cancer stem cells. 
  • Disialoganglioside GD2 in human neuroectodermal tumor cell lines and gliomas. 
  • Disruption of the β1L Isoform of GABP Reverses Glioblastoma Replicative Immortality in a TERT Promoter Mutation-Dependent Manner. 
  • Disruption of wild-type IDH1 suppresses D-2-hydroxyglutarate production in IDH1-mutated gliomas. 
  • Distress persists in long-term brain tumor survivors with glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Dosimetry of 131I-labeled 81C6 monoclonal antibody administered into surgically created resection cavities in patients with malignant brain tumors. 
  • Down-regulation of cathepsin B expression impairs the invasive and tumorigenic potential of human glioblastoma cells. 
  • Dual-mode IVUS transducer for image-guided brain therapy: preliminary experiments. 
  • Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI measures of relative cerebral blood volume as a prognostic marker for overall survival in recurrent glioblastoma: results from the ACRIN 6677/RTOG 0625 multicenter trial. 
  • Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI measures of relative cerebral blood volume continue to show promise as an early response marker in the setting of bevacizumab treatment. 
  • EGF mutant receptor vIII as a molecular target in cancer therapy. 
  • EGFR and EGFRvIII interact with PUMA to inhibit mitochondrial translocalization of PUMA and PUMA-mediated apoptosis independent of EGFR kinase activity. 
  • EGFR mutations and sensitivity to gefitinib. 
  • EGFRvIII and c-Met pathway inhibitors synergize against PTEN-null/EGFRvIII+ glioblastoma xenografts. 
  • EGFRvIII as a promising target for antibody-based brain tumor therapy. 
  • EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells migrate to and kill tumor deposits infiltrating the brain parenchyma in an invasive xenograft model of glioblastoma. 
  • EGFRvIII-targeted vaccination therapy of malignant glioma. 
  • Early post-bevacizumab progression on contrast-enhanced MRI as a prognostic marker for overall survival in recurrent glioblastoma: results from the ACRIN 6677/RTOG 0625 Central Reader Study. 
  • Editorial on "heat shock protein peptide complex-96 (HSPPC-96) vaccination for recurrent glioblastoma: a phase II, single arm trial". 
  • Effect of CYP3A-inducing anti-epileptics on sorafenib exposure: results of a phase II study of sorafenib plus daily temozolomide in adults with recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Effect of cisplatin and BCNU on MMP-2 levels in human glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. 
  • Effect of imaging and catheter characteristics on clinical outcome for patients in the PRECISE study. 
  • Electrotaxis of Glioblastoma and Medulloblastoma Spheroidal Aggregates. 
  • Emerging immunotherapies for glioblastoma. 
  • Engineered Oncolytic Poliovirus PVSRIPO Subverts MDA5-Dependent Innate Immune Responses in Cancer Cells. 
  • Engineered modular recombinant transporters: application of new platform for targeted radiotherapeutic agents to alpha-particle emitting 211 At. 
  • Engineering Controlled Peritumoral Inflammation to Constrain Brain Tumor Growth. 
  • Engineering challenges for brain tumor immunotherapy. 
  • Enhanced chemotherapy delivery by intraarterial infusion and blood-brain barrier disruption in malignant brain tumors: the Sherbrooke experience. 
  • Enhancement of nitrosourea activity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Enhancing dendritic cell-based vaccination for highly aggressive glioblastoma. 
  • EphB2 receptor controls proliferation/migration dichotomy of glioblastoma by interacting with focal adhesion kinase. 
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor gene amplification and protein expression in glioblastoma multiforme: prognostic significance and relationship to other prognostic factors. 
  • Evaluation of IRES-mediated, cell-type-specific cytotoxicity of poliovirus using a colorimetric cell proliferation assay. 
  • Evaluation of anti-podoplanin rat monoclonal antibody NZ-1 for targeting malignant gliomas. 
  • Evaluation of pre-radiotherapy cyclophosphamide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Writing Committee for The Brain Tumor Center at Duke. 
  • Evaluation of software for registration of contrast-enhanced brain MR images in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Ex vivo pediatric brain tumors express Fas (CD95) and FasL (CD95L) and are resistant to apoptosis induction. 
  • Exomic sequencing of four rare central nervous system tumor types. 
  • Extraneural Glioblastoma Multiforme Vertebral Metastasis. 
  • Flow Cytometric Identification of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes from Glioblastoma. 
  • GBM radiosensitizers: dead in the water…or just the beginning? 
  • Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors: the wave of the future in cancer therapy. 
  • Gene expression profiling and genetic markers in glioblastoma survival. 
  • Generation of CAR T cells for adoptive therapy in the context of glioblastoma standard of care. 
  • Genome-wide association study of glioma subtypes identifies specific differences in genetic susceptibility to glioblastoma and non-glioblastoma tumors. 
  • Genomic alterations and the pathogenesis of glioblastoma. 
  • Gliadel (BCNU) wafer plus concomitant temozolomide therapy after primary resection of glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Glioblastoma in the elderly: the effect of aggressive and modern therapies on survival. 
  • Glioblastoma multiforme and the epidermal growth factor receptor. 
  • Glioblastoma multiforme: a review of therapeutic targets. 
  • Glioblastoma multiforme: a review of where we have been and where we are going. 
  • Glioblastoma multiforme: an emerging paradigm of anti-VEGF therapy. 
  • Glioblastoma proto-oncogene SEC61gamma is required for tumor cell survival and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. 
  • Glioblastoma stem cells generate vascular pericytes to support vessel function and tumor growth. 
  • Glioblastoma-related gene mutations and over-expression of functional epidermal growth factor receptors in SKMG-3 glioma cells. 
  • Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. 
  • Glioma-associated antigen expression in oligodendroglial neoplasms. Tenascin and epidermal growth factor receptor. 
  • Glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B, a potential molecular therapeutic target in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Greater chemotherapy-induced lymphopenia enhances tumor-specific immune responses that eliminate EGFRvIII-expressing tumor cells in patients with glioblastoma. 
  • Guiding intracortical brain tumour cells to an extracortical cytotoxic hydrogel using aligned polymeric nanofibres. 
  • HDMX regulates p53 activity and confers chemoresistance to 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. 
  • Ham56-immunoreactive macrophages in untreated infiltrating gliomas. 
  • High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. 
  • High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with recurrent and high-risk pediatric brain tumors. 
  • High-throughput flow cytometry screening reveals a role for junctional adhesion molecule a as a cancer stem cell maintenance factor. 
  • Histologic factors of prognostic significance in the glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • How heterogeneous are gliomas? 
  • How much is enough? The question of extent of resection in glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Human Dkk-1, a gene encoding a Wnt antagonist, responds to DNA damage and its overexpression sensitizes brain tumor cells to apoptosis following alkylation damage of DNA. 
  • Human regulatory T cells kill tumor cells through granzyme-dependent cytotoxicity upon retargeting with a bispecific antibody. 
  • Hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy: an effective therapy for recurrent high-grade gliomas. 
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors regulate tumorigenic capacity of glioma stem cells. 
  • IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. 
  • IDH3α regulates one-carbon metabolism in glioblastoma. 
  • IFNgamma inhibition of cell growth in glioblastomas correlates with increased levels of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. 
  • Ibudilast sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide by targeting Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF). 
  • Identification of p18 INK4c as a tumor suppressor gene in glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Identifying new small molecule anti-invasive compounds for glioma treatment. 
  • Identifying potential tumor markers and antigens by database mining and rapid expression screening. 
  • Imaging descriptors improve the predictive power of survival models for glioblastoma patients. 
  • Imaging of convection enhanced delivery of toxins in humans. 
  • Immunobiology of primary intracranial tumors. Part 1: studies of the cellular and humoral general immune competence of brain-tumor patients. 
  • Immunohistochemical detection of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor in hyperplastic endothelial cells in glioblastoma multiforme and mixed glioma-sarcoma. 
  • Immunohistochemistry of the glial fibrillary acidic protein: basic and applied considerations. 
  • Immunologic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. 
  • Immunological responses in a patient with glioblastoma multiforme treated with sequential courses of temozolomide and immunotherapy: case study. 
  • Immunomodulation for glioblastoma. 
  • Immunotherapy Gone Viral: Bortezomib and oHSV Enhance Antitumor NK-Cell Activity. 
  • Immunotherapy advances for glioblastoma. 
  • Immunotherapy coming of age: what will it take to make it standard of care for glioblastoma? 
  • Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma: Adoptive T-cell Strategies. 
  • Immunotherapy for primary brain tumors: no longer a matter of privilege. 
  • Immunotherapy with tumor vaccines for the treatment of malignant gliomas. 
  • In vitro repair synthesis of BCNU-induced DNA damage. 
  • In vitro sensitivity testing of minimally passaged and uncultured gliomas with TRAIL and/or chemotherapy drugs. 
  • Increased proportion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with tumor recurrence and reduced survival in patients with glioblastoma. 
  • Increased regulatory T-cell fraction amidst a diminished CD4 compartment explains cellular immune defects in patients with malignant glioma. 
  • Induction of lethal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in nonhuman primates and guinea pigs with human glioblastoma multiforme tissue. 
  • Influence of the type of surgery on the histologic diagnosis in patients with anaplastic gliomas. 
  • Inhibition of PRC2 activity by a gain-of-function H3 mutation found in pediatric glioblastoma. 
  • Inhibition of growth of human malignant glioblastoma in nude mice by antagonists of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide. 
  • Initial testing (stage 1) of the PARP inhibitor BMN 673 by the pediatric preclinical testing program: PALB2 mutation predicts exceptional in vivo response to BMN 673. 
  • Initial testing (stage 1) of the kinesin spindle protein inhibitor ispinesib by the pediatric preclinical testing program. 
  • Initial testing of VNP40101M (Cloretazine) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. 
  • Integrated genomic analyses identify ERRFI1 and TACC3 as glioblastoma-targeted genes. 
  • Integrin alpha 6 regulates glioblastoma stem cells. 
  • Interreader Variability of Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MRI of Recurrent Glioblastoma: The Multicenter ACRIN 6677/RTOG 0625 Study. 
  • Intraarterial O6-benzylguanine enables the specific therapy of nitrosourea-resistant intracranial human glioma xenografts in athymic rats with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. 
  • Intraoperative dynamic MRI: localization of sites of brain tumor recurrence after high-dose radiotherapy. 
  • Intrathecal busulfan treatment of human neoplastic meningitis in athymic nude rats. 
  • Irinotecan therapy in adults with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. 
  • Is cytomegalovirus a therapeutic target in glioblastoma? 
  • Is the long-term survival of patients with intracranial glioblastoma multiforme overstated? 
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in cancer: alterations at a crossroads of cellular metabolism. 
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1: what it means to the neurosurgeon: a review. 
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in gliomas. 
  • Label-free oxygen-metabolic photoacoustic microscopy in vivo. 
  • Laminin alpha 2 enables glioblastoma stem cell growth. 
  • Locally increased uptake of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose after intracavitary administration of iodine-131-labeled antibody for primary brain tumors. 
  • Long-term Survival in Glioblastoma with Cytomegalovirus pp65-Targeted Vaccination. 
  • Long-term use of temozolomide: could you use temozolomide safely for life in gliomas? 
  • Loss of heterozygosity for 10q loci in human gliomas. 
  • Loss of the mismatch repair protein MSH6 in human glioblastomas is associated with tumor progression during temozolomide treatment. 
  • MAPK signal-integrating kinase controls cap-independent translation and cell type-specific cytotoxicity of an oncolytic poliovirus. 
  • MR image-guided portal verification for brain treatment field. 
  • MR imaging of high-grade cerebral gliomas: value of diffusion-weighted echoplanar pulse sequences. 
  • MR imaging predictors of molecular profile and survival: multi-institutional study of the TCGA glioblastoma data set. 
  • MRI-guided stereotactic biopsy in the diagnosis of glioma: comparison of biopsy and surgical resection specimen. 
  • MRP3: a molecular target for human glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy. 
  • MSH6 inactivation and emergent temozolomide resistance in human glioblastomas. 
  • MTAP Loss Promotes Stemness in Glioblastoma and Confers Unique Susceptibility to Purine Starvation. 
  • Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as an early indicator of response to anti-angiogenic therapy in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: RTOG 0625/ACRIN 6677. 
  • Malignant supratentorial ganglioglioma (ganglion cell-giant cell glioblastoma): a case report and review of the literature. 
  • Malignant supratentorial glial-neuronal neoplasms: report of two cases and review of the literature. 
  • Management of GBM: a problem of local recurrence. 
  • Management of glioblastoma in elderly patients. 
  • Mechanism-Specific Pharmacodynamics of a Novel Complex-I Inhibitor Quantified by Imaging Reversal of Consumptive Hypoxia with [18F]FAZA PET In Vivo. 
  • Met and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression in human gliomas. 
  • Metabolomic profiling of sphingolipids in human glioma cell lines by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. 
  • Metabolomics of human cerebrospinal fluid identifies signatures of malignant glioma. 
  • Methylator resistance mediated by mismatch repair deficiency in a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft. 
  • Mibefradil, a novel therapy for glioblastoma multiforme: cell cycle synchronization and interlaced therapy in a murine model. 
  • Mismatch repair deficiency does not mediate clinical resistance to temozolomide in malignant glioma. 
  • Molecular genetic aspects of oligodendrogliomas including analysis by comparative genomic hybridization. 
  • Molecular pathogenesis of malignant gliomas. 
  • Monitoring radiographic brain tumor progression. 
  • Monoclonal antibodies for brain tumour treatment. 
  • Monoclonal antibody and F(ab')2 fragment delivery to tumor in patients with glioma: comparison of intracarotid and intravenous administration. 
  • Monoclonal antibody blockade of IL-2 receptor α during lymphopenia selectively depletes regulatory T cells in mice and humans. 
  • Multicenter imaging outcomes study of The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma patient cohort: imaging predictors of overall and progression-free survival. 
  • Multifaceted oncolytic virus therapy for glioblastoma in an immunocompetent cancer stem cell model. 
  • Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor up-regulates molecular effectors of tumor invasion. 
  • Mutant metabolic enzymes are at the origin of gliomas. 
  • Mutational inactivation of PTPRD in glioblastoma multiforme and malignant melanoma. 
  • Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 occur frequently in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas and share hypermethylation targets with glioblastomas. 
  • N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid content of human neural tumours and bovine peripheral nervous tissues. 
  • NDRG4 is required for cell cycle progression and survival in glioblastoma cells. 
  • National Trends for Reoperation in Older Patients with Glioblastoma. 
  • Neuro-oncology: Glioblastoma--community adjusts to new standard of care. 
  • Neuro-oncology: What is the optimal use of bevacizumab in glioblastoma? 
  • Neuro-oncology: unmasking the multiforme in glioblastoma. 
  • Neurocognitive function in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab. 
  • Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: results from exploratory phase I cohorts of CheckMate 143. 
  • Noncompartmental kinetic analysis of DCE-MRI data from malignant tumors: Application to glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab. 
  • Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase BMX maintains self-renewal and tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells by activating STAT3. 
  • Notch promotes radioresistance of glioma stem cells. 
  • Nucleus-Translocated ACSS2 Promotes Gene Transcription for Lysosomal Biogenesis and Autophagy. 
  • Our failure to advance new treatments for glioma to market. 
  • Outcome and prognostic factors in adult cerebellar glioblastoma. 
  • Outcomes after second surgery for recurrent glioblastoma: a retrospective case-control study. 
  • Overall survival of newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients receiving carmustine wafers followed by radiation and concurrent temozolomide plus rotational multiagent chemotherapy. 
  • PTEN status mediates 2ME2 anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical glioblastoma models: role of HIF1α suppression. 
  • Paediatric and adult glioblastoma: multiform (epi)genomic culprits emerge. 
  • Pathogenic mutations in neurofibromin identifies a leucine-rich domain regulating glioma cell invasiveness. 
  • Pediatric brain stem tumors: patterns of treatment failure and their implications for radiotherapy. 
  • Peptide vaccines for the treatment of glioblastoma. 
  • Periostin secreted by glioblastoma stem cells recruits M2 tumour-associated macrophages and promotes malignant growth. 
  • Pharmacokinetic Analysis of a Novel Human EGFRvIII:CD3 Bispecific Antibody in Plasma and Whole Blood Using a High-Resolution Targeted Mass Spectrometry Approach. 
  • Phase 1 dose escalation trial of the safety and pharmacokinetics of cabozantinib concurrent with temozolomide and radiotherapy or temozolomide after radiotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with high-grade gliomas. 
  • Phase 1 trial of irinotecan plus BCNU in patients with progressive or recurrent malignant glioma. 
  • Phase 2 study of carboplatin, irinotecan, and bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma after progression on bevacizumab therapy. 
  • Phase 2 study of temozolomide and Caelyx in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Phase 2 trial of BCNU plus irinotecan in adults with malignant glioma. 
  • Phase 2 trial of erlotinib plus sirolimus in adults with recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Phase I pharmacokinetic study of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor vatalanib (PTK787) plus imatinib and hydroxyurea for malignant glioma. 
  • Phase I study of AEE788, a novel multitarget inhibitor of ErbB- and VEGF-receptor-family tyrosine kinases, in recurrent glioblastoma patients. 
  • Phase I study of Gliadel wafers plus temozolomide in adults with recurrent supratentorial high-grade gliomas. 
  • Phase I trial of O6-benzylguanine for patients undergoing surgery for malignant glioma. 
  • Phase I trial of carmustine plus O6-benzylguanine for patients with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. 
  • Phase II Trial of Upfront Bevacizumab, Irinotecan, and Temozolomide for Unresectable Glioblastoma. 
  • Phase II diaziquone-based chemotherapy trials in patients with anaplastic supratentorial astrocytic neoplasms. 
  • Phase II study of Cloretazine for the treatment of adults with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Phase II study of Dovitinib in recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Phase II study of cabozantinib in patients with progressive glioblastoma: subset analysis of patients naive to antiangiogenic therapy. 
  • Phase II study of cabozantinib in patients with progressive glioblastoma: subset analysis of patients with prior antiangiogenic therapy. 
  • Phase II study of carboplatin, irinotecan, and bevacizumab for bevacizumab naïve, recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Phase II study of imatinib mesylate plus hydroxyurea in adults with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Phase II study of irinotecan (CPT-11) in children with high-risk malignant brain tumors: the Duke experience. 
  • Phase II study of metronomic chemotherapy with bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma after progression on bevacizumab therapy. 
  • Phase II trial of Gliadel plus O6-benzylguanine in adults with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Phase II trial of gefitinib in recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Phase II trial of murine (131)I-labeled antitenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6 administered into surgically created resection cavities of patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. 
  • Phase II trial of temozolomide (TMZ) plus irinotecan (CPT-11) in adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme before radiotherapy. 
  • Phase II trial of upfront bevacizumab and temozolomide for unresectable or multifocal glioblastoma. 
  • Phase III randomized trial of CED of IL13-PE38QQR vs Gliadel wafers for recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Plasmonic gold nanostar-mediated photothermal immunotherapy for brain tumor ablation and immunologic memory. 
  • Preclinical evaluation of ex vivo expanded/activated γδ T cells for immunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Preparing an oncolytic poliovirus recombinant for clinical application against glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Production and quality control assessment of a GLP-grade immunotoxin, D2C7-(scdsFv)-PE38KDEL, for a phase I/II clinical trial. 
  • Profiling of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+CD45RO+FoxP3+ T cells in patients with malignant glioma reveals differential expression of the immunologic transcriptome compared with T cells from healthy volunteers. 
  • Prognostic significance of glutathione S-transferase pi expression and subcellular localization in human gliomas. 
  • Prognostic value of contrast enhancement and FLAIR for survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with and without bevacizumab: results from ACRIN 6686. 
  • Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as an immunotherapy target in patients with glioblastoma. 
  • Progress report of a Phase I study of the intracerebral microinfusion of a recombinant chimeric protein composed of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and a mutated form of the Pseudomonas exotoxin termed PE-38 (TP-38) for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. 
  • Promising survival and concomitant radiation plus temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide. 
  • Promoter methylation and silencing of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), a gene encoding an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in human glioma cells. 
  • Promoting a new brain tumor mutation: TERT promoter mutations in CNS tumors. 
  • Prospect of rindopepimut in the treatment of glioblastoma. 
  • Prospective study of neuropsychologic testing and quality-of-life assessment of adults with primary malignant brain tumors. 
  • Prospective trial of gross-total resection with Gliadel wafers followed by early postoperative Gamma Knife radiosurgery and conformal fractionated radiotherapy as the initial treatment for patients with radiographically suspected, newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Prospects of immune checkpoint modulators in the treatment of glioblastoma. 
  • Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib induces cell death in GBM stem-like cells and temozolomide-resistant glioma cell lines, but stimulates GBM stem-like cells' VEGF production and angiogenesis. 
  • Protein typing of circulating microvesicles allows real-time monitoring of glioblastoma therapy. 
  • Proteomic profiling of patient-derived glioblastoma xenografts identifies a subset with activated EGFR: implications for drug development. 
  • Quantitative Delta T1 (dT1) as a Replacement for Adjudicated Central Reader Analysis of Contrast-Enhancing Tumor Burden: A Subanalysis of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network 6677/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0625 Multicenter Brain Tumor Trial. 
  • Radiation therapy for glioblastoma: Executive summary of an American Society for Radiation Oncology Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline. 
  • Radiation therapy treatment planning in supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme: an analysis based on post mortem topographic anatomy with CT correlations. 
  • Radioprotection of the brain white matter by Mn(III) n-Butoxyethylpyridylporphyrin-based superoxide dismutase mimic MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+. 
  • Recognition and killing of autologous, primary glioblastoma tumor cells by human cytomegalovirus pp65-specific cytotoxic T cells. 
  • Recombinant Poliovirus for Cancer Immunotherapy. 
  • Recombinant anti-podoplanin (NZ-1) immunotoxin for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. 
  • Recombinant immunotoxins specific for a mutant epidermal growth factor receptor: targeting with a single chain antibody variable domain isolated by phage display. 
  • Recombinant oncolytic poliovirus eliminates glioma in vivo without genetic adaptation to a pathogenic phenotype. 
  • Recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibodies against extracellular epitopes of human multidrug resistance protein MRP3 for targeting malignant gliomas. 
  • Recurrent Glioblastoma Treated with Recombinant Poliovirus. 
  • Recurrent glioblastoma diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridization for EGFR. 
  • Redox-Active Mn Porphyrin-based Potent SOD Mimic, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP(5+), Enhances Carbenoxolone-Mediated TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Multiforme. 
  • Reduced expression of brain-enriched microRNAs in glioblastomas permits targeted regulation of a cell death gene. 
  • Regression of U-87 MG human glioblastomas in nude mice after treatment with a cytotoxic somatostatin analog AN-238. 
  • Regulation of glioblastoma stem cells by retinoic acid: role for Notch pathway inhibition. 
  • Regulatory T cells move in when gliomas say "I Do". 
  • Relation between Irofulven (MGI-114) systemic exposure and tumor response in human solid tumor xenografts. 
  • Remote triggered release of doxorubicin in tumors by synergistic application of thermosensitive liposomes and gold nanorods. 
  • Repeatability of Standardized and Normalized Relative CBV in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. 
  • Repeatability of quantitative parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibition by mutant epidermal growth factor receptor variant III contributes to the neoplastic phenotype of glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Response as a predictor of survival in patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab. 
  • Reversing the Warburg effect as a treatment for glioblastoma. 
  • Rindopepimut with temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed, EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma (ACT IV): a randomised, double-blind, international phase 3 trial. 
  • Rindopepimut: a promising immunotherapeutic for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Role of monoamine-oxidase-A-gene variation in the development of glioblastoma in males: a case control study. 
  • Role of plasminogen activator and of 92-KDa type IV collagenase in glioblastoma invasion using an in vitro matrigel model. 
  • SIB-DOTA: a trifunctional prosthetic group potentially amenable for multi-modal labeling that enhances tumor uptake of internalizing monoclonal antibodies. 
  • Sample type bias in the analysis of cancer genomes. 
  • Selective suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human glioblastoma cells by antisense gene transfer impairs glioblastoma cell invasion. 
  • Sensitive detection of human cytomegalovirus in tumors and peripheral blood of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. 
  • Sequestration of T cells in bone marrow in the setting of glioblastoma and other intracranial tumors. 
  • Serial FDG-PET studies in the prediction of survival in patients with primary brain tumors. 
  • Serum elevation of B lymphocyte stimulator does not increase regulatory B cells in glioblastoma patients undergoing immunotherapy. 
  • Severe adverse immunologic reaction in a patient with glioblastoma receiving autologous dendritic cell vaccines combined with GM-CSF and dose-intensified temozolomide. 
  • Signal transduction through substance P receptor in human glioblastoma cells: roles for Src and PKCdelta. 
  • Small ubiquitin-like modifier 1-3 conjugation [corrected] is activated in human astrocytic brain tumors and is required for glioblastoma cell survival. 
  • Somatic mutations in the neurofibromatosis 1 gene in gliomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumours. 
  • Standard of care and future pharmacological treatment options for malignant glioma: an urgent need for screening and identification of novel tumor-specific antigens. 
  • Stem cell-like glioma cells promote tumor angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor. 
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery and bevacizumab for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Structure of the human allelic glutathione S-transferase-pi gene variant, hGSTP1 C, cloned from a glioblastoma multiforme cell line. 
  • Survival Outcomes of Elderly Patients With Glioblastoma Multiforme in Their 75th Year or Older Treated With Adjuvant Therapy. 
  • Survival prediction in patients with glioblastoma multiforme by human telomerase genetic variation. 
  • Sustained radiographic and clinical response in patient with bifrontal recurrent glioblastoma multiforme with intracerebral infusion of the recombinant targeted toxin TP-38: case study. 
  • Sym004-induced EGFR elimination is associated with profound anti-tumor activity in EGFRvIII patient-derived glioblastoma models. 
  • Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of n.c.a. iodoquine: a novel radiotracer with high uptake in cells with high ALDH1 expression. 
  • T-Cell Exhaustion Signatures Vary with Tumor Type and Are Severe in Glioblastoma. 
  • T-cell Dysfunction in Glioblastoma: Applying a New Framework. 
  • Targeted radiotherapy for malignant gliomas. 
  • Targeted radiotherapy of brain tumours. 
  • Targeted therapy for glioblastoma multiforme neoplastic meningitis with intrathecal delivery of an oncolytic recombinant poliovirus. 
  • Targeting A20 decreases glioma stem cell survival and tumor growth. 
  • Targeting UDP-α-D-glucose 6-dehydrogenase inhibits glioblastoma growth and migration. 
  • Targeting metabolism with a ketogenic diet during the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Temozolomide and treatment of malignant glioma. 
  • Temozolomide-induced flare in high-grade gliomas: a new clinical entity. 
  • Tetanus toxoid and CCL3 improve dendritic cell vaccines in mice and glioblastoma patients. 
  • The Effects of Thermal Preconditioning on Oncogenic and Intraspinal Cord Growth Features of Human Glioma Cells. 
  • The GLI1 splice variant TGLI1 promotes glioblastoma angiogenesis and growth. 
  • The PEPvIII-KLH (CDX-110) vaccine in glioblastoma multiforme patients. 
  • The Safety of available immunotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma. 
  • The addition of bevacizumab to standard radiation therapy and temozolomide followed by bevacizumab, temozolomide, and irinotecan for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. 
  • The biology of malignant gliomas--a comprehensive survey. 
  • The current state of immunotherapy for gliomas: an eye toward the future. 
  • The fallacy of single-agent chemotherapy for cancer. 
  • The fallacy of the localized supratentorial malignant glioma. 
  • The fine structure of canine gliomas and intracranial sarcomas induced by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of the Rous sarcoma virus. 
  • The genomic landscape of TERT promoter wildtype-IDH wildtype glioblastoma. 
  • The glioblastoma multiforme in Georgia, 1977-1981. 
  • The human glutathione S-transferase P1 protein is phosphorylated and its metabolic function enhanced by the Ser/Thr protein kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, in glioblastoma cells. 
  • The hypoxic microenvironment maintains glioblastoma stem cells and promotes reprogramming towards a cancer stem cell phenotype. 
  • The increasing incidence of malignant gliomas and primary central nervous system lymphoma in the elderly. 
  • The integrated landscape of driver genomic alterations in glioblastoma. 
  • The radiosurgery fractionation quandary: single fraction or hypofractionation? 
  • The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma. 
  • The zinc finger transcription factor ZFX is required for maintaining the tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells. 
  • Time-dependent vascular regression and permeability changes in established human tumor xenografts induced by an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor antibody. 
  • Topoisomerase II inhibition and altered kinetics of formation and repair of nitrosourea and cisplatin-induced DNA interstrand cross-links and cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma cells. 
  • Topotecan is a potent inhibitor of SUMOylation in glioblastoma multiforme and alters both cellular replication and metabolic programming. 
  • Total dietary antioxidant index and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Transcriptional response to hypoxia in human tumors. 
  • Treatment of Invasive Brain Tumors Using a Chain-like Nanoparticle. 
  • Treatment of neoplastic meningitis with intrathecal 9-nitro-camptothecin. 
  • Treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. 
  • Treatment of radiation-induced nervous system injury with heparin and warfarin. 
  • Tumor microenvironment tenascin-C promotes glioblastoma invasion and negatively regulates tumor proliferation. 
  • Tumor-associated antigen-based personalized dendritic cell vaccine in solid tumor patients. 
  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma are associated with specific genomic alterations and related to transcriptional class. 
  • Upfront Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Stereotactic Laser-Ablation in Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Multicenter Review of Survival Outcomes Compared to a Matched Cohort of Biopsy-Only Patients. 
  • Use of bevacizumab in recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • Utility of EGFR and PTEN numerical aberrations in the evaluation of diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. Laboratory investigation. 
  • Utilizing 18F-fluoroethyltyrosine (FET) positron emission tomography (PET) to define suspected nonenhancing tumor for radiation therapy planning of glioblastoma. 
  • Validation of an Immunohistochemistry Assay for Detection of CD155, the Poliovirus Receptor, in Malignant Gliomas. 
  • Vascular permeability and microcirculation of gliomas and mammary carcinomas transplanted in rat and mouse cranial windows. 
  • Vascular targeted endoradiotherapy of tumors using alpha-particle-emitting compounds: theoretical analysis. 
  • Veliparib in combination with radiotherapy for the treatment of MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma. 
  • Volumetric response quantified using T1 subtraction predicts long-term survival benefit from cabozantinib monotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma. 
  • XRCC3 haplotypes and risk of gliomas in a Chinese population: a hospital-based case-control study. 
  • miR-33a promotes glioma-initiating cell self-renewal via PKA and NOTCH pathways. 
• 

  Keywords of People

  • McLendon, Roger Edwin, Professor of Pathology, Pathology
  • Sampson, John Howard, Robert H., M.D. and Gloria Wilkins Professor of Neurosurgery, in the School of Medicine, Immunology
  • Yan, Hai, Henry S. Friedman Distinguished Professor of Neuro-Oncology in the School of Medicine, Pathology