Reward

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • "To learn, you must pay attention." Molecular insights into teachers' wisdom. 
  • A Neural Circuit for Gut-Induced Reward. 
  • A comparison of delay discounting among smokers, substance abusers, and non-dependent controls. 
  • A dopamine D1 receptor-dependent β-arrestin signaling complex potentially regulates morphine-induced psychomotor activation but not reward in mice. 
  • A formal cognitive model of the go/no-go discrimination task: evaluation and implications. 
  • A key role for stimulus-specific updating of the sensory cortices in the learning of stimulus-reward associations. 
  • A neuroscience perspective on sexual risk behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood. 
  • A pilot study testing the effect of different levels of financial incentives on weight loss among overweight employees. 
  • A potential mechanistic role for neuroinflammation in reward processing impairments in autism spectrum disorder. 
  • A semi-parametric nonlinear model for event-related fMRI. 
  • Activation in mesolimbic and visuospatial neural circuits elicited by smoking cues: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. 
  • Activation of Glutamatergic Fibers in the Anterior NAc Shell Modulates Reward Activity in the aNAcSh, the Lateral Hypothalamus, and Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Transiently Stops Feeding. 
  • Active tactile exploration using a brain-machine-brain interface. 
  • Activity patterns in mesolimbic regions in rats during operant tasks for reward. 
  • Adult age differences in decision making across domains: Increased discounting of social and health-related rewards. 
  • Adult age differences in frontostriatal representation of prediction error but not reward outcome. 
  • Affective traits link to reliable neural markers of incentive anticipation. 
  • Altered prefrontal correlates of monetary anticipation and outcome in chronic pain. 
  • Altered striatal activation predicting real-world positive affect in adolescent major depressive disorder. 
  • Altruistic traits are predicted by neural responses to monetary outcomes for self vs charity. 
  • Amount and time exert independent influences on intertemporal choice. 
  • Amygdala Reward Reactivity Mediates the Association Between Preschool Stress Response and Depression Severity. 
  • Anhedonia is associated with reduced incentive cue related activation in the basal ganglia. 
  • Anticipation of monetary gain but not loss in healthy older adults. 
  • Applying economic incentives to increase effectiveness of an outpatient weight loss program (TRIO) - A randomized controlled trial. 
  • Are adolescents more vulnerable to drug addiction than adults? Evidence from animal models. 
  • Attenuation of Frontostriatal Connectivity During Reward Processing Predicts Response to Psychotherapy in Major Depressive Disorder. 
  • Auditory saccades from different eye positions in the monkey: implications for coordinate transformations. 
  • Basal forebrain dynamics during a tactile discrimination task. 
  • Basal ganglia outputs map instantaneous position coordinates during behavior. 
  • Baseline hippocampal theta oscillation speeds correlate with rate of operant task acquisition. 
  • Beautiful faces have variable reward value: fMRI and behavioral evidence. 
  • Behavior: Knowing When to Walk Away, Knowing When to Run. 
  • Behavioral Inefficiency on a Risky Decision-Making Task in Adulthood after Adolescent Intermittent Ethanol Exposure in Rats. 
  • Behavioral, but not reward, risk modulates activation of prefrontal, parietal, and insular cortices. 
  • Bidirectional modulation of substantia nigra activity by motivational state. 
  • Blockade of smoking satisfaction using the peripheral nicotinic antagonist trimethaphan. 
  • Blunted Ventral Striatum Development in Adolescence Reflects Emotional Neglect and Predicts Depressive Symptoms. 
  • Blunted striatal response to monetary reward anticipation during smoking abstinence predicts lapse during a contingency-managed quit attempt. 
  • Brain mechanisms in manic depression. 
  • Brief report: Recognition memory and stimulus-reward associations: indirect support for the role of ventromedial prefrontal dysfunction in autism. 
  • COMT Val(158) Met genotype is associated with reward learning: a replication study and meta-analysis. 
  • Caudate responses to reward anticipation associated with delay discounting behavior in healthy youth. 
  • Causal evidence of performance monitoring by neurons in posterior cingulate cortex during learning. 
  • Characterization of a semi-rapid method for assessing delay discounting in rodents. 
  • Children coordinate in a recurrent social dilemma by taking turns and along dominance asymmetries. 
  • Chimpanzees and bonobos exhibit emotional responses to decision outcomes. 
  • Chimpanzees return favors at a personal cost. 
  • Chimpanzees, bonobos and children successfully coordinate in conflict situations. 
  • Cocaine and HIV are independently associated with neural activation in response to gain and loss valuation during economic risky choice. 
  • Cocaine dependence modulates the effect of HIV infection on brain activation during intertemporal decision making. 
  • Cocaine increases dopamine release by mobilization of a synapsin-dependent reserve pool. 
  • Cognitive Neurostimulation: Learning to Volitionally Sustain Ventral Tegmental Area Activation. 
  • Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD. 
  • Common and distinct neural features of social and non-social reward processing in autism and social anxiety disorder. 
  • Confidence and corrections: how we make and un-make up our minds. 
  • Context specificity of inhibitory control in dogs. 
  • Control by association: Transfer of implicitly primed attentional states across linked stimuli. 
  • Cortical Brain Activity Reflecting Attentional Biasing Toward Reward-Predicting Cues Covaries with Economic Decision-Making Performance. 
  • Cortical neurons multiplex reward-related signals along with sensory and motor information. 
  • Cracking the almond (Commentary on Prévost et al.). 
  • Cumulative stress in childhood is associated with blunted reward-related brain activity in adulthood. 
  • Decision making: the neuroethological turn. 
  • Decision-making and risk aversion among depressive adults. 
  • Deductive reasoning in pigeons. 
  • Delay discounting is associated with substance use in college students. 
  • Design and baseline characteristics of participants in the TRial of Economic Incentives to Promote Physical Activity (TRIPPA): a randomized controlled trial of a six month pedometer program with financial incentives. 
  • Differential reward learning for self and others predicts self-reported altruism. 
  • Digital temperature autoregulation and associated cardiovascular changes. 
  • Dishonesty in scientific research. 
  • Disrupting nicotine reinforcement: from cigarette to brain. 
  • Distinct medial temporal networks encode surprise during motivation by reward versus punishment. 
  • Distinct neural circuits support incentivized inhibition. 
  • Distinct neural ensembles in the rat gustatory cortex encode salt and water tastes. 
  • Distinct value signals in anterior and posterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex. 
  • Divergent effects of genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling on human threat- and reward-related brain function. 
  • Dopamine: Context and counterfactuals. 
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex drives mesolimbic dopaminergic regions to initiate motivated behavior. 
  • Effect of Financial Incentives on Glucose Monitoring Adherence and Glycemic Control Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 
  • Effect of failure/success feedback and the moderating influence of personality on reward motivation. 
  • Effectiveness of video of conspecifics as a reward for socially housed bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). 
  • Effects of monetary contingencies on smoking relapse: influences of trait depression, personality, and habitual nicotine intake. 
  • Effects of reward and behavioral context on neural activity in the primate inferior colliculus. 
  • Effects of sazetidine-A, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitizing agent on alcohol and nicotine self-administration in selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) rats. 
  • Effects of self-esteem and expected duration of interaction on liking for a highly rewarding partner. 
  • Enhanced rewarding properties of morphine, but not cocaine, in beta(arrestin)-2 knock-out mice. 
  • Enriched encoding: reward motivation organizes cortical networks for hippocampal detection of unexpected events. 
  • Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications. 
  • Extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1-dependent metabotropic glutamate receptor 5-induced long-term depression in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is disrupted by cocaine administration. 
  • Fictive reward signals in the anterior cingulate cortex. 
  • Following the trace of elusive amines. 
  • Food reward in the absence of taste receptor signaling. 
  • Food-related beliefs, eating behavior, and classroom food practices of middle school teachers. 
  • From actions to habits: neuroadaptations leading to dependence. 
  • Frontal-striatum dysfunction during reward processing: Relationships to amotivation in schizophrenia. 
  • Frontostriatal white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in probabilistic reward learning. 
  • Functional connectivity with ventromedial prefrontal cortex reflects subjective value for social rewards. 
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders. 
  • Functional significance of striatal responses during episodic decisions: recovery or goal attainment? 
  • Further genetic characterization of the fawn-hooded (FH/Wjd) rat, an animal model of comorbid depression and alcoholism. 
  • Genetic and genomic approaches to reward and addiction. 
  • Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity. 
  • Genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence, DSM-IV criterion count and individual criteria. 
  • Gustatory and reward brain circuits in the control of food intake. 
  • Healthier by precommitment. 
  • Heightened connectivity between the ventral striatum and medial prefrontal cortex as a biomarker for stress-related psychopathology: understanding interactive effects of early and more recent stress. 
  • Hormonal gain control of a medial preoptic area social reward circuit. 
  • Identification of PSD-95 as a regulator of dopamine-mediated synaptic and behavioral plasticity. 
  • Identity economics and the brain: uncovering the mechanisms of social conflict. 
  • Impaired neurocognitive functions affect social learning processes in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: implications for interventions. 
  • Impulsive and compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease. 
  • In search of the silver lining: the justice motive fosters perceptions of benefits in the later lives of tragedy victims. 
  • Increased rewarding properties of morphine in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. 
  • Individual Differences in Dopamine Are Associated with Reward Discounting in Clinical Groups But Not in Healthy Adults. 
  • Individual differences in dopamine D2 receptor availability correlate with reward valuation. 
  • Individual differences in regulatory focus predict neural response to reward. 
  • Individual differences in smoking reward from de-nicotinized cigarettes. 
  • Individual differences in striatum activity to food commercials predict weight gain in adolescents. 
  • Infrequent, task-irrelevant monetary gains and losses engage dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. 
  • Inhaled oxytocin amplifies both vicarious reinforcement and self reinforcement in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). 
  • Inhibition of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and brain-stimulated reward. 
  • Integrating Models of Interval Timing and Reinforcement Learning. 
  • Interaction of reward seeking and self-regulation in the prediction of risk taking: A cross-national test of the dual systems model. 
  • Interactions between target location and reward size modulate the rate of microsaccades in monkeys. 
  • Interbrain cortical synchronization encodes multiple aspects of social interactions in monkey pairs. 
  • Intervention effects on kindergarten and first-grade teachers' classroom food practices and food-related beliefs in American Indian reservation schools. 
  • Intracranial reward after Lilly 110140 (fluoxetine HCl): evidence for an inhibitory role for serotonin. 
  • Intravascular food reward. 
  • Is all motivation good for learning? Dissociable influences of approach and avoidance motivation in declarative memory. 
  • Kappa-Opioid Antagonists for Psychiatric Disorders: From Bench to Clinical Trials. 
  • Knowing When to Trust Others: An ERP Study of Decision-Making After Receiving Information From Unknown People 
  • Large-Scale Network Coupling with the Fusiform Cortex Facilitates Future Social Motivation. 
  • Latent goal models for dynamic strategic interaction. 
  • Lateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice. 
  • Licking-induced synchrony in the taste-reward circuit improves cue discrimination during learning. 
  • Long-term effects of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure in adolescent and adult rats: radial-arm maze performance and operant food reinforced responding. 
  • Long-term effects of chronic postnatal lead exposure on delayed spatial alternation in monkeys. 
  • Long-term lead effects on the Hamilton Search Task and delayed alternation in monkeys. 
  • Lorcaserin, a 5-HT2C agonist, decreases nicotine self-administration in female rats. 
  • Major depressive disorder is characterized by greater reward network activation to monetary than pleasant image rewards. 
  • Maternally responsive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area: Putative circuits for regulating anxiety and reward. 
  • Mechanisms of action selection and timing in substantia nigra neurons. 
  • Mesolimbic neuronal activity across behavioral states. 
  • Microglial dopamine receptor elimination defines sex-specific nucleus accumbens development and social behavior in adolescent rats. 
  • Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway. 
  • Motivational state and reward content determine choice behavior under risk in mice. 
  • Neural correlates of outcome processing post dishonest choice: an fMRI and ERP study. 
  • Neural mechanisms of risky decision-making and reward response in adolescent onset cannabis use disorder. 
  • Neural mechanisms of social decision-making in the primate amygdala. 
  • Neural signatures of economic preferences for risk and ambiguity. 
  • Neural substrates underlying the tendency to accept anger-infused ultimatum offers during dynamic social interactions. 
  • Neurobiology of social reward valuation in adults with a history of anorexia nervosa. 
  • Neuroethology of reward and decision making. 
  • Neuromarketing: the hope and hype of neuroimaging in business. 
  • Neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory thalamocortical loop is modulated by reward contingency during tactile discrimination. 
  • Neuronal basis of sequential foraging decisions in a patchy environment. 
  • Neuronal reference frames for social decisions in primate frontal cortex. 
  • Neurons in posterior cingulate cortex signal exploratory decisions in a dynamic multioption choice task. 
  • New findings on nicotine addiction and treatment. 
  • Nicotine Withdrawal Induces Neural Deficits in Reward Processing. 
  • Nicotine increases anterior insula activation to expected and unexpected outcomes among nonsmokers. 
  • Novelty-induced locomotion is positively associated with cocaine ingestion in adolescent rats; anxiety is correlated in adults. 
  • Orbitofrontal and hippocampal contributions to memory for face-name associations: the rewarding power of a smile. 
  • Orbitofrontal ensemble activity monitors licking and distinguishes among natural rewards. 
  • PET studies of the influences of nicotine on neural systems in cigarette smokers. 
  • Parent discipline practices in an international sample: associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. 
  • Perseverative behaviour after amphetamine; dissociation of response tendency from reward association. 
  • Persistent high alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring (P) rats results from a lack of normal aversion to alcohol. 
  • Physiological state gates acquisition and expression of mesolimbic reward prediction signals. 
  • Postreward delays and systematic biases in measures of animal temporal discounting. 
  • Potentiation of nicotine reward by alcohol. 
  • Predictors of child noncompliant behavior in the home. 
  • Preference for immediate over delayed rewards is associated with magnitude of ventral striatal activity. 
  • Prefrontal cortex output circuits guide reward seeking through divergent cue encoding. 
  • Probing reward function in post-traumatic stress disorder with beautiful facial images. 
  • Puberty Predicts Approach But Not Avoidance on the Iowa Gambling Task in a Multinational Sample. 
  • Rapid brain responses independently predict gain maximization and loss minimization during economic decision making. 
  • Rapid electrophysiological brain responses are influenced by both valence and magnitude of monetary rewards. 
  • Reforming payments to healthcare providers: the key to slowing healthcare cost growth while improving quality? 
  • Regulated shuttling of the histone deacetylase HDAC5 to the nucleus may put a brake on cocaine addiction. 
  • Regulation and function of MeCP2 Ser421 phosphorylation in U50488-induced conditioned place aversion in mice. 
  • Reinforcers in infancy: classical conditioning using stroking or intra-oral infusions of milk as UCS. 
  • Relation of addiction genes to hypothalamic gene changes subserving genesis and gratification of a classic instinct, sodium appetite. 
  • Remembrance of rewards past. 
  • Remitted major depression is characterized by reduced prefrontal cortex reactivity to reward loss. 
  • Remitted major depression is characterized by reward network hyperactivation during reward anticipation and hypoactivation during reward outcomes. 
  • Residents' Perspectives on Rewards and Challenges of Caring for Ambulatory Care Patients Living With Chronic Illness: Findings From Three Academic Health Centers. 
  • Reward Seeking and Self-Regulation: Changing the Environment to Prevent Adolescent Pregnancy. 
  • Reward action in the initiation of smooth pursuit eye movements. 
  • Reward and executive control network resting-state functional connectivity is associated with impulsivity during reward-based decision making for cocaine users. 
  • Reward associations reduce behavioral interference by changing the temporal dynamics of conflict processing. 
  • Reward circuitry function in autism during face anticipation and outcomes. 
  • Reward circuitry function in autism spectrum disorders. 
  • Reward sensitivity, impulse control, and social cognition as mediators of the link between childhood family adversity and externalizing behavior in eight countries. 
  • Reward-Related Ventral Striatum Activity Buffers against the Experience of Depressive Symptoms Associated with Sleep Disturbances. 
  • Reward-associated features capture attention in the absence of awareness: Evidence from object-substitution masking. 
  • Reward-based decision making and electrodermal responding by young children with autism spectrum disorders during a gambling task. 
  • Reward-guided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: the integrative functions of cortico-basal ganglia networks. 
  • Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. 
  • Reward-related learning via multiple memory systems. 
  • Reward-related ventral striatum reactivity mediates gender-specific effects of a galanin remote enhancer haplotype on problem drinking. 
  • Rhesus macaques form preferences for brand logos through sex and social status based advertising. 
  • Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex. 
  • Role of the endocannabinoid system in management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors. 
  • Rule learning in autism: the role of reward type and social context. 
  • Selectivity in Postencoding Connectivity with High-Level Visual Cortex Is Associated with Reward-Motivated Memory. 
  • Separate and overlapping brain areas encode subjective value during delay and effort discounting. 
  • Separate neural mechanisms underlie choices and strategic preferences in risky decision making. 
  • Serotonin shapes risky decision making in monkeys. 
  • Serotonin transporter genotype modulates social reward and punishment in rhesus macaques. 
  • Sex, ADHD symptoms, and smoking outcomes: an integrative model. 
  • Simple versus complex feedback displays in the training of digital temperature. 
  • Single pulse TMS differentially modulates reward behavior. 
  • Sleep deprivation alters effort discounting but not delay discounting of monetary rewards. 
  • Sleep deprivation biases the neural mechanisms underlying economic preferences. 
  • Sleep deprivation elevates expectation of gains and attenuates response to losses following risky decisions. 
  • Smoking abstinence and neurocognition: implications for cessation and relapse. 
  • Smoking automaticity and tolerance moderate brain activation during explore-exploit behavior. 
  • Smoking withdrawal is associated with increases in brain activation during decision making and reward anticipation: a preliminary study. 
  • Social disappointment explains chimpanzees' behaviour in the inequity aversion task. 
  • Social inhibitory control in five lemur species. 
  • Spared and impaired aspects of motivated cognitive control in schizophrenia. 
  • Speed and accuracy of taste identification and palatability: impact of learning, reward expectancy, and consummatory licking. 
  • Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. 
  • Stated Uptake of Physical Activity Rewards Programmes Among Active and Insufficiently Active Full-Time Employees. 
  • Stress alleviation and reward enhancement: two promising targets for relapse prevention. 
  • Stress-related anhedonia is associated with ventral striatum reactivity to reward and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptomatology. 
  • Striatal firing rate reflects head movement velocity. 
  • Subjective value representations during effort, probability and time discounting across adulthood. 
  • Surprise signals in anterior cingulate cortex: neuronal encoding of unsigned reward prediction errors driving adjustment in behavior. 
  • Sustained anterior cingulate cortex activation during reward processing predicts response to psychotherapy in major depressive disorder. 
  • Task preparation processes related to reward prediction precede those related to task-difficulty expectation. 
  • The Extravert Advantage: How and When Extraverts Build Rapport With Other People. 
  • The Rapid Capture of Attention by Rewarded Objects. 
  • The effect of pre- or postnatal lead exposure on Hamilton Search Task in monkeys. 
  • The effects of intranasal oxytocin on reward circuitry responses in children with autism spectrum disorder. 
  • The effects of psychotherapy on neural responses to rewards in major depression. 
  • The evolutionary origins of human patience: temporal preferences in chimpanzees, bonobos, and human adults. 
  • The fat mass and obesity associated gene (Fto) regulates activity of the dopaminergic midbrain circuitry. 
  • The impact of work rewards on radiographers' organizational commitment. 
  • The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task. 
  • The interactive influences of friend deviance and reward dominance on the development of externalizing behavior during middle adolescence. 
  • The involvement of the dopaminergic midbrain and cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits in the integration of reward prospect and attentional task demands. 
  • The neural signatures of distinct psychopathic traits. 
  • The neural substrates of probabilistic and intertemporal decision making. 
  • The neural underpinnings of how reward associations can both guide and misguide attention. 
  • The role of pedunculopontine nucleus in choice behavior under risk. 
  • The role of ΔfosB in the medial preoptic area: Differential effects of mating and cocaine history. 
  • The specificity of reciprocity: Young children reciprocate more generously to those who intentionally benefit them. 
  • Toward a mechanistic understanding of how variability in neurobiology shapes individual differences in behavior. 
  • Upregulating brain activity using non-drug reward imagery and real-time fMRI neurofeedback-A new treatment approach for addiction? 
  • Using effort-reward imbalance theory to understand high rates of depression and anxiety among clergy. 
  • Utilization of reward-prospect enhances preparatory attention and reduces stimulus conflict. 
  • Varenicline effects on craving, cue reactivity, and smoking reward. 
  • Variability in nucleus accumbens activity mediates age-related suboptimal financial risk taking. 
  • Variance-sensitive choice in lemurs: constancy trumps quantity. 
  • Ventral striatum reactivity to reward and recent life stress interact to predict positive affect. 
  • Visual wavelength discrimination by the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta. 
  • Within- and cross-participant classifiers reveal different neural coding of information. 
  • Women who are motivated to eat and discount the future are more obese. 
  • Young children, but not chimpanzees, are averse to disadvantageous and advantageous inequities. 
  • fMRI of alterations in reward selection, anticipation, and feedback in major depressive disorder. 
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  Keywords of People

  • Cabeza, Roberto, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Science & Society
  • Dickerson, Kathryn C, Assistant Professor in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Egner, Tobias, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Science & Society
  • Huettel, Scott, Professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke Science & Society
  • Kranton, Rachel, James B. Duke Distinguished Professor of Economics, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences
  • Martucci, Katherine, Assistant Professor in Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology
  • Oliver, Jason A, Assistant Professor in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Addiction
  • Samanez-Larkin, Gregory Russell, Assistant Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Schmehl, Meredith, Student, Neurobiology
  • Woldorff, Marty G., Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Science & Society