Sheep

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • 14-3-3 proteins are part of an abscisic acid-VIVIPAROUS1 (VP1) response complex in the Em promoter and interact with VP1 and EmBP1. 
  • A description of the preterm fetal sheep systemic and central responses to maternal general anesthesia. 
  • A free radical mechanism of prostaglandin synthase-dependent aminopyrine demethylation. 
  • A fully implantable 96-channel neural data acquisition system. 
  • A high affinity, antidote-controllable prothrombin and thrombin-binding RNA aptamer inhibits thrombin generation and thrombin activity. 
  • A membrane model of electrically remodelled atrial myocardium derived from in vivo measurements. 
  • A miniaturized catheter 2-D array for real-time, 3-D intracardiac echocardiography. 
  • A new complement-mediated cytolytic mechanism--the C1-bypass activation pathway. 
  • A new one-step method for the functional assay of the fourth component (C4) of human and guinea pig complement. 
  • A novel implantable cardiac telemetry system for studying atrial fibrillation. 
  • A receptor for the third component of complement in the human renal glomerulus. 
  • A unique placental lactogen receptor: implications for fetal growth. 
  • A wavelet-based method for removal of out-of-plane structures in digital tomosynthesis. 
  • Abl family kinases regulate FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in murine macrophages. 
  • Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of myocardial radiofrequency ablation: initial in vivo results. 
  • Activation of complement by endotoxin. 
  • Activation of complement by endotoxin: a role for 2 globulin, C1, C4 and C2 in the consumption of terminal complement components by endotoxin-coated erythrocytes. 
  • Activation of human B lymphocytes. XIV. Characterization of the precursor of the pokeweed mitogen-induced anti-sheep red blood cell plaque-forming cell. 
  • Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 in spinal cord inhibits pain and hyperalgesia in a novel formalin model in sheep. 
  • Acute mycotoxicosis in sheep: field cases. 
  • Allograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a sheep model. The effect of synthetic augmentation. 
  • An effective strategy for decontamination, ex vivo expansion, and storage of human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. 
  • An outbreak of anthrax meningoencephalitis. 
  • Anatomic validation of a novel method for left ventricular volume and mass measurements with use of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography. 
  • Anti-mouse mesangial cell serum induces acute glomerulonephropathy in mice. 
  • Antibody binding to a conformation-dependent epitope induces L-selectin association with the detergent-resistant cytoskeleton. 
  • Antibody-dependent lymphoid cell-mediated cytotoxicity: role of complement. 
  • Apoptosis as the mechanism of neurodegeneration in Batten's disease. 
  • Basal and stimulated serum growth hormone concentrations in inflammatory bowel disease. 
  • Binding of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes by mitral and aortic cardiac valves: a possible clue to the pathogenesis of immune valvular heart disease. 
  • Binding of immunoglobulin- and complement-coated erythrocytes to human neutrophil subpopulations. 
  • Binding of placental lactogen and growth hormone to fetal sheep fibroblasts. 
  • Biosynthesis of the second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement in vitro by tissues isolated from guinea-pigs with genetically determined C4 deficiency. 
  • Bistability and correlation with arrhythmogenesis in a model of the right atrium. 
  • COMPLEMENT AND HEMOLYTIC ANTIBODY: CHANGES IN THEIR ACTIVITY INDUCED BY MERCAPTOETHANOL. 
  • Callipyge mutation affects gene expression in cis: a potential role for chromatin structure. 
  • Cathepsin D of rabbit skin: an immunoenzymic study. 
  • Cerebral blood flow autoregulation during intracranial hypertension in hypoxic lambs. 
  • Challenges and implementation of radiation-force imaging with an intracardiac ultrasound transducer. 
  • Characterization of human T lymphocytes that express the C3b receptor. 
  • Characterization of inactive renin from human kidney and plasma. Evidence of a renal source of circulating inactive renin. 
  • Characterization of precipitating antibodies to ruminant serum and milk proteins in humans with selective IgA deficiency. 
  • Characterization of two labor-induced genes, DSCR1 and TCTE1L, in the pregnant ovine myometrium. 
  • Chemotactic and anaphylatoxic fragment cleaved from the fifth component of guinea pig complement. 
  • Cholecystokinin is not a peripheral satiety signal in the dog. 
  • Chronic fetal vascular access. 
  • Chronic multiple pulmonary emboli. Regional response of the bronchial circulation. 
  • Clinical and immunologic features of selective IgA deficiency. 
  • Cocaine downregulates beta-adrenergic receptors in pregnant sheep myometrium. 
  • Comparison of guided bone formation from periosteum and muscle fascia. 
  • Complement in clinical medicine. 
  • Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation: a sheep model of fetal hydrops. 
  • Consumption of hamster complement by bacterial endotoxin. 
  • Copperhead snakebite treated with crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine) antivenom in third trimester pregnancy. 
  • Coronary constriction to angiotensin II is enhanced by endothelial superoxide production in sheep programmed by dexamethasone. 
  • Correction of congenital hydrocephalus in utero I. The model: intracisternal kaolin produces hydrocephalus in fetal lambs and rhesus monkeys. 
  • Correction of congenital hydrocephalus in utero II: Efficacy of in utero shunting. 
  • Correction of congenital hydronephrosis in utero II. Decompression reverses the effects of obstruction on the fetal lung and urinary tract. 
  • Correction of congenital hydronephrosis in utero IV: in utero decompression prevents renal dysplasia. 
  • Delayed in utero repair of surgically created fetal cleft lip and palate. 
  • Delta-like 1 homolog (dlk1): a marker for rhabdomyosarcomas implicated in skeletal muscle regeneration. 
  • Developmental regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein production: studies in fetal, postnatal, and pregnant sheep. 
  • Direct sequencing of the activation peptide and the catalytic domain of the factor IX gene in six species. 
  • Discordant complement systems as a factor in hyperacute xenograft rejection. 
  • Diversity in membrane binding sites of ankyrins. Brain ankyrin, erythrocyte ankyrin, and processed erythrocyte ankyrin associate with distinct sites in kidney microsomes. 
  • Dual lumen transducer probes for real-time 3-D interventional cardiac ultrasound. 
  • Dynamics of environmental supplementation of iodine: four years' experience of iodination of irrigation water in Hotien, Xinjiang, China. 
  • Ectopic Expression of Retrotransposon-Derived PEG11/RTL1 Contributes to the Callipyge Muscular Hypertrophy. 
  • Ectopic expression of DLK1 protein in skeletal muscle of padumnal heterozygotes causes the callipyge phenotype. 
  • Effect of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone upon the fetoplacental biosynthesis of estrogens and its effect upon uterine blood flow in the term pregnant ewe. 
  • Effect of pyridoxal on growth of nutritionally variant streptococci and other bacteria on sheep blood agar. 
  • Effect of skin electrode location on radiofrequency ablation lesions: an in vivo and a three-dimensional finite element study. 
  • Effect of surrogate tolerogenesis on the vascular rejection of pig heart xenografts. 
  • Effect of xenogeneic chimerism in a human/sheep model on natural antibody. 
  • Effects of amiloride on pH regulation in canine cardiac Purkinje fibers. 
  • Effects of converting enzyme inhibition with captopril on renal function in normal and ACTH treated sheep. 
  • Effects of nitroglycerin and indomethacin on fetal-maternal circulation and on fetal cerebral blood flow and metabolism in sheep. 
  • Elevated antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus among humans with exposure to ruminants in Saudi Arabia. 
  • Emergence of suppressor cells of immunoglobulin synthesis during acute Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis. 
  • Endothelial dysfunction in cerebral microcirculation during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in newborn lambs. 
  • Endothelial superoxide production is altered in sheep programmed by early gestation dexamethasone exposure. 
  • Engraftment and long-term expression of human fetal hemopoietic stem cells in sheep following transplantation in utero. 
  • Enhancement of human hematopoiesis by mast cell growth factor in human-sheep chimeras created by the in utero transplantation of human fetal hematopoietic cells. 
  • Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like transforming growth factor (TGF) activity and EGF receptors in ovine fetal tissues: possible role for TGF in ovine fetal development. 
  • Estimated seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. and spotted fever group Rickettsia exposure among herders and livestock in Mongolia. 
  • Evidence for a novel insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent protease regulating IGF-binding protein-4 in dermal fibroblasts. 
  • Evidence that rabbit gamma G haemolysin in capable of utilizing guinea-pig complement more efficiently than rabbit gamma M haemolysin. 
  • Existence of bistability and correlation with arrhythmogenesis in paced sheep atria. 
  • Experimental confirmation of the sheep model for studying the role of calcified fibrocartilage in hip fractures and tendon attachments. 
  • Expression of human complement factor H prevents age-related macular degeneration-like retina damage and kidney abnormalities in aged Cfh knockout mice. 
  • Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH-rp) and its receptorin the porcine ovary: regulation by transforming growth factor-beta and possible paracrine effects of granulosa cell PTH-rp secretion on theca cells. 
  • Failure of cytotoxic agents to inhibit the clearance of sensitized erythrocytes. 
  • Feasibility study for real time three dimensional Doppler intracardiac echocardiography. 
  • Feasibility study of real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for guidance of interventional electrophysiology. 
  • Feasibility study: real-time 3-D ultrasound imaging of the brain. 
  • Fetal diaphragmatic hernia: pathophysiology, natural history, and outcome. 
  • Fetal metatarsal length: an accurate predictor of gestational age and weight in the ovine fetus. 
  • Fetal wound healing: an in vitro explant model. 
  • Frequency compounding for speckle contrast reduction in phased array images. 
  • Function and evolutionary conservation of distinct epitopes on the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (TQ-1, Leu-8) that regulate leukocyte migration. 
  • General anesthesia improves fetal cerebral oxygenation without evidence of subsequent neuronal injury. 
  • Glycosylated haemoglobin: an indicator of long-term blood glucose in domestic sheep and goats. 
  • Growth hormone and prolactin binding to rabbit liver plasma membranes. 
  • Growth of nutritionally variant streptococci on laboratory media supplemented with blood of eight animal species. 
  • Guidance of cardiac pacemaker leads using real time 3D ultrasound: feasibility studies. 
  • Heart xenograft survival with chimeric pig donors and modest immune suppression. 
  • Hematopoietic chimerism achieved by in utero hematopoietic stem cell injection does not induce donor-specific tolerance for renal allografts in sheep. 
  • Hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes in guinea pig serum deficient in the fourth component of complement. I. Antibody and serum requirements. 
  • Hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes in guinea pig serum deficient in the fourth component of complement. II. Evidence for involvement of C1 and components of the alternate complement pathway. 
  • Histochemical analyses of altered fetal lung development following single vs multiple courses of antenatal steroids. 
  • Hormonal control of angiotensinogen production. 
  • Human fetal liver hematopoietic cell expansion with a novel bioreactor system. 
  • Identification of cells infiltrating the minor salivary glands in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. 
  • Identification of subpopulations of mononuclear cells in cutaneous infiltrates. I. Differentiation between B cells, T cells, and histiocytes. 
  • Identification of the single base change causing the callipyge muscle hypertrophy phenotype, the only known example of polar overdominance in mammals. 
  • Immune adherence by the alternate complement pathway. 
  • Immunoinhibition of intracellular protein digestion in macrophages. 
  • Implanted electrodes for multi-month EEG. 
  • Incompatible bone-marrow transplantation in lymphopenic immunologic deficiency. Circumvention of fatal graft-versus-host disease by immunologic enhancement. 
  • Induction of uterine prostaglandin H synthase 2 by estradiol following fetal adrenalectomy. 
  • Integrated catheter for 3-D intracardiac echocardiography and ultrasound ablation. 
  • Interaction of complex polysaccharides with the complement system: effect of calcium depletion on terminal component consumption. 
  • Interactions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides with varied states and forms of hemoglobin. 
  • Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharides in immunoglobulin-deficient sera. 
  • Intracardiac catheter 2-D arrays on a silicon substrate. 
  • Isolation and characterization of C4-synthesizing cells from guinea-pig spleen. 
  • Kaolin-induced congenital hydrocephalus in utero in fetal lambs and rhesus monkeys. 
  • Laboratory infections of Culicoides debilipalpis and C. stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with bluetongue virus. 
  • Large animal models and new therapies for glycogen storage disease. 
  • Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: presence of a receptor for cytophilic antibody. 
  • Liver ablation guidance with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging: challenges and opportunities. 
  • Localization of functionally different guinea-pig spleen cells in albumin gradients. 
  • Long-term healing of bone using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2. 
  • Long-term repopulating ability of xenogeneic transplanted human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells in sheep. 
  • Lymphopenic immunologic deficiency in identical twins: lymphocyte allografting and graft-versus-host disease following treatment with albumin-gradient-separated paternal bone marrow cells. 
  • Maternal and preterm fetal sheep responses to dexmedetomidine. 
  • Maternal insufflation during the second trimester equivalent produces hypercapnia, acidosis, and prolonged hypoxia in fetal sheep. 
  • Measurement of the third component of complement bound to red blood cells in patients with the cold agglutinin syndrome. 
  • Meningeal mycosis fungoides: clinical and cellular characteristics. 
  • Metabolism of N-alkyl compounds during the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. N-Dealkylation during prostaglandin biosynthesis. 
  • Microvascularization of the hypermineralized calcified fibrocartilage and cortical bone in the sheep proximal femur. 
  • Motor innervation of the cricopharyngeus muscle by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. 
  • Multi-analyte analysis system using an antibody-based biochip. 
  • Myocardial immediate early gene activation after cardiopulmonary bypass with cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. 
  • Myofiber angle distributions in the ovine left ventricle do not conform to computationally optimized predictions. 
  • Nitinol intravascular stent: results of preclinical evaluation. 
  • Nodular lymphoma--evidence for origin from follicular B lymphocytes. 
  • Non-human to human organ transplantation: its biologic basis and a potential role for radiation therapy. 
  • Non-invasive acquisition of fetal ECG from the maternal xyphoid process: a feasibility study in pregnant sheep and a call for open data sets. 
  • Novel acoustic radiation force impulse imaging methods for visualization of rapidly moving tissue. 
  • Nutritional regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein gene expression in the ovine fetus and pregnant ewe. 
  • Nutritional regulation of the placental lactogen receptor in fetal liver: implications for fetal metabolism and growth. 
  • Observations on the mechanism of immune hemolysis: importance of immunoglobulin class and source of complement on the extent of damage. 
  • Ontogeny of B lymphocytes. II. Relative rates of appearance of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin and complement receptors. 
  • Ovine model for engineering bone segments. 
  • Ovine placental lactogen inhibits glucagon-induced glycogenolysis in fetal rat hepatocytes. 
  • Ovine placental lactogen stimulates amino acid transport in rat diaphragm. 
  • Ovine placental lactogen stimulates glycogen synthesis in fetal rat hepatocytes. 
  • Ovine placental lactogen, but not growth hormone, stimulates amino acid transport in fetal rat diaphragm. 
  • PEEP in the morning, PEEP at night. 
  • Periosteum-guided prefabrication of vascularized bone of clinical shape and volume. 
  • Phosphoinositides of sheep platelets plasma membranes. 
  • Placental lactogen and GH receptors in sheep liver: striking differences in ontogeny and function. 
  • Placental lactogen receptors in maternal sheep liver: effects of fasting and refeeding. 
  • Plug the lung until it grows (PLUG): a new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. 
  • Posttraumatic lymphocyte response: a comparison between peripheral blood T cells and tissue T cells. 
  • Pre-transplant analysis of accommodation in donor pigs. 
  • Production of congenital malformations using tissueantisera. 8. Effectiveness of reduced, alkylated and digested anti-kidney antibodies. 
  • Production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to calmodulin and utilization of these immunological probes. 
  • Prolonged total circulatory support using direct mechanical ventricular actuation. 
  • Prostaglandin mediates premature delivery in pregnant sheep induced by estradiol at 121 days of gestational age. 
  • Purification of a distinct placental lactogen receptor, a new member of the growth hormone/prolactin receptor family. 
  • Purified lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3) activates human thymocytes via the CD2 pathway. 
  • Purine nucleotides contribute to pulmonary vasodilation caused by birth-related stimuli in the ovine fetus. 
  • Quantification of aortic regurgitation by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in a chronic animal model: computation of aortic regurgitant volume as the difference between left and right ventricular stroke volumes. 
  • Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for quantification of the difference in left ventricular versus right ventricular stroke volume in a chronic animal model study: Improved results using C-scans for quantifying aortic regurgitation. 
  • Real-time 3D color flow Doppler for guidance of vibrating interventional devices. 
  • Real-time stereo 3D ultrasound. 
  • Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for determining right ventricular stroke volume in an animal model of chronic right ventricular volume overload. 
  • Real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography. 
  • Receptor binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor are expressed by brown adipose tissue. 
  • Receptors for complement and immunoglobulin on human leukemic cells and human lymphoblastoid cell lines. 
  • Receptors for immunoglobulin and complement on human alveolar macrophages. 
  • Receptors for immunoglobulin and complement on mouse leukemias and lymphomas. 
  • Regulation of complement activity by immunoglobulin. I. Effect of immunoglobulin isotype on C4 uptake on antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and solid phase immune complexes. 
  • Regulation of membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 in pregnant sheep intrauterine tissues by glucocorticoid and estradiol. 
  • Regulation of the prostaglandin enzymatic system by estradiol and progesterone in nonpregnant sheep cervix. 
  • Renal autotransplants in sheep: investigation of renal function and renovascular hypertension. 
  • Renal uptake of lutropin. Studies based on electron microscopic autoradiography and nephrectomy. 
  • Reversing facial fillers: interactions between hyaluronidase and commercially available hyaluronic-acid based fillers. 
  • Role of lymphatics in removal of sheep lung surfactant lipid. 
  • Role of subunit-9 of mitochondrial ATP synthase in Batten disease. 
  • S-nitrosylation therapy to improve oxygen delivery of banked blood. 
  • STUDIES ON THE TERMINAL STEPS OF IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS. I. INHIBITION BY TRISODIUM ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE (EDTA). 
  • Salivary gland homogenates from the vector Culicoides variipennis may aid in detection of bluetongue virus in chronically infected cattle. 
  • Scar formation in the fetal alimentary tract. 
  • Selective externalization of an ATP-binding protein structurally related to the clathrin-uncoating ATPase/heat shock protein in vesicles containing terminal transferrin receptors during reticulocyte maturation. 
  • Serum complement and immunity in experimental simian malaria. II. Preferential activation of early components and failure of depletion of late components to inhibit protective immunity. 
  • Small intestinal submucosa for anular defect closure: long-term response in an in vivo sheep model. 
  • Specific inhibition of tissue kallikrein 1 with a human monoclonal antibody reveals a potential role in airway diseases. 
  • Spontaneous re-aggregation of IgM subunits and restoration of antibody activity after reduction and alkylation of rabbit anti-Forssman antibody. 
  • Storage of bluetongue virus-infected Culicoides variipennis. 
  • Structure and function of the ovine type 1 corticotropin releasing factor receptor (CRF1) and a carboxyl-terminal variant. 
  • Studies of complement-mediated membrane damage: the influence of erythrocyte storage on susceptibility to cytolysis. 
  • Substituted thiopyrano[2,3,4-c,d]indoles as potent, selective, and orally active inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. Synthesis and biological evaluation of L-691,816. 
  • Sufficient progesterone-priming prior to estradiol stimulation is required for optimal induction of the cervical prostaglandin system in pregnant sheep at 0.7 gestations. 
  • Surface modulation of classical pathway activation: C2 and C3 convertase formation and regulation on sheep, guinea pig, and human erythrocytes. 
  • Surfactant protein A enhances the phagocytosis of C1q-coated particles by alveolar macrophages. 
  • Surrogate tolerogenesis: possible pretransplant induction of accommodation of pig xenografts. 
  • Synergistic effects of oPL and insulin on glycogen metabolism in fetal rat hepatocytes. 
  • System identification of dynamic closed-loop control of total peripheral resistance by arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors. 
  • The "stress" of being born. 
  • The Ability of Nitric Oxide to Lower Intraocular Pressure Is Dependent on Guanylyl Cyclase. 
  • The IFN pregnancy recognition hormone IFN-tau blocks both development and superantigen reactivation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis without associated toxicity. 
  • The effect of repeated blood meals infective for bluetongue on the infection rate of Culicoides variipennis. 
  • The effect of temperature on the reactivity of guinea-pig complement with gamma G and gamma M haemolytic antibodies. 
  • The glycogenic effects of placental lactogen and growth hormone in ovine fetal liver are mediated through binding to specific fetal ovine placental lactogen receptors. 
  • The influence of follicle-stimulating hormone on testicular phospholipids. 
  • The lung-specific CC10 gene is regulated by transcription factors from the AP-1, octamer, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 families. 
  • The metabolism of luteinizing hormone. Plasma clearance, urinary excretion, and tissue uptake. 
  • The placental lactogen receptor in maternal and fetal sheep liver: regulation by glucose and role in the pathogenesis of fasting during pregnancy. 
  • The relationship of complement to allergic disease. 
  • The subunits in rabbit anti-Forssman IgM antibody. 
  • The transition from fetal to neonatal circulation: normal responses and implications for infants with heart disease. 
  • The use of conglutinin in a quantitative assay for the presence of cell-bound C3bi and evidence that a single molecule of C3bi is capable of binding conglutinin. 
  • Thiopyrano[2,3,4-cd]indoles as 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors: synthesis, biological profile, and resolution of 2-[2-[1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-methyl-6-[(5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)methoxy]-4,5 -dihydro-1H-thiopyrano[2,3,4-cd]indol-2-yl]ethoxy]butanoic acid. 
  • Thiopyranol[2,3,4-c,d]indoles as inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein, and leukotriene C4 synthase. 
  • Thrombus-trapping efficiency of the Greenfield filter in vivo. 
  • Tissue-specific migration pathways by phenotypically distinct subpopulations of memory T cells. 
  • Toward molecular understanding of polar overdominance at the ovine callipyge locus. 
  • Two dimensional arrays for real time 3D intravascular ultrasound. 
  • Uterine blood flow: periodic fluctuations of its rate during pregnancy. 
  • Vitamin A in liposomes. Inhibition of complement binding and alteration of membrane structure. 
  • WHO/FAO Working Team Report: entomology. 
  • WHO/FAO Working Team Report: integrated disease management. 
  • Whole and disaturated lung phosphatidylcholine in cortisol-treated, intrauterine growth-retarded and twin control lambs at different gestational ages. 
  • Zinc deficiency in sheep: field cases. 
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  Keywords of People

  • Badea, Cristian Tudorel, Professor in Radiology, Biomedical Engineering
  • Buckley, Rebecca Hatcher, James Buren Sidbury Professor of Pediatrics, in the School of Medicine, Immunology
  • Freemark, Michael Scott, Robert C. Atkins, M.D. and Veronica Atkins Professor of Pediatrics, in the School of Medicine, Pediatrics, Endocrinology
  • Turner, Dennis Alan, Professor of Neurosurgery, Biomedical Engineering