Schizophrenic Psychology

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • A Multicenter, Rater-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study of Auditory Processing-Focused Cognitive Remediation Combined With Open-Label Lurasidone in Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder. 
  • A brief cognitive assessment tool for schizophrenia: construction of a tool for clinicians. 
  • A cognitive investigation of schizophrenic delusions. 
  • A follow-up study of post partum illness, 1946-1978. 
  • A national study of violent behavior in persons with schizophrenia. 
  • A pen-and-paper human analogue of a monkey prefrontal cortex activation task: spatial working memory in patients with schizophrenia. 
  • A pilot study of a structured interview addressing sexual function in men with schizophrenia. 
  • A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. 
  • A randomized clinical trial of MK-0777 for the treatment of cognitive impairments in people with schizophrenia. 
  • A randomized, placebo-controlled study investigating the nicotinic α7 agonist, RG3487, for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. 
  • A trial of compliance therapy in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. 
  • Abbreviated neuropsychological assessment in schizophrenia: prediction of different aspects of outcome. 
  • Abnormal resting regional cerebral blood flow patterns and their correlates in schizophrenia. 
  • Accuracy of self-report, biological tests, collateral reports and clinician ratings in identifying substance use disorders among adults with schizophrenia. 
  • Adjunctive Minocycline in Clozapine-Treated Schizophrenia Patients With Persistent Symptoms. 
  • Aggression and psychopathology in treatment-resistant inpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 
  • Alternative pathways to violence in persons with schizophrenia: the role of childhood antisocial behavior problems. 
  • An emerging schizophrenic syndrome. 
  • Anticipated Benefits of Care (ABC): psychometrics and predictive value in psychiatric disorders. 
  • Anticipating DSM-V: opportunities and challenges for cognition and psychosis. 
  • Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first-episode psychosis. 
  • Antipsychotic effects on estimated 10-year coronary heart disease risk in the CATIE schizophrenia study. 
  • Assertive community treatment: an update of randomized trials. 
  • Association between genetic variation at the porphobilinogen deaminase gene and schizophrenia. 
  • Attentional functioning in schizotypal personality disorder. 
  • Attentional markers of vulnerability to schizophrenia: performance of medicated and unmedicated patients and normals. 
  • Barriers to employment for people with schizophrenia. 
  • Baseline neurocognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia trial. 
  • Bifactor and item response theory analyses of interviewer report scales of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. 
  • Brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: normative data in an English-speaking ethnic Chinese sample. 
  • Brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: validation of the Japanese version. 
  • CMINDS does not have identical tests to the CATIE and MATRICS batteries. Commentary on O'Halloran et al. 
  • COMT158 polymorphism and hostility. 
  • Can IQ moderate the response to cognitive remediation in people with schizophrenia? 
  • Cardiovascular response during a word association test and an interview. 
  • Cerebral blood flow responses to inhaled carbon dioxide in schizophrenia. 
  • Changes in cerebral blood flow and mental state after amphetamine challenge in schizophrenic patients. 
  • Changes in weight and weight-related quality of life in a multicentre, randomized trial of aripiprazole versus standard of care. 
  • Characteristics of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery in a 29-site antipsychotic schizophrenia clinical trial. 
  • Characteristics of very poor outcome schizophrenia. 
  • Cholinesterase inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the literature. 
  • Circadian rhythms in cognitive functioning among patients with schizophrenia: impact on signal detection in clinical trials of potential pro-cognitive therapies. 
  • Circumstances under which practice does not make perfect: a review of the practice effect literature in schizophrenia and its relevance to clinical treatment studies. 
  • Clinical characteristics of Kraepelinian schizophrenia: replication and extension of previous findings. 
  • Clinical trials of potential cognitive-enhancing drugs in schizophrenia: what have we learned so far? 
  • Clozapine decreases smoking in patients with chronic schizophrenia. 
  • Clozapine treatment for suicidality in schizophrenia: International Suicide Prevention Trial (InterSePT). 
  • Clozapine-induced electroencephalogram changes as a function of clozapine serum levels. 
  • Clues to the cognitive and perceptual origins of social isolation and psychosis in schizophrenia. 
  • Cognition and motivation as treatment targets in schizophrenia. 
  • Cognition as an outcome measure in schizophrenia. 
  • Cognitive Decline and Disrupted Cognitive Trajectory in Schizophrenia. 
  • Cognitive burden of anticholinergic medications in psychotic disorders. 
  • Cognitive disparity in schizophrenics with and without cocaine dependency. 
  • Cognitive effects of neonatal hippocampal lesions in a rat model of schizophrenia. 
  • Cognitive function and biological correlates of cognitive performance in schizotypal personality disorder. 
  • Cognitive functioning in late-life schizophrenia: a comparison of elderly schizophrenic patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease. 
  • Cognitive impairment as a target for pharmacological treatment in schizophrenia. 
  • Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. 
  • Common sense, insight, and neuropsychological test performance in schizophrenia patients. 
  • Community adjustment of older schizophrenics. 
  • Comparative effect of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs on neurocognition in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus low doses of haloperidol. 
  • Comparison of antipsychotic medication effects on reducing violence in people with schizophrenia. 
  • Comprehensive model of how reality distortion and symptoms occur in schizophrenia: could impairment in learning-dependent predictive perception account for the manifestations of schizophrenia? 
  • Converting positive and negative symptom scores between PANSS and SAPS/SANS. 
  • Convulsive threshold differences in right unilateral and bilateral ECT. 
  • Correlates of Future Violence in People Being Treated for Schizophrenia. 
  • Cost-effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. 
  • Countertransference in the expectant father. 
  • Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between insight and attitudes toward medication and clinical outcomes in chronic schizophrenia. 
  • Defining a cognitive function decrement in schizophrenia. 
  • Demographics, family history, premorbid functioning, developmental characteristics, and course of patients with deteriorated affective disorder. 
  • Determining when impairment constitutes incapacity for informed consent in schizophrenia research. 
  • Development and psychometric performance of the schizophrenia objective functioning instrument: an interviewer administered measure of function. 
  • Development of a virtual reality assessment of everyday living skills. 
  • Diagnostic issues in chronic schizophrenia: kraepelinian schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, and state-independent negative symptoms. 
  • Disrupted network cross talk, hippocampal dysfunction and hallucinations in schizophrenia. 
  • Does switching to a new antipsychotic improve outcomes? Data from the CATIE Trial. 
  • Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and cognition in schizophrenia: analysis of the CATIE data. 
  • Dysregulation of DGCR6 and DGCR6L: psychopathological outcomes in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. 
  • ECT stimulus intensity: are present ECT devices too limited? 
  • Effect of ECT treatment number on the ictal EEG. 
  • Effect of the neuroprotective peptide davunetide (AL-108) on cognition and functional capacity in schizophrenia. 
  • Effectiveness of clozapine versus olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia who did not respond to prior atypical antipsychotic treatment. 
  • Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia after discontinuing perphenazine: a CATIE study. 
  • Effectiveness of olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone in patients with chronic schizophrenia following discontinuation of a previous atypical antipsychotic. 
  • Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. 
  • Effects of antipsychotic medications on psychosocial functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia: findings from the NIMH CATIE study. 
  • Effects of atypical antipsychotics on the syndromal profile in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. 
  • Effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol on hostility among patients with schizophrenia. 
  • Effects of davunetide on N-acetylaspartate and choline in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia. 
  • Effects of glutamate positive modulators on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials. 
  • Effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on neurocognitive function in early psychosis: a randomized, double-blind 52-week comparison. 
  • Effects of β-Arrestin-Biased Dopamine D2 Receptor Ligands on Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Hypoglutamatergic Mice. 
  • Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: negative symptoms. 
  • Empirical assessment of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenic patients: formal thought disorder. 
  • Empirical evaluation of the factorial structure of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia: effects of typical neuroleptics on the brief psychiatric rating scale. 
  • Establishing the Brief Assessment of Cognition - Short form. 
  • Etiological and clinical features of childhood psychotic symptoms: results from a birth cohort. 
  • Evaluation of a plasticity-based cognitive training program in schizophrenia: Results from the eCaesar trial. 
  • Exploratory analysis of social cognition and neurocognition in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. 
  • Eye tracking, attention, and schizotypal symptoms in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. 
  • Failures in learning-dependent predictive perception as the key cognitive vulnerability to psychosis in schizophrenia. 
  • Familial schizophrenia and treatment response. 
  • Feasibility and pilot efficacy results from the multisite Cognitive Remediation in the Schizophrenia Trials Network (CRSTN) randomized controlled trial. 
  • Functional co-primary measures for clinical trials in schizophrenia: results from the MATRICS Psychometric and Standardization Study. 
  • Further Advances in Optimizing (2-Phenylcyclopropyl)methylamines as Novel Serotonin 2C Agonists: Effects on Hyperlocomotion, Prepulse Inhibition, and Cognition Models. 
  • Heritability of functioning in families with schizophrenia in relation to neurocognition. 
  • Hierarchical temporal processing deficit model of reality distortion and psychoses. 
  • High-dose oral ziprasidone versus conventional dosing in schizophrenia patients with residual symptoms: the ZEBRAS study. 
  • Hospitalized schizophrenic patient views about seclusion. 
  • How specific are negative symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia? An analysis of PANSS and SCoRS. 
  • Impact of antipsychotic medication on family burden in schizophrenia: longitudinal results of CATIE trial. 
  • Impact of obesity on health-related quality of life in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. 
  • Impact of second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine on depressive symptoms in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. 
  • Implementation considerations for multisite clinical trials with cognitive neuroscience tasks. 
  • In the eye of the beholder: Perceptions of neighborhood adversity and psychotic experiences in adolescence. 
  • Increased morbid risk for schizophrenia-related disorders in relatives of schizotypal personality disordered patients. 
  • Initial level of care and clinical status in a managed mental health program. 
  • Insight about psychosis among outpatients with schizophrenia. 
  • Insight in schizophrenia and mania. 
  • Insomnia is frequent in schizophrenia and associated with night eating and obesity. 
  • Integrated genetic and genomic approach in the SingaporeTranslational and Clinical Research in Psychosis Study: an overview. 
  • Interrelationships of psychiatric symptom severity, medical comorbidity, and functioning in schizophrenia. 
  • Interview-based assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: applicability of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS) in different phases of illness and settings of care. 
  • Interview-based assessment of cognition is a strong predictor of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and severe negative symptoms. 
  • Itemized clinician ratings versus global ratings of symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia. 
  • L-dopa challenge and relapse in schizophrenia. 
  • Latent structure of cognition in schizophrenia: a confirmatory factor analysis of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). 
  • Letter to the editor: Critique of Bahorik et al. (2013)--'Under-reporting of drug use among individuals with schizophrenia: prevalence and predictors'. 
  • Longitudinal consent-related abilities among research participants with schizophrenia: results from the CATIE study. 
  • MRI changes in schizophrenia in late life: a preliminary controlled study. 
  • Machine learning approach to measurement of criticism: The core dimension of expressed emotion. 
  • Measuring memory-prediction errors and their consequences in youth at risk for schizophrenia. 
  • Measuring outcome priorities and preferences in people with schizophrenia. 
  • Medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia in usual care. 
  • Medication preferences and adherence among individuals with severe mental illness and psychiatric advance directives. 
  • Memory for prose in Korsakoff and schizophrenic populations. 
  • Memory-prediction errors and their consequences in schizophrenia. 
  • Methodological issues in negative symptom trials. 
  • Neural bases of different cognitive strategies for facial affect processing in schizophrenia. 
  • Neural correlates of automatic and controlled auditory processing in schizophrenia. 
  • Neurocognitive correlates of the COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism in chronic schizophrenia. 
  • Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial. 
  • Neuropsychological correlates of central monoamine function in chronic schizophrenia: relationship between CSF metabolites and cognitive function. 
  • Neuropsychological course in the prodrome and first episode of psychosis: findings from the PRIME North America Double Blind Treatment Study. 
  • Neuropsychological decline in schizophrenia from the premorbid to the postonset period: evidence from a population-representative longitudinal study. 
  • Neuropsychological functioning as a moderator of the relationship between psychosocial functioning and the subjective experience of self and life in schizophrenia. 
  • Neuropsychological performance at the age of 13 years and adult schizophreniform disorder: prospective birth cohort study. 
  • Neuropsychological profile in adult schizophrenia measured with the CMINDS. 
  • Neuropsychological status of subjects at high risk for a first episode of psychosis. 
  • Neuropsychology of the prodrome to psychosis in the NAPLS consortium: relationship to family history and conversion to psychosis. 
  • Normal smooth pursuit eye movements in volunteer subjects meeting schizotypal personality disorder criteria. 
  • Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). 
  • Observable Social Cognition--A Rating Scale: an interview-based assessment for schizophrenia. 
  • Olanzapine in refractory schizophrenia after failure of typical or atypical antipsychotic treatment: an open-label switch study. 
  • On Thoughts, Threats, and Throwing the Spear. 
  • Optimal dose of neuroleptic in acute schizophrenia. A controlled study of the neuroleptic threshold and higher haloperidol dose. 
  • Overconfidence in false autobiographical memories in patients with schizophrenia. 
  • Partial REM sleep deprivation, schizophrenia and field articulation. 
  • Patient-Informed Treatment Development of Behavioral Smoking Cessation for People With Schizophrenia. 
  • Performance of a weight-related measure of Quality of Life in a psychiatric sample. 
  • Performance of nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenic patients on cognitive tests. 
  • Performance of patients with schizophrenia on a pen and paper visuospatial working memory task with short delay. 
  • Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic response in the CATIE trial: a candidate gene analysis. 
  • Pharmacotherapy of impaired affect in recovering schizophrenic patients. 
  • Placebo Response and Practice Effects in Schizophrenia Cognition Trials. 
  • Platelet alpha-2-adrenergic dysfunction in negative symptom schizophrenia: a preliminary study. 
  • Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and measured domains of cognition in individuals with psychosis and controls. 
  • Polygenic risk score, genome-wide association, and gene set analyses of cognitive domain deficits in schizophrenia. 
  • Predicting Schizophrenia. 
  • Predicting suicidal risk in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients in a prospective two-year trial. 
  • Predictors of antipsychotic medication adherence in patients recovering from a first psychotic episode. 
  • Predictors of therapeutic response to haloperidol in acute schizophrenia. 
  • Premorbid sociosexual functioning and long-term outcome in schizophrenia. 
  • Principal components of heritability from neurocognitive domains differ between families with schizophrenia and control subjects. 
  • Proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial of pregnenolone in schizophrenia. 
  • Psychometric characteristics of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery in a large pooled cohort of stable schizophrenia patients. 
  • Psychoneuroendocrinology of schizophrenia. 
  • Randomized Trial of the Effect of Four Second-Generation Antipsychotics and One First-Generation Antipsychotic on Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug Use in Chronic Schizophrenia. 
  • Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Encenicline, an α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist, as a Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia. 
  • Reducing violence risk in persons with schizophrenia: olanzapine versus risperidone. 
  • Refining the latent structure of neuropsychological performance in schizophrenia. 
  • Relationship of cognition and psychopathology to functional impairment in schizophrenia. 
  • Relationship of low vitamin D status with positive, negative and cognitive symptom domains in people with first-episode schizophrenia. 
  • Relationships among neurocognition, symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a path-analytic approach for associations at baseline and following 24 weeks of antipsychotic drug therapy. 
  • Reliability, validity and treatment sensitivity of the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale. 
  • Religious coping and quality of life among individuals living with schizophrenia. 
  • Report from the working group conference on multisite trial design for cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. 
  • Report on ISCTM Consensus Meeting on Clinical Assessment of Response to Treatment of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia. 
  • Response to Bora. 
  • Revisiting the backward masking deficit in schizophrenia: individual differences in performance and modeling with transcranial magnetic stimulation. 
  • Risks versus benefits of different types of long-acting injectable antipsychotics. 
  • Risperidone decreases craving and relapses in individuals with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. 
  • Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: time for a change in focus. 
  • Schizophrenia is a disorder of higher order hierarchical processing. 
  • Schizophrenic-like neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome. 
  • Self-reported sleep disturbances associated with procedural learning impairment in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. 
  • Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients. 
  • Sexual functioning associated with quetiapine switch vs. risperidone continuation in outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized double-blind pilot trial. 
  • Social functioning in urban, predominantly African American, socially disadvantaged patients with first-episode nonaffective psychosis. 
  • Source monitoring deficits in patients with schizophrenia; a multinomial modelling analysis. 
  • Source monitoring improvement in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic medications. 
  • Spanish validation of the Brief Assessment in Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. 
  • Spectral and topographic analysis of EEG in schizophrenic patients. 
  • Spirituality and religion in outpatients with schizophrenia: a multi-site comparative study of Switzerland, Canada, and the United States. 
  • Standardizing the use of the Continuous Performance Test in schizophrenia research: a validation study. 
  • Static and dynamic cognitive deficits in childhood preceding adult schizophrenia: a 30-year study. 
  • Studies of cognitive change in patients with schizophrenia following novel antipsychotic treatment. 
  • Substance use and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia among new enrollees in the NIMH CATIE study. 
  • Substance use in persons with schizophrenia: baseline prevalence and correlates from the NIMH CATIE study. 
  • The Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) validated against electronic monitoring in assessing the antipsychotic medication adherence of outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 
  • The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. 
  • The Cognitive Assessment Interview (CAI): reliability and validity of a brief interview-based measure of cognition. 
  • The FDA-NIMH-MATRICS guidelines for clinical trial design of cognitive-enhancing drugs: what do we know 5 years later? 
  • The G72/G30 gene complex and cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia. 
  • The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. 
  • The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 2: co-norming and standardization. 
  • The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale: an interview-based assessment and its relationship to cognition, real-world functioning, and functional capacity. 
  • The Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale: validation of an interview-based assessment of cognitive functioning in Asian patients with schizophrenia. 
  • The Texas Medication Algorithm Project antipsychotic algorithm for schizophrenia: 2003 update. 
  • The boundaries of schizophrenia. 
  • The continuous performance test, identical pairs: norms, reliability and performance in healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia in Singapore. 
  • The effectiveness of antipsychotic medications in patients who use or avoid illicit substances: results from the CATIE study. 
  • The effects of antipsychotic medications on emotion perception in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. 
  • The effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. 
  • The impact of eszopiclone on sleep and cognition in patients with schizophrenia and insomnia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 
  • The influence of emotional distraction on verbal working memory: an fMRI investigation comparing individuals with schizophrenia and healthy adults. 
  • The intricate link between violence and mental disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. 
  • The ketogenic diet and remission of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: Two case studies. 
  • The relationship between serum prolactin level and sexual functioning among male outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized double-blind trial of risperidone vs. quetiapine. 
  • The targets of violence committed by young offenders with alcohol dependence, marijuana dependence and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: findings from a birth cohort. 
  • Twin studies of psychopathology: why do the concordance rates vary? 
  • Understanding symbol coding in schizophrenia. 
  • Unirhinal olfactory function in schizophrenia patients and first-degree relatives. 
  • Unitary construct of generalized cognitive ability underlying BACS performance across psychotic disorders and in their first-degree relatives. 
  • Unraveling interrelationships among psychopathology symptoms, cognitive domains and insight dimensions in chronic schizophrenia. 
  • Unraveling the relationship between obesity, schizophrenia and cognition. 
  • Using discriminant function analysis with clinical, demographic and historical variables to diagnose schizophrenia. 
  • Validation of the French version of the BACS (the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia) among 50 French schizophrenic patients. 
  • Validation of the German version of the brief assessment of cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) - preliminary results. 
  • Validation of the Persian version of the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. 
  • Validation of the tablet-administered Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC App). 
  • Validity and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia). 
  • Violent behavior in mental illness: the role of substance abuse. 
  • Virtual reality assessment of functional capacity in people with Schizophrenia: Associations with reduced emotional experience and prediction of functional outcomes. 
  • Virtual reality assessment of functional capacity in the early course of schizophrenia: Associations with cognitive performance and daily functioning. 
  • White matter abnormalities and neurocognitive deficits associated with the passivity phenomenon in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. 
  • Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in schizophrenia: the role of working memory. 
  • Working memory impairment in probands with schizoaffective disorder and first degree relatives of schizophrenia probands extend beyond deficits predicted by generalized neuropsychological impairment. 
  • rTMS strategies for the study and treatment of schizophrenia: a review.