Markov Chains

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • 30-Day risk-standardized mortality and readmission rates after ischemic stroke in critical access hospitals. 
  • A Bayesian approach for determining protein side-chain rotamer conformations using unassigned NOE data. 
  • A Bayesian approach to joint analysis of multivariate longitudinal data and parametric accelerated failure time. 
  • A Bayesian growth mixture model to examine maternal hypertension and birth outcomes. 
  • A Bayesian hierarchical approach for combining case-control and prospective studies. 
  • A Bayesian model for classifying all differentially expressed proteins simultaneously in 2D PAGE gels. 
  • A Bayesian model for misclassified binary outcomes and correlated survival data with applications to breast cancer. 
  • A Bayesian uncertainty analysis of cetacean demography and bycatch mortality using age-at-death data. 
  • A comparison of different bivariate correlated frailty models and estimation strategies. 
  • A cost-effectiveness analysis of adding a human papillomavirus vaccine to the Australian National Cervical Cancer Screening Program. 
  • A cost-utility analysis of NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group Protocol 218: incorporating prospectively collected quality-of-life scores in an economic model of treatment of ovarian cancer. 
  • A hidden Markov model approach to analyze longitudinal ternary outcomes when some observed states are possibly misclassified. 
  • A large-scale survey of genetic copy number variations among Han Chinese residing in Taiwan. 
  • A modified SPIHT algorithm for image coding with a joint MSE and classification distortion measure. 
  • A multigene prognostic assay for selection of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with T3, stage II colon cancer: impact on quality-adjusted life expectancy and costs. 
  • A new algorithm for idealizing single ion channel data containing multiple unknown conductance levels. 
  • A predictive model of shoulder instability after a first-time anterior shoulder dislocation. 
  • A prior feature SVM-MRF based method for mouse brain segmentation. 
  • A simple method for computing exact probabilities of mutation numbers. 
  • A spatial bivariate probit model for correlated binary data with application to adverse birth outcomes. 
  • A spatio-temporal absorbing state model for disease and syndromic surveillance. 
  • A time-dependent statistical model which relates current clinical status to prognosis: application to advanced prostatic cancer. 
  • A timecourse analysis of systemic and gonadal effects of temperature on sexual development of the red-eared slider turtle Trachemys scripta elegans. 
  • Accounting for uncertainty in ecological analysis: the strengths and limitations of hierarchical statistical modeling. 
  • Accounting for unreported and missing intercourse in human fertility studies 
  • Adverse birth outcomes among nulliparous vs. multiparous women. 
  • Age estimates of two common mutations causing factor XI deficiency: recent genetic drift is not necessary for elevated disease incidence among Ashkenazi Jews. 
  • An economic evaluation of prolonged mechanical ventilation. 
  • An economic evaluation of screening 60- to 70-year-old adults for hearing loss. 
  • An examination of the monophyly of morning glory taxa using Bayesian phylogenetic inference. 
  • Analysis of change in self-reported physical function among older persons in four population studies. 
  • Ancestral population genomics: the coalescent hidden Markov model approach. 
  • Antepartum or postpartum isoniazid treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. 
  • Application of Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling to item-response theory modeling of multi-symptom genetic data. 
  • Artificial intelligence framework for simulating clinical decision-making: a Markov decision process approach. 
  • Augmented Beta rectangular regression models: A Bayesian perspective. 
  • Automated segmentation of mouse brain images using extended MRF. 
  • Automated segmentation of neuroanatomical structures in multispectral MR microscopy of the mouse brain. 
  • Automatic white matter lesion segmentation using contrast enhanced FLAIR intensity and Markov Random Field. 
  • Bariatric surgery as a means to decrease mortality in women with type I endometrial cancer - An intriguing option in a population at risk for dying of complications of metabolic syndrome. 
  • Barrett's esophagus: a new look at surveillance based on emerging estimates of cancer risk. 
  • Bayes or bootstrap? A simulation study comparing the performance of Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling and bootstrapping in assessing phylogenetic confidence. 
  • Bayesian analyses of longitudinal binary data using Markov regression models of unknown order. 
  • Bayesian analysis of multi-type recurrent events and dependent termination with nonparametric covariate functions. 
  • Bayesian analysis of paired survival data using a bivariate exponential distribution. 
  • Bayesian analysis of proportional hazards models built from monotone functions. 
  • Bayesian and maximum likelihood estimation of genetic maps. 
  • Bayesian dynamic modeling of latent trait distributions. 
  • Bayesian estimation of the number of inversions in the history of two chromosomes. 
  • Bayesian filtering in spiking neural networks: noise, adaptation, and multisensory integration. 
  • Bayesian inference for prevalence in longitudinal two-phase studies. 
  • Bayesian isotonic regression and trend analysis. 
  • Bayesian latent variable models for median regression on multiple outcomes. 
  • Bayesian latent variable models for mixed discrete outcomes. 
  • Bayesian methods for searching for optimal rules for timing intercourse to achieve pregnancy. 
  • Bayesian modeling of embryonic growth using latent variables. 
  • Bayesian modeling of incidence and progression of disease from cross-sectional data. 
  • Bayesian modeling of multiple lesion onset and growth from interval-censored data. 
  • Bayesian modeling of the level and duration of fertility in the menstrual cycle. 
  • Bayesian models for multivariate current status data with informative censoring. 
  • Bayesian multivariate logistic regression. 
  • Bayesian segmentation of protein secondary structure. 
  • Bayesian segmentation of protein secondary structure. 
  • Bayesian semi-parametric ROC analysis. 
  • Bayesian semiparametric dynamic frailty models for multiple event time data. 
  • Beyond utilitarianism: a method for analyzing competing ethical principles in a decision analysis of liver transplantation. 
  • Black-white differences in risk of becoming disabled and recovering from disability in old age: a longitudinal analysis of two EPESE populations. 
  • Candidate gene analysis using imputed genotypes: cell cycle single-nucleotide polymorphisms and ovarian cancer risk. 
  • Choice of Hemodialysis Access in Older Adults: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. 
  • Comparative Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators for Primary Prevention in Women. 
  • Comparison of cost-effectiveness of vitamin D screening with that of universal supplementation in preventing falls in community-dwelling older adults. 
  • Competing Pathways and Multiple Folding Nuclei in a Large Multidomain Protein, Luciferase. 
  • Concatenation and concordance in the reconstruction of mouse lemur phylogeny: an empirical demonstration of the effect of allele sampling in phylogenetics. 
  • Control of meningococcal disease in west Africa. 
  • Cost Effectiveness of Routine Laryngoscopy in the Surgical Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. 
  • Cost effectiveness analysis of hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty. 
  • Cost effectiveness of a test to detect metastases for endometrial cancer. 
  • Cost effectiveness of alternative strategies for incorporating bevacizumab into the primary treatment of ovarian cancer. 
  • Cost effectiveness of concurrent gemcitabine and cisplatin with radiation followed by adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with stages IIB to IVA carcinoma of the cervix. 
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Primary Radiation Therapy Versus Radical Prostatectomy for Intermediate- to High-Risk Prostate Cancer. 
  • Cost-comparison of two trabecular micro-bypass stents versus selective laser trabeculoplasty or medications only for intraocular pressure control for patients with open-angle glaucoma. 
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis of free vascularized fibular grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of HIV screening in patients older than 55 years of age. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of a National Telemedicine Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program in Singapore. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of a potential vaccine for Coccidioides immitis. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of a potential vaccine for human papillomavirus. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab and ranibizumab for newly diagnosed neovascular macular degeneration (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). 
  • Cost-effectiveness of bevacizumab and ranibizumab for newly diagnosed neovascular macular degeneration. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin a versus anticholinergic medications for idiopathic urge incontinence. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of dual-chamber pacing compared with ventricular pacing for sinus node dysfunction. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of guidelines for insertion of inferior vena cava filters in high-risk trauma patients. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators relative to amiodarone for prevention of sudden cardiac death. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of oral bisphosphonates for osteoporosis at different ages and levels of life expectancy. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for nicotine dependence in primary care settings: a multinational comparison. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis treatment strategies for febrile neutropenia in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of recombinant human activated protein C and the influence of severity of illness in the treatment of patients with severe sepsis. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of sacral neuromodulation versus intravesical botulinum A toxin for treatment of refractory urge incontinence. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve HIV testing and receipt of results: economic analysis of a randomized controlled trial. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of testing for hypercoagulability and effects on treatment strategies in patients with deep vein thrombosis. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of the 21-gene recurrence score assay in the context of multifactorial decision making to guide chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of the oral adsorbent AST-120 versus placebo for chronic kidney disease. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of tipranavir in treatment-experienced HIV patients in the United States. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of voluntary HIV screening in Russia. 
  • Costs and consequences of universal sibling screening for vesicoureteral reflux: decision analysis. 
  • Costs and cost-effectiveness of four treatment regimens for latent tuberculosis infection. 
  • Costs and effectiveness of alternative strategies for cervical cancer screening in military beneficiaries. 
  • Costs, effectiveness, and workload impact of management strategies for women with an adnexal mass. 
  • Detecting structure of haplotypes and local ancestry. 
  • Detection of bursts in extracellular spike trains using hidden semi-Markov point process models. 
  • Development of an ovarian cancer screening decision model that incorporates disease heterogeneity: implications for potential mortality reduction. 
  • Differential expression analysis for RNAseq using Poisson mixed models. 
  • Distributed decision support using a web-based interface: prevention of sudden cardiac death. 
  • Distribution and abundance of microsatellites in the yeast genome can Be explained by a balance between slippage events and point mutations. 
  • Do patient preferences influence decisions on treatment for patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis? 
  • Does variation in either age at start of therapy or duration of therapy make chemoprevention with finasteride cost-effective? 
  • Echocardiographic risk stratification for early surgery with endocarditis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. 
  • Economic analysis of targeting chemotherapy using a 21-gene RT-PCR assay in lymph-node-negative, estrogen-receptor-positive, early-stage breast cancer. 
  • Economic effects of beta-blocker therapy in patients with heart failure. 
  • Economic evaluation of access to musculoskeletal care: the case of waiting for total knee arthroplasty. 
  • Economic impact of paclitaxel shortage in patients with newly diagnosed ovarian cancer. 
  • Economic outcomes with prasugrel versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome patients: observations from prasugrel users and matched clopidogrel users. 
  • Effect of risk stratification on cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator. 
  • Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders. 
  • Effects of stochastic sodium channels on extracellular excitation of myelinated nerve fibers. 
  • Efficient analysis of stochastic gene dynamics in the non-adiabatic regime using piecewise deterministic Markov processes. 
  • Empirical estimation of life expectancy from large clinical trials: use of left-truncated, right-censored survival analysis methodology. 
  • Equilibrium distributions of microsatellite repeat length resulting from a balance between slippage events and point mutations. 
  • Estimating hidden morbidity via its effect on mortality and disability. 
  • Estimating increment-decrement life tables with multiple covariates from panel data: the case of active life expectancy. 
  • Estimating live birth rates after ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome: sample size calculations for the pregnancy in polycystic ovary syndrome trial. 
  • Estimating mutation parameters, population history and genealogy simultaneously from temporally spaced sequence data. 
  • Estimating the Societal Benefits of THA After Accounting for Work Status and Productivity: A Markov Model Approach. 
  • Estimation and validation of a multiattribute model of Alzheimer disease progression. 
  • Estimation of evolutionary parameters using short, random and partial sequences from mixed samples of anonymous individuals. 
  • Exact inferences in a neural implementation of a hidden Markov model. 
  • Fast and robust association tests for untyped SNPs in case-control studies. 
  • Fitting semiparametric random effects models to large data sets. 
  • Frequency and intensity of postoperative surveillance after curative treatment of pancreatic cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. 
  • Fully Bayesian estimation of Gibbs hyperparameters for emission computed tomography data. 
  • Genetic evidence for long-term population decline in a savannah-dwelling primate: inferences from a hierarchical bayesian model. 
  • Genome-wide copy number analysis using copy number inferring tool (CNIT) and DNA pooling. 
  • Heller myotomy vs Heller myotomy plus Dor fundoplication: cost-utility analysis of a randomized trial. 
  • Heterogeneity in Blood Pressure Transitions Over the Life Course: Age-Specific Emergence of Racial/Ethnic and Sex Disparities in the United States. 
  • Hidden Markov models reveal complexity in the diving behaviour of short-finned pilot whales. 
  • Hierarchical Bayesian mixture modelling for antigen-specific T-cell subtyping in combinatorially encoded flow cytometry studies. 
  • How much is another randomized trial of lymph node dissection in endometrial cancer worth? A value of information analysis. 
  • Hypothesis testing for neural cell growth experiments using a hybrid branching process model. 
  • Idealization and simulation of single ion channel data. 
  • Identification and utilization of arbitrary correlations in models of recombination signal sequences. 
  • Identification of core promoter modules in Drosophila and their application in accurate transcription start site prediction. 
  • Identification of the yeast cytidine deaminase CDD1 as an orphan C-->U RNA editase. 
  • Importance sampling for the infinite sites model. 
  • Improving NCCN guideline-adherent care for ovarian cancer: Value of an intervention. 
  • Improving the modeling of disease data from the government surveillance system: a case study on malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. 
  • Incidence estimation using a single cross-sectional age-specific prevalence survey with differential mortality. 
  • Incremental cost-utility of sevelamer relative to calcium carbonate for treatment of hyperphosphatemia among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients. 
  • Infinite hidden Markov models for unusual-event detection in video. 
  • Informative priors on fetal fraction increase power of the noninvasive prenatal screen. 
  • Informative structure priors: joint learning of dynamic regulatory networks from multiple types of data. 
  • Interpolated markov chains for eukaryotic promoter recognition. 
  • Is bronchial thermoplasty cost-effective as treatment for problematic asthma patients? Singapore's perspective on a global model. 
  • Joint Bayesian analysis of birthweight and censored gestational age using finite mixture models. 
  • Joint modeling of DNA sequence and physical properties to improve eukaryotic promoter recognition. 
  • Kernel-based logistic regression model for protein sequence without vectorialization. 
  • Lifetime cost-effectiveness analysis of ticagrelor in patients with acute coronary syndromes based on the PLATO trial: a Singapore healthcare perspective. 
  • Lifetime cost-effectiveness of calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal after de novo renal transplantation. 
  • Likelihoods from summary statistics: recent divergence between species. 
  • Long-range LD can confound genome scans in admixed populations. 
  • Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node dissection compared to complete lymphadenectomy in the management of early-stage vulvar cancer: A cost-utility analysis. 
  • Management of atrial fibrillation. 
  • Management of recalled pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a decision analysis model. 
  • Markov Chain Monte Carlo approaches to analysis of genetic and environmental components of human developmental change and G x E interaction. 
  • Markov speckle for efficient random bit generation. 
  • Mathematical model for the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and cervical carcinogenesis. 
  • Mathematical models in decision analysis. 
  • Microsatellite mutation models: insights from a comparison of humans and chimpanzees. 
  • Modeling choice behavior for new pharmaceutical products. 
  • Modeling human fertility in the presence of measurement error. 
  • Modeling the effects of a bidirectional latent predictor from multivariate questionnaire data. 
  • Modeling the evolution of regulatory elements by simultaneous detection and alignment with phylogenetic pair HMMs. 
  • Modulation of proton-induced current fluctuations in the human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel. 
  • Monitored isoniazid prophylaxis for low-risk tuberculin reactors older than 35 years of age: a risk-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis. 
  • Mortality reduction and cost-effectiveness of performing hysterectomy at the time of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy for prophylaxis against serous/serous-like uterine cancers in BRCA1 mutation carriers. 
  • Multidimensional latent trait linear mixed model: an application in clinical studies with multivariate longitudinal outcomes. 
  • Mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatome in colorectal cancers. 
  • Neural mechanisms of social decision-making in the primate amygdala. 
  • Nonlinear dimension reduction with Wright-Fisher kernel for genotype aggregation and association mapping. 
  • Optimal P2Y12 Inhibitor in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Network Meta-Analysis. 
  • Optimal management of Riata leads with no known electrical abnormalities or externalization: a decision analysis. 
  • Optimal timing of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation after myocardial infarction: a decision analysis. 
  • Optimization of PSA screening policies: a comparison of the patient and societal perspectives. 
  • Optimized mixed Markov models for motif identification. 
  • Phylodynamic inference for structured epidemiological models. 
  • Potential cost-effectiveness of prophylactic use of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator or amiodarone after myocardial infarction. 
  • Potential health and economic impact of adding a human papillomavirus vaccine to screening programs. 
  • Practical Bayesian inference using mixtures of mixtures. 
  • Predicting 10-year care requirements for older people with suspected Alzheimer's disease. 
  • Predicting the threshold of pulse-train electrical stimuli using a stochastic auditory nerve model: the effects of stimulus noise. 
  • Preserving the Boltzmann ensemble in replica-exchange molecular dynamics. 
  • Primary surgery versus chemoradiation in the treatment of IB2 cervical carcinoma: a cost effectiveness analysis. 
  • Primary vs secondary prophylaxis with pegfilgrastim for the reduction of febrile neutropenia risk in patients receiving chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: cost-effectiveness analyses. 
  • Proper multivariate conditional autoregressive models for spatial data analysis. 
  • Protein side-chain resonance assignment and NOE assignment using RDC-defined backbones without TOCSY data. 
  • Random effects selection in linear mixed models. 
  • Reducing ovarian cancer mortality through screening: Is it possible, and can we afford it? 
  • Relationship between time to invasive assessment and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing an early invasive strategy after fibrinolysis for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a patient-level analysis of the randomized early routine invasive clinical trials. 
  • Reliable data on 5- and 10-year survival provide accurate estimates of 15-year survival in estrogen receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer. 
  • Resolving multiple epigenetic pathways to adolescent depression. 
  • Resource partitioning and sympatric differentiation among closely related bacterioplankton. 
  • Robust Bayesian inference for multivariate longitudinal data by using normal/independent distributions. 
  • Screening for proteinuria in US adults: a cost-effectiveness analysis. 
  • Screening pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. 
  • Semiparametric Bayesian modeling of random genetic effects in family-based association studies. 
  • Semisupervised learning of hidden Markov models via a homotopy method. 
  • Setting the target for a better cervical screening test: characteristics of a cost-effective test for cervical neoplasia screening. 
  • Should coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients with mild or moderate aortic stenosis undergo concomitant aortic valve replacement? A decision analysis approach to the surgical dilemma. 
  • Should older women have antepartum testing to prevent unexplained stillbirth? 
  • Simultaneous Bayesian estimation of alignment and phylogeny under a joint model of protein sequence and structure. 
  • Space-time data fusion under error in computer model output: an application to modeling air quality. 
  • Species discovery and validation in a cryptic radiation of endangered primates: coalescent-based species delimitation in Madagascar's mouse lemurs. 
  • Strategies for diagnosing and treating suspected acute bacterial sinusitis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. 
  • Strategies for treating latent multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis: a decision analysis. 
  • Surgery for hip fracture yields societal benefits that exceed the direct medical costs. 
  • Tackling the unknowns of short-course rifapentine-based treatment for active tuberculosis: a decision analysis. 
  • The cost effectiveness of pharmacological smoking cessation therapies in developing countries: a case study in the Seychelles. 
  • The cost effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus. 
  • The development of a decision analytic model of changes in mean deviation in people with glaucoma: the COA model. 
  • The dynamics of disease progression in sepsis: Markov modeling describing the natural history and the likely impact of effective antisepsis agents. 
  • The effects of nucleotide substitution model assumptions on estimates of nonparametric bootstrap support. 
  • The societal and economic value of rotator cuff repair. 
  • Three periods of regulatory innovation during vertebrate evolution. 
  • Three-state kinetic mechanism for scaffold-mediated signal transduction. 
  • To stimulate or withdraw? A cost-utility analysis of recombinant human thyrotropin versus thyroxine withdrawal for radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States. 
  • To supplement or not to supplement: a cost-utility analysis of calcium and vitamin D repletion in patients after thyroidectomy. 
  • Transient ischemic attacks in a man with coronary artery disease: two strategies neck and neck. 
  • Tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular function after mitral valve surgery with or without concomitant tricuspid valve procedure. 
  • Triple vs Dual Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Artery Disease. 
  • Unbiased, scalable sampling of protein loop conformations from probabilistic priors. 
  • Vaginal native tissue repair versus transvaginal mesh repair for apical prolapse: how utilizing different methods of analysis affects the estimated trade-off between reoperation for mesh exposure/erosion and reoperation for recurrent prolapse. 
  • Valuing vision. 
  • Variation in Hospital Risk-Adjusted Mortality Rates Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in the United States: A Report From the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry. 
  • Variational Bayes for continuous hidden Markov models and its application to active learning. 
  • Wagner's canalization model. 
  • When should functional neuroimaging techniques be used in the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's dementia? A decision analysis. 
  • When to stress over triptans: a Markov analysis of cardiovascular risk in migraine treatment. 
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  Keywords of People

  • Berchuck, Andrew, James M. Ingram Professor of Gynecologic Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology
  • Hartemink, Alexander J., Professor in the Department of Computer Science, Biology
  • Lee, Richard Hsang-Young, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition
  • Myers, Evan Robert, Walter L. Thomas Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Orlando, Lori Ann, Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, General Internal Medicine
  • Routh, Jonathan Charles, Paul H. Sherman, M.D. Associate Professor of Surgery, Pediatrics
  • Trivedi, Kishor S., Hudson Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering