Spinal Cord

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • A Golgi and horseradish peroxidase study of the sonic motor nucleus of the oyster toadfish. 
  • A chronic sheep preparation for the study of drug pharmacokinetics in spinal and ventricular CSF. 
  • A comparative analysis of multiple sclerosis-relevant anti-inflammatory properties of ethyl pyruvate and dimethyl fumarate. 
  • A comparison of spinal cord, cortical and superficial circulation. 
  • A feed-forward spinal cord glycinergic neural circuit gates mechanical allodynia. 
  • A monoclonal antibody that targets a NaV1.7 channel voltage sensor for pain and itch relief. 
  • A mouse homoeo box gene is expressed during embryogenesis and in adult kidney. 
  • A new optogenetic device for spinal cord control of pain. 
  • A nonpolio enterovirus with respiratory tropism causes poliomyelitis in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transgenic mice. 
  • A peripheral cannabinoid mechanism suppresses spinal fos protein expression and pain behavior in a rat model of inflammation. 
  • A protein associated with axon growth, GAP-43, is widely distributed and developmentally regulated in rat CNS. 
  • A structural comparison of tryptic fragments of three types of intermediate filaments. 
  • A survey on the importance of lumbar coupling biomechanics in physiotherapy practice. 
  • A unique role for Fyn in CNS myelination. 
  • ALS-associated mutation FUS-R521C causes DNA damage and RNA splicing defects. 
  • ALSUntangled 41: "Eric Is Winning". 
  • AMPA receptor-dependent clustering of synaptic NMDA receptors is mediated by Stargazin and NR2A/B in spinal neurons and hippocampal interneurons. 
  • AXON REGENERATION IN THE HUMAN SPINAL CORD WITH FORMATION OF NEUROMATA. 
  • Acrylamide increases in vitro calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of rat brain and spinal cord neurofilament proteins. 
  • Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in spinal microglia contributes to incision-induced mechanical allodynia. 
  • Activity dependent localization of synaptic NMDA receptors in spinal neurons. 
  • Activity-dependent modulation of synaptic AMPA receptor accumulation. 
  • Acute paraplegia in a preterm infant with cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. 
  • Acute spinal cord injury persistently reduces R/G RNA editing of AMPA receptors. 
  • Adaptive replanning strategies accounting for shrinkage in head and neck IMRT. 
  • Adaptive stereotactic body radiation therapy planning for lung cancer. 
  • Alpha-internexin is structurally and functionally associated with the neurofilament triplet proteins in the mature CNS. 
  • Alpha1-adrenergic receptors in human spinal cord: specific localized expression of mRNA encoding alpha1-adrenergic receptor subtypes at four distinct levels. 
  • Alterations in the neutral proteinase activities of central and peripheral nervous systems of acrylamide-, carbon disulfide-, or 2,5-hexanedione-treated rats. 
  • Altered expression of neurofilament subunits in diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate-treated hen spinal cord and their presence in axonal aggregations. 
  • Altered time course of mRNA expression of alpha tubulin in the central nervous system of hens treated with diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP). 
  • Altered urinary bladder function in mice lacking the vanilloid receptor TRPV1. 
  • An intrinsic neuronal defect operates in dystonia musculorum: a study of dt/dt<==>+/+ chimeras. 
  • An isoform of ankyrin is localized at nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons of central and peripheral nerves. 
  • Anaesthetic action of magnesium ions. 
  • Analyzing somatosensory axon projections with the sensory neuron-specific Advillin gene. 
  • Anatomy, physiology, and neuropharmacology of cancer pain. 
  • Ankyrin-G regulates inactivation gating of the neuronal sodium channel, Nav1.6. 
  • Anomalous phosphorylated neurofilament aggregations in central and peripheral axons of hens treated with tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). 
  • Anterior spinal artery syndrome? 
  • Anticonvulsant action of intranigral gamma-vinyl-GABA: role of nonadrenergic neurotransmission. 
  • Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and outcomes of traumatic spinal cord injury. 
  • Apolipoprotein E-derived peptides ameliorate clinical disability and inflammatory infiltrates into the spinal cord in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. 
  • Apparatus-dependent dosimetric differences in spine stereotactic body radiotherapy. 
  • Assessment of sensory function in neonatal sheep with somatosensory evoked potentials: methodology and normative data. 
  • Assessment of the anterior spinal artery and the artery of Adamkiewicz using multi-detector CT angiography. 
  • Assessment of the delayed neurotoxicity of tributyl phosphate, tributoxyethyl phosphate, and dibutylphenyl phosphate. 
  • Association of an axonally transported polypeptide (H) with 100-A filaments. Use of immunoaffinity electron microscope grids. 
  • Association of myelopathy scores with cervical sagittal balance and normalized spinal cord volume: analysis of 56 preoperative cases from the AOSpine North America Myelopathy study. 
  • Astrocytic CX43 hemichannels and gap junctions play a crucial role in development of chronic neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. 
  • Avian nucleus retroambigualis: cell types and projections to other respiratory-vocal nuclei in the brain of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). 
  • Balloon angioplasty or nitinol stents for peripheral-artery disease. 
  • Baseline Patient-Reported Outcomes Correlate Weakly With Radiographic Parameters: A Multicenter, Prospective NIH Adult Symptomatic Lumbar Scoliosis Study of 286 Patients. 
  • Behavioral and neurochemical changes in folate-deficient mice. 
  • Behavioural testing and histological assessments of rabbit spinal cord following intrathecal administration of ondansetron. 
  • Benchmark Credentialing Results for NRG-BR001: The First National Cancer Institute-Sponsored Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Multiple Metastases. 
  • Bladder and urethral pressures evoked by microstimulation of the sacral spinal cord in cats. 
  • Bone marrow transplantation augments the effect of brain- and spinal cord-directed adeno-associated virus 2/5 gene therapy by altering inflammation in the murine model of globoid-cell leukodystrophy. 
  • Bone morphogenetic protein signaling is required in the dorsal neural folds before neurulation for the induction of spinal neural crest cells and dorsal neurons. 
  • Bradykinin enhances AMPA and NMDA receptor activity in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by activating multiple kinases to produce pain hypersensitivity. 
  • Bradykinin produces pain hypersensitivity by potentiating spinal cord glutamatergic synaptic transmission. 
  • Brain acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide-3'-phosphohydrolase and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activities in hens treated with a single dermal neurotoxic dose of S,S,S-tri-n-butyl phosphorotrithioate. 
  • C-fos mRNA induction in the central and peripheral nervous systems of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-treated hens. 
  • CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist inhibits matrix metalloproteinase activity in spinal cord injury: A possible mechanism of improved recovery. 
  • CXCL13 drives spinal astrocyte activation and neuropathic pain via CXCR5. 
  • Case report: total parenteral nutrition extravasation associated with spinal cord compression and necrosis. 
  • Central and peripheral expression of galanin in response to inflammation. 
  • Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and induced hypertension improve spinal cord perfusion after acute spinal cord injury in pigs. 
  • Challenges in the clinical application of advanced technologies to reduce radiation-associated normal tissue injury. 
  • Changes in in vitro brain and spinal cord protein phosphorylation after a single oral administration of tri-o-cresyl phosphate to hens. 
  • Characterization of antibodies to the rat substance P (NK-1) receptor and to a chimeric substance P receptor expressed in mammalian cells. 
  • Characterization of delayed neurotoxicity in the mouse following chronic oral administration of tri-o-cresyl phosphate. 
  • Characterization of excitatory amino acid receptors expressed by embryonic chick motoneurons in vitro. 
  • Chemokine CXCL1 enhances inflammatory pain and increases NMDA receptor activity and COX-2 expression in spinal cord neurons via activation of CXCR2. 
  • Chemokine contribution to neuropathic pain: respective induction of CXCL1 and CXCR2 in spinal cord astrocytes and neurons. 
  • Chronic morphine induces downregulation of spinal glutamate transporters: implications in morphine tolerance and abnormal pain sensitivity. 
  • Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs Caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis. 
  • Clinical tests for screening and diagnosis of cervical spine myelopathy: a systematic review. 
  • Colocalization of tenascin with versican, a hyaluronate-binding chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. 
  • Connexin-43 induces chemokine release from spinal cord astrocytes to maintain late-phase neuropathic pain in mice. 
  • Correlation of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and clinical findings of cervical myelopathy. 
  • Covariation of monosynaptic reflexes in spinal and decerebrate cats. 
  • Creation of myelomeningocele in the fetal rabbit. 
  • Cross-linking of neurofilament proteins of rat spinal cord in vivo after administration of 2,5-hexanedione. 
  • Cultured motor neurons possess calcium-permeable AMPA/kainate receptors. 
  • Cyclophosphamide treatment used to manipulate the immune response for the production of monoclonal antibodies. 
  • Cytokine mechanisms of central sensitization: distinct and overlapping role of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in regulating synaptic and neuronal activity in the superficial spinal cord. 
  • Cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha-deficient mice are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 
  • DRAGON: a member of the repulsive guidance molecule-related family of neuronal- and muscle-expressed membrane proteins is regulated by DRG11 and has neuronal adhesive properties. 
  • Damage assessment in gastric cancer treatment with adjuvant radiochemotherapy: calculation of the NTCP's from the differential HDV of the organs at risk. 
  • Decision making in pediatric spinal deformity. 
  • Degeneration of the central nervous system associated with celiac disease. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity from continous low-dose oral administration of leptophos to hens. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity from long-term low-level topical administration of leptophos to the comb of hens. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity induced by organophosphorus compounds in the wild mallard duckling: effect of leptophos. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity of O-ethyl O-2,4-dichlorophenyl phenylphosphonothioate: effects of a single oral dose on hens. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate: subchronic (90 days) oral administration in hens. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate: toxic effects of a single oral dose on the nervous system of hens. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity of leptophos: toxic effects on the nervous system of hens. 
  • Delayed neurotoxicity of subchronic oral administration of leptophos to hens: recovery during four months after exposure. 
  • Deletion of the glutamate carboxypeptidase II gene in mice reveals a second enzyme activity that hydrolyzes N-acetylaspartylglutamate. 
  • Depression of sustained evoked potentials and glial depolarization in the spinal cord by barbiturates and by diphenylhydantoin. 
  • Detection of cerebrospinal fluid metastasis: CT myelography or MR? 
  • Determination of neuroepithelial cell fate: induction of the oligodendrocyte lineage by ventral midline cells and sonic hedgehog. 
  • Development of a simplified spinal cord ischemia model in mice. 
  • Development of an acquired Chiari malformation Type I in the setting of an untreated lipomyelomeningocele. Case report. 
  • Development of the single microelectrode current and voltage clamp for central nervous system neurons. 
  • Differential alteration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA in the central nervous system of hens treated with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP). 
  • Differential mechanisms of morphine antinociceptive tolerance revealed in (beta)arrestin-2 knock-out mice. 
  • Differing mechanisms for glutamate receptor aggregation on dendritic spines and shafts in cultured hippocampal neurons. 
  • Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the normal human spinal cord in vivo. 
  • Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) treatment alters calcium-activated proteinase activity and cytoskeletal proteins of the hen sciatic nerve. 
  • Disability fingerprints: patterns of disability in spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis differ. 
  • Disease mechanisms revealed by transcription profiling in SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse spinal cord. 
  • Disruption of ErbB receptor signaling in adult non-myelinating Schwann cells causes progressive sensory loss. 
  • Distinct ankyrin isoforms at neuron cell bodies and nodes of Ranvier resolved using erythrocyte ankyrin-deficient mice. 
  • Distribution and tissue specificity of 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. 
  • Dorsal column mapping for intramedullary spinal cord tumor resection decreases dorsal column dysfunction. 
  • Dorsal horn opiate administration attenuates the perceived intensity of noxious heat stimulation in behaving monkey. 
  • Dorsal thoracic spinal cord herniation: report of an unusual case and review of the literature. 
  • Dosimetric analysis and comparison of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and radiation-induced liver disease. 
  • Dramatically different phenotypes in mouse models of human Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases. 
  • Drosophila spastin regulates synaptic microtubule networks and is required for normal motor function. 
  • Dual requirement for gephyrin in glycine receptor clustering and molybdoenzyme activity. 
  • Dynamic patterns of brain cell assemblies. IV. Mixed systems. Steady states and their shifts. Spinal cord studies. 
  • ERK MAP kinase activation in superficial spinal cord neurons induces prodynorphin and NK-1 upregulation and contributes to persistent inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. 
  • Early differential cell death and survival mechanisms initiate and contribute to the development of OPIDN: a study of molecular, cellular, and anatomical parameters. 
  • Early differential induction of C-jun in the central nervous system of hens treated with diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DFP). 
  • Ectopic myelinating oligodendrocytes in the dorsal spinal cord as a consequence of altered semaphorin 6D signaling inhibit synapse formation. 
  • Effect of administration of high dose intrathecal clonidine or morphine prior to sciatic nerve section on c-Fos expression in rat lumbar spinal cord. 
  • Effect of epidural lidocaine on spinal cord blood flow. 
  • Effect of prevention and potentiation of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-induced delayed neurotoxicity on the mRNA expression of neurofilament subunits in hen central nervous system. 
  • Effect of subchronic dermal application of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate on producing delayed neurotoxicity in hens. 
  • Effective treatment of models of multiple sclerosis by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. 
  • Effects of bupivacaine and tetrodotoxin on carrageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (Part 2): cytokines and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. 
  • Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on long-tract neuronal conduction in the acute phase of spinal cord injury. 
  • Effects of micro-iontophoretic administration of magnesium and calcium on neurones in the central nervous system of cats. 
  • Effects of neurotoxic destruction of descending noradrenergic pathways on cannabinoid antinociception in models of acute and tonic nociception. 
  • Effects of primary and recurrent sacral chordoma on the motor and nociceptive function of hindlimbs in rats: an orthotopic spine model. 
  • Electrical activation of micturition by spinal cord stimulation. 
  • Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris in the paraplegic. A 5-year review. 
  • Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris to control bladder emptying in paraplegia: a ten-year review. 
  • Electrical stimulation of the conus medullaris to control the bladder in the paraplegic patient. A 10-year review. 
  • Electromyographic, neuropathologic, and functional correlates in the cat as the result of tri-o-cresyl phosphate delayed neurotoxicity. 
  • Electroneuroprostheses: past and present uses in man. 
  • Elevation of the neurotoxin quinolinic acid occurs following spinal cord trauma. 
  • Embryonic cord transplants in peripheral nerve restore skeletal muscle function. 
  • Embryonic expression of a haematopoietic growth factor encoded by the Sl locus and the ligand for c-kit. 
  • Engineering induction of singular neural rosette emergence within hPSC-derived tissues. 
  • Enhanced activity and level of protein kinase A in the spinal cord supernatant of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-treated hens. Distribution of protein kinases and phosphatases in spinal cord subcellular fractions. 
  • Enhanced mRNA expression of neurofilament subunits in the brain and spinal cord of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate-treated hens. 
  • Epidemiology, classification, mechanism, and tolerance of human cervical spine injuries. 
  • Epidural anesthesia and acutely increased intracranial pressure. Lumbar epidural space hydrodynamics in a porcine model. 
  • Evaluation of intradural stimulation efficiency and selectivity in a computational model of spinal cord stimulation. 
  • Evaluation of thoracic spinal cord motion using dynamic MRI. 
  • Evidence for multiple mechanisms responsible for 2,5-hexanedione-induced neuropathy. 
  • Evoked spinal cord and nerve root potentials in humans using a non-invasive recording technique. 
  • Evoked sustained focal potentials and membrane potential of neurons and of unresponsive cells of the spinal cord. 
  • Excitatory synaptic transmission between interneurons and motoneurons in chick spinal cord cell cultures. 
  • Expert's comment concerning grand rounds case entitled "surgical treatment of a 180° thoracolumbar fixed kyphosis in a young achondroplastic patient: a one stage 'in situ' combined fusion and spinal cord translocation" (by J. C. Aurégan, T. Odent, M. Zerah, J.-P. Padovani and C. Glorion). 
  • Expression of PSD-95/SAP90 is critical for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated thermal hyperalgesia in the spinal cord. 
  • Expression of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtypes in prenatal rat spinal cord. 
  • Expression of mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivities in rat dorsal root ganglia after carrageenan-induced inflammation. 
  • Expression of neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y (Y1) receptor mRNA in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia following peripheral tissue inflammation. 
  • Expression of the human poliovirus receptor/CD155 gene during development of the central nervous system: implications for the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis. 
  • Extracellular caspase-6 drives murine inflammatory pain via microglial TNF-α secretion. 
  • Extracellular potassium activity, intracellular and extracellular potential responses in the spinal cord. 
  • Extracellular stimulation of central neurons: influence of stimulus waveform and frequency on neuronal output. 
  • Fate of GAP-43 in ascending spinal axons of DRG neurons after peripheral nerve injury: delayed accumulation and correlation with regenerative potential. 
  • Feasibility of sparing lung and other thoracic structures with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. 
  • Feedback in the brainstem: an excitatory disynaptic pathway for control of whisking. 
  • Fiber sorting in the fasciculus gracilis of squirrel monkeys. 
  • Fibroblast growth factors regulate calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA expression in rat motoneurons after lesion and in culture. 
  • Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of psammomatous melanotic schwannoma. 
  • Folate regulation of axonal regeneration in the rodent central nervous system through DNA methylation. 
  • From active shape model to active optical flow model: a shape-based approach to predicting voxel-level dose distributions in spine SBRT. 
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human lumbar spinal cord. 
  • Functions of primary afferents and responses of extracellular K+ during spinal epileptiform seizures. 
  • GABA-induced chemokinesis and NGF-induced chemotaxis of embryonic spinal cord neurons. 
  • GFAP is necessary for the integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. 
  • Genes for the neuronal immunoglobulin domain cell adhesion molecules neurofascin and Nr-CAM map to mouse chromosomes 1 and 12 and homologous human chromosomes. 
  • Genetic deficiency of Irgm1 (LRG-47) suppresses induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by promoting apoptosis of activated CD4+ T cells. 
  • Gephyrin-independent clustering of postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor subtypes. 
  • Glia and pain: is chronic pain a gliopathy? 
  • Gliomatosis cerebri: cytologic and autopsy findings in a case involving the entire neuraxis. 
  • Hematologic toxicity during craniospinal irradiation: the impact of prior chemotherapy. 
  • High-dose areas are unintentionally created as a result of gap shifts when the prescribed dose in the two adjacent areas are different. 
  • High-voltage stimulation over the human spinal cord: sources of latency variation. 
  • Hindlimb endpoint forces predict movement direction evoked by intraspinal microstimulation in cats. 
  • Histopathological assessment of triphenyl phosphite neurotoxicity in the hen. 
  • Hypoxic failure of synaptic transmission in the isolated spinal cord, and the effects of divalent cations. 
  • IL-11 antagonist suppresses Th17 cell-mediated neuroinflammation and demyelination in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. 
  • Iatrogenic Exserohilum infection of the central nervous system: mycological identification and histopathological findings. 
  • Iatrogenic spinal deformity. 
  • Identification of the spinal neural network involved in coordination of micturition in the male cat. 
  • Imaging Approach to Myelopathy: Acute, Subacute, and Chronic. 
  • Immediate effects of spinal manipulation on thermal pain sensitivity: an experimental study. 
  • Immunohistochemical localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha expression in the rat nervous system. 
  • Immunohistochemical localization of netrin-1 in the embryonic chick nervous system. 
  • Impact of multimodal intraoperative monitoring during correction of symptomatic cervical or cervicothoracic kyphosis. 
  • Impact of radiation technique upon the outcome of treatment for medulloblastoma. 
  • Impairment of the blood-nerve and blood-brain barriers in apolipoprotein e knockout mice. 
  • Improved voiding in response to electrical stimulation of the spinal cord of paraplegic dogs. 
  • In situ gelling hydrogels for conformal repair of spinal cord defects, and local delivery of BDNF after spinal cord injury. 
  • In situ hybridization: identification of rare mRNAs in human tissues. 
  • In utero surgery rescues neurological function at birth in sheep with spina bifida. 
  • In vitro binding of [14C]acrylamide to neurofilament and microtubule proteins of rats. 
  • In vitro calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of rat brain and spinal cord neurofilament proteins is increased by glycidamide administration. 
  • In vivo diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance microscopy of rat spinal cord: effect of ischemia and intrathecal hyperbaric 5% lidocaine. 
  • Increased expression of galanin in the rat superior cervical ganglion after pre- and postganglionic nerve lesions. 
  • Increased neurotoxicity following concurrent exposure to pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and chlorpyrifos. 
  • Induction of c-fos expression in the rostral medulla of rats following electroacupuncture stimulation. 
  • Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzymes following a single oral dose of chlorpyrifos in rats. 
  • Inhibition of epidural scar formation after lumbar laminectomy in the rat. 
  • Inhibition of mononuclear phagocytes reduces ischemic injury in the spinal cord. 
  • Inhibitory role of CD19 in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating cytokine response. 
  • Interactions between cardiovascular and pain regulatory systems. 
  • Interfering with inhibition may improve motor function. 
  • Interstitial ion concentrations and paroxysmal discharges in hippocampal formation and spinal cord. 
  • Interstitial potassium concentration, slow depolarization and focal potential responses in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal slice. 
  • Intradural microanatomy of the nerve roots S1-S5 at their origin from the conus medullaris. 
  • Intradural spinal teratoma: evidence for a dysembryogenic origin. Report of four cases. 
  • Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in spine surgery. 
  • Intrapleural administration of AAV9 improves neural and cardiorespiratory function in Pompe disease. 
  • Intrathecal administration of antisense oligonucleotide against p38α but not p38β MAP kinase isoform reduces neuropathic and postoperative pain and TLR4-induced pain in male mice. 
  • Introduction: Adult spinal deformity: pathophysiology and corrective measures. 
  • Investigations on spinal cord fMRI of cats under ketamine. 
  • Isolation and characterization of a mouse homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dishevelled. 
  • Isolation of embryonic chick motoneurons and their survival in vitro. 
  • JNK-induced MCP-1 production in spinal cord astrocytes contributes to central sensitization and neuropathic pain. 
  • Lack of evidence for ectopic sprouting of genetically labeled Aβ touch afferents in inflammatory and neuropathic trigeminal pain. 
  • Large A-fiber activity is required for microglial proliferation and p38 MAPK activation in the spinal cord: different effects of resiniferatoxin and bupivacaine on spinal microglial changes after spared nerve injury. 
  • Light touch induces ERK activation in superficial dorsal horn neurons after inflammation: involvement of spinal astrocytes and JNK signaling in touch-evoked central sensitization and mechanical allodynia. 
  • Local sources of retinoic acid coincide with retinoid-mediated transgene activity during embryonic development. 
  • Localization of specific binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor in the central nervous system of rat, guinea pig, cat and human. 
  • Lupus-related myelitis: serial MR findings. 
  • Lupus-related myelopathy: report of three cases and review of the literature. 
  • MDCT angiography of the spinal vasculature and the artery of Adamkiewicz. 
  • Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with central nervous system pathology: a comparison of OptiMARK (Gd-DTPA-BMEA) and Magnevist (Gd-DTPA). 
  • Mechanisms and models of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. 
  • Medical screening for red flags in the diagnosis and management of musculoskeletal spine pain. 
  • Membrane resistance, monosynaptic EPSPs, and the epileptogenic action of penicillin in spinal motoneurons. 
  • Meta-analysis of the correlation between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis. 
  • Metastatic human breast cancer to the spine produces mechanical hyperalgesia and gait deficits in rodents. 
  • Mice deficient in endothelin-converting enzyme-2 exhibit abnormal responses to morphine and altered peptide levels in the spinal cord. 
  • MicroRNA-31 negatively regulates peripherally derived regulatory T-cell generation by repressing retinoic acid-inducible protein 3. 
  • Microglia and spinal cord synaptic plasticity in persistent pain. 
  • Microglia: a promising target for treating neuropathic and postoperative pain, and morphine tolerance. 
  • Microglial reactions after subcutaneous formalin injection into the rat hind paw. 
  • Microiontophoretic studies of the effects of L-proline on neurons in the mammalian central nervous system. 
  • Modality representation in the lumbar and cervical fasciculus gracilis of squirrel monkeys. 
  • Modeling the spinal pudendo-vesical reflex for bladder control by pudendal afferent stimulation. 
  • Modularity of motor output evoked by intraspinal microstimulation in cats. 
  • Modulation of activity and conduction in single dorsal column axons by kilohertz-frequency spinal cord stimulation. 
  • Modulation of embryonic chick motoneuron glutamate sensitivity by interneurons and agonists. 
  • Morphological characterization of substance P receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the rat spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. 
  • Motor and electrical signs of epileptiform activity induced by penicillin in the spinal cords of decapitate cats. 
  • Motor control in man after partial or complete spinal cord injury. 
  • Multipotent CNS stem cells are present in the adult mammalian spinal cord and ventricular neuroaxis. 
  • Myelin acquisition in the central nervous system of the mouse revealed by an MBP-Lac Z transgene. 
  • Nemo-like kinase is a novel regulator of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. 
  • Neurofilament-L is a protein phosphatase-1-binding protein associated with neuronal plasma membrane and post-synaptic density. 
  • Neuroglia and spinal fluids. 
  • Neurologic injury from undersea diving. 
  • Neurologic manifestations of tri-O-cresyl phosphate delayed neurotoxicity in cats. 
  • Neuronal apoptosis associated with morphine tolerance: evidence for an opioid-induced neurotoxic mechanism. 
  • Neuropathic pain activates the endogenous kappa opioid system in mouse spinal cord and induces opioid receptor tolerance. 
  • Neuropathology in respiratory-related motoneurons in young Pompe (Gaa(-/-)) mice. 
  • Neuropeptide Y and galanin binding sites in rat and monkey lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord and effect of peripheral axotomy. 
  • Neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring during surgery for tethered cord syndrome. 
  • Neuroprotectin/protectin D1 protects against neuropathic pain in mice after nerve trauma. 
  • Neurotoxicity of continuous (90 days) inhalation of technical grade methyl butyl ketone in hens. 
  • Neurotoxicity of ethyl methacrylate in rats. 
  • Neurotoxicity of glycidamide, an acrylamide metabolite, following intraperitoneal injections in rats. 
  • Neurotoxicity resulting from coexposure to pyridostigmine bromide, deet, and permethrin: implications of Gulf War chemical exposures. 
  • Neurotoxin quinolinic acid is selectively elevated in spinal cords of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. 
  • Neurotrophins: peripherally and centrally acting modulators of tactile stimulus-induced inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. 
  • New insights into the mechanisms of itch: are pain and itch controlled by distinct mechanisms? 
  • Nitric oxide production is enhanced in rat brain before oxygen-induced convulsions. 
  • Noninvasive measurement and screening techniques for spinal deformities. 
  • On the mechanism of acetylcholine receptor accumulation at newly formed synapses on chick myotubes. 
  • Organization of intralaminar and translaminar neuronal connectivity in the superficial spinal dorsal horn. 
  • Organogenesis particularly relevant to fetal surgery. 
  • Orthopedic surgery modulates neuropeptides and BDNF expression at the spinal and hippocampal levels. 
  • Outcomes of percutaneous and paddle lead implantation for spinal cord stimulation: a comparative analysis of complications, reoperation rates, and health-care costs. 
  • Pain regulation by non-neuronal cells and inflammation. 
  • Paresthesias and EEG potentials evoked by stimulation of the dorsal funiculi in man. 
  • Parotid gland dose in intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: is what you plan what you get? 
  • Pathologic quiz case: acute-onset paraplegia in a 60-year-old woman. Spinal cord infarction secondary to fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral disk) embolism. 
  • Pathophysiology of the spinal cord studied in vitro. 
  • Pattern of neurotoxicity of n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, 2,5-hexanediol, and 2,5-hexanedione alone and in combination with O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate in hens. 
  • Perioperative spinal cord infarction in nonaortic surgery: report of three cases and review of the literature. 
  • Peripheral axonal injury results in reduced mu opioid receptor pre- and post-synaptic action in the spinal cord. 
  • Peripheral blood detection of systemic graft-specific xeno-antibodies following transplantation of human neural progenitor cells into the porcine spinal cord. 
  • Peripheral noxious stimulation induces phosphorylation of the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit at the PKC-dependent site, serine-896, in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. 
  • Peroxynitrite triggers a phenotypic transformation in spinal cord astrocytes that induces motor neuron apoptosis. 
  • Phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB in rat spinal cord after formalin-induced hyperalgesia: relationship to c-fos induction. 
  • Poliovirus receptor CD155-targeted oncolysis of glioma. 
  • Polyethylene glycol fusion repair prevents reinnervation accuracy in rat peripheral nerve. 
  • Postmortem diffusion MRI of the entire human spinal cord at microscopic resolution. 
  • Potassium, neuroglia, and oxidative metabolism in central gray matter. 
  • Potassium, sustained focal potential shifts, and dorsal root potentials of the mammalian spinal cord. 
  • Potentiated opioid analgesia in norepinephrine transporter knock-out mice. 
  • Predictive Modeling of Length of Hospital Stay Following Adult Spinal Deformity Correction: Analysis of 653 Patients with an Accuracy of 75% within 2 Days. 
  • Predictors of pulmonary complications in blunt traumatic spinal cord injury. 
  • Preferential motor reinnervation in the mouse: comparison of femoral nerve repair using a fibrin sealant or suture. 
  • Prevention and management of intrathecal drug delivery and spinal cord stimulation system infections. 
  • Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord trauma in rats. 
  • Prognostic value of neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring in tethered cord syndrome surgery. 
  • Pronociceptive actions of dynorphin maintain chronic neuropathic pain. 
  • Properties of medial gastrocnemius motor units and muscle fibers reinnervated by embryonic ventral spinal cord cells. 
  • Protein levels of neurofilament subunits in the hen central nervous system following prevention and potentiation of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-induced delayed neurotoxicity(1). 
  • Pyrrole oxidation and protein cross-linking as necessary steps in the development of gamma-diketone neuropathy. 
  • Radiation dose-volume effects in the spinal cord. 
  • Receptor endocytosis and dendrite reshaping in spinal neurons after somatosensory stimulation. 
  • Recurrent demyelinating myelitis associated with hepatitis C viral infection. 
  • Reduced GABA neurotransmission underlies hyperalgesia induced by repeated forced swimming stress. 
  • Reduction of spinal PGE2 concentrations prevents swim stress-induced thermal hyperalgesia. 
  • Reflex effects and postsynaptic membrane potential changes during epileptiform activity induced by penicillin in decapitate spinal cords. 
  • Reinnervation of adult rat gastrocnemius muscle by embryonic motoneurons transplanted into the axotomized tibial nerve. 
  • Relationship between nociceptor activity, peripheral edema, spinal microglial activation and long-term hyperalgesia induced by formalin. 
  • Relationship of tri-O-cresyl phosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity to enhancement of in vitro phosphorylation of hen brain and spinal cord proteins. 
  • Repeated swim stress increases pain-induced expression of c-Fos in the rat lumbar cord. 
  • Resolvin D2 is a potent endogenous inhibitor for transient receptor potential subtype V1/A1, inflammatory pain, and spinal cord synaptic plasticity in mice: distinct roles of resolvin D1, D2, and E1. 
  • Resolvin E1 inhibits neuropathic pain and spinal cord microglial activation following peripheral nerve injury. 
  • Resolving TRPV1- and TNF-α-mediated spinal cord synaptic plasticity and inflammatory pain with neuroprotectin D1. 
  • Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson's disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach. 
  • Retinoid signaling and the generation of regional and cellular diversity in the embryonic mouse spinal cord. 
  • Role of the CX3CR1/p38 MAPK pathway in spinal microglia for the development of neuropathic pain following nerve injury-induced cleavage of fractalkine. 
  • Roles for ephrins in positionally selective synaptogenesis between motor neurons and muscle fibers. 
  • SHANK3 Deficiency Impairs Heat Hyperalgesia and TRPV1 Signaling in Primary Sensory Neurons. 
  • SNPs in the neural cell adhesion molecule 1 gene (NCAM1) may be associated with human neural tube defects. 
  • Safety and efficacy of concurrent pediatric spinal cord untethering and deformity correction. 
  • Sarin causes altered time course of mRNA expression of alpha tubulin in the central nervous system of rats. 
  • Sarin causes early differential alteration and persistent overexpression in mRNAs coding for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin genes in the central nervous system of rats. 
  • Schistosomal myelitis: findings at MR imaging. 
  • Segmental organization of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the mammalian spinal cord. 
  • Sensitivity of the cat to delayed neurotoxicity induced by O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate. 
  • Sensory and circuit mechanisms mediating lower urinary tract reflexes. 
  • Sensory coding. 
  • Sex-Dependent Glial Signaling in Pathological Pain: Distinct Roles of Spinal Microglia and Astrocytes. 
  • Short small-interfering RNAs produce interferon-α-mediated analgesia. 
  • Shuttle mission effects on glutamate receptor expression in the developing rodent spinal cord. 
  • Somatodendritic Expression of JAM2 Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Myelination. 
  • Some sensory neurons express neuropeptide Y receptors: potential paracrine inhibition of primary afferent nociceptors following peripheral nerve injury. 
  • Some uncommon acute neurological disorders. 
  • Spatially restricted patterns of expression of the homeobox-containing gene Hox 2.1. during mouse embryogenesis. 
  • Specific connections between nerve cells. 
  • Specific innervation of guinea-pig superior cervical ganglion cells by preganglionic fibres arising from different levels of the spinal cord. 
  • Spectrophotometry of cerebral cytochrome a, a3 in bloodless rats. 
  • Spinal CCL2 Promotes Central Sensitization, Long-Term Potentiation, and Inflammatory Pain via CCR2: Further Insights into Molecular, Synaptic, and Cellular Mechanisms. 
  • Spinal arteriovenous malformation presenting as meningitis. 
  • Spinal axon regeneration evoked by replacing two growth cone proteins in adult neurons. 
  • Spinal capillary hemangioma in infants: report of two cases and review of the literature. 
  • Spinal cord infarction following intraaortic balloon support. 
  • Spinal cord infarction: etiology and outcome. 
  • Spinal cord neural anatomy in rats examined by in vivo magnetic resonance microscopy. 
  • Spinal cord stimulation alleviates motor deficits in a primate model of Parkinson disease. 
  • Spinal cord stimulation failed to relieve akinesia or restore locomotion in Parkinson disease. 
  • Spinal cord stimulation restores locomotion in animal models of Parkinson's disease. 
  • Spinal deformity: a new classification derived from neutral upright spinal alignment measurements in asymptomatic juvenile, adolescent, adult, and geriatric individuals. 
  • Spinal dorsal horn neurons in elevated extracellular calcium: cell properties and spontaneous discharges. 
  • Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: demonstration using phase contrast MRA. 
  • Spinal inhibition of p38 MAP kinase reduces inflammatory and neuropathic pain in male but not female mice: Sex-dependent microglial signaling in the spinal cord. 
  • Spinal injection of TNF-α-activated astrocytes produces persistent pain symptom mechanical allodynia by releasing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. 
  • Spinal meningeal diverticula in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: analysis of prevalence and myelographic appearance. 
  • Spinal micturition reflex mediated by afferents in the deep perineal nerve. 
  • Spinal sensory projection neuron responses to spinal cord stimulation are mediated by circuits beyond gate control. 
  • Spontaneous activity induced in isolated mouse spinal cord by high extracellular calcium and by low extracellular magnesium. 
  • Spontaneous spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to spinal aneurysms: diagnosis and treatment paradigm. 
  • Stathmin-deficient mice develop an age-dependent axonopathy of the central and peripheral nervous systems. 
  • Stereotactic body radiotherapy for lesions of the spine and paraspinal regions. 
  • Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. 
  • Stimulus-evoked and seizure-related responses of extracellular calcium activity in spinal cord compared to those in cerebral cortex. 
  • Stochastic hyperelastic constitutive laws and identification procedure for soft biological tissues with intrinsic variability. 
  • Stress-induced hyperalgesia is associated with a reduced and delayed GABA inhibitory control that enhances post-synaptic NMDA receptor activation in the spinal cord. 
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to isolated spinal artery aneurysm in four patients. 
  • Subtle cord magnetic resonance changes in cervical myelomalacia. 
  • Successful management of pain syndrome due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis by implantable spinal cord stimulator. 
  • Suramin inhibits spinal cord microglia activation and long-term hyperalgesia induced by formalin injection. 
  • Surgery, hyperfractionated craniospinal irradiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of supratentorial embryonal neuroepithelial neoplasms in children. 
  • Sustained evoked potential changes of the spinal cord. 
  • Sustained stimulation of β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors leads to persistent functional pain and neuroinflammation. 
  • Synaptic clustering of AMPA receptors by the extracellular immediate-early gene product Narp. 
  • Synaptic relationship between substance P and the substance P receptor: light and electron microscopic characterization of the mismatch between neuropeptides and their receptors. 
  • Synaptically targeted narp plays an essential role in the aggregation of AMPA receptors at excitatory synapses in cultured spinal neurons. 
  • TLR3 deficiency impairs spinal cord synaptic transmission, central sensitization, and pruritus in mice. 
  • TNF-α contributes to spinal cord synaptic plasticity and inflammatory pain: distinct role of TNF receptor subtypes 1 and 2. 
  • TNF-α/TNFR1 Signaling is Required for the Full Expression of Acute and Chronic Itch in Mice via Peripheral and Central Mechanisms. 
  • TNFa/TNFR2 signaling is required for glial ensheathment at the dorsal root entry zone. 
  • TRAF6 upregulation in spinal astrocytes maintains neuropathic pain by integrating TNF-α and IL-1β signaling. 
  • Tapping into spinal circuits to restore motor function. 
  • Targeting microglial purinergic signaling to improve morphine analgesia. 
  • Testicular toxicity following oral administration of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) in roosters. 
  • Tethered cord due to spina bifida occulta presenting in adulthood: a tricenter review of 61 patients. 
  • The Effects of Thermal Preconditioning on Oncogenic and Intraspinal Cord Growth Features of Human Glioma Cells. 
  • The anti-migraine component of butterbur extracts, isopetasin, desensitizes peptidergic nociceptors by acting on TRPA1 cation channel. 
  • The c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) in spinal astrocytes is required for the maintenance of bilateral mechanical allodynia under a persistent inflammatory pain condition. 
  • The clearing of excess potassium from extracellular space in spinal cord and cerebral cortex. 
  • The current status and recent advances in high-resolution imaging of spinal vascular malformations. 
  • The development of excitatory synapses in cultured spinal neurons. 
  • The effect of changing extracellular potassium concentration on synaptic transmission in isolated spinal cords. 
  • The effects of stimulating the dorsal columns of man. 
  • The elimination of redundant preganglionic innervation to hamster sympathetic ganglion cells in early post-natal life. 
  • The immunohistochemical profile of the myelomeningocele placode: is the placode normal? 
  • The joint neurotoxic action of inhaled methyl butyl ketone vapor and dermally applied O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate in hens: potentiating effect. 
  • The mechanism of the blockade of synaptic transmission in the mammalian spinal cord by diethyl ether and by thiopental. 
  • The medullary dorsal horn: a target for the expression of opiate effects on the perceived intensity of noxious heat. 
  • The neuropathology of leptophos in the hen: a chronologic study. 
  • The neurotoxin quinolinic acid is increased in spinal cords of mice with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. 
  • The nigral projection to predorsal bundle cells in the superior colliculus of the rat. 
  • The oligodendrocyte-specific G protein-coupled receptor GPR17 is a cell-intrinsic timer of myelination. 
  • The relative neurotoxicities of n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, 2,5-hexanediol, and 2,5-hexanedione following oral or intraperitoneal administration in hens. 
  • The role of pharmacokinetics and metabolism in species sensitivity to neurotoxic agents. 
  • The spinal cord lesion in human fetuses with myelomeningocele: implications for fetal surgery. 
  • The synergism of n-hexane-induced neurotoxicity by methyl isobutyl ketone following subchronic (90 days) inhalation in hens: induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450. 
  • The uptake of methyl mercury (203Hg) in different tissues related to its neurotoxic effects. 
  • The utility of non-axial treatment beam orientations for lower lobe lung cancers. 
  • The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of fatty filum terminale. 
  • The zebrafish as a model for complex tissue regeneration. 
  • Thermoelectrical modeling of bipolar coagulation on posterior spinal artery in a porcine spinal surgery model. 
  • Thoracolumbar spinal deformity: evaluation and treatment. Foreword. 
  • Thrombospondin-4 contributes to spinal sensitization and neuropathic pain states. 
  • Tissue plasminogen activator contributes to morphine tolerance and induces mechanical allodynia via astrocytic IL-1β and ERK signaling in the spinal cord of mice. 
  • Topical capsaicin treatment suppresses formalin-induced fos expression in rat spinal cord. 
  • Topography of spinal neurons active during hindlimb withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrate cat. 
  • Toxicity, biodistribution and radioprotective capacity of L-homocysteine thiolactone in CNS tissues and tumors in rodents: comparison with prior results with phosphorothioates. 
  • Transient ischemia induces massive nuclear accumulation of SUMO2/3-conjugated proteins in spinal cord neurons. 
  • Transient receptor potential ion channels V4 and A1 contribute to pancreatitis pain in mice. 
  • Transient receptor potential vanilloid-4 has a major role in visceral hypersensitivity symptoms. 
  • Treatment of patients with pineoblastoma with high dose cyclophosphamide. 
  • Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion neurons express CCK receptor binding sites in the rat, rabbit, and monkey: possible site of opiate-CCK analgesic interactions. 
  • Twenty-four hour rhythms in the glycine content of rat hindbrain and spinal cord. 
  • Unraveling the Mechanisms of Manual Therapy: Modeling an Approach. 
  • Unusual presentation of an adult intramedullary spinal teratoma with diplomyelia. 
  • Upregulation of spinal cannabinoid-1-receptors following nerve injury enhances the effects of Win 55,212-2 on neuropathic pain behaviors in rats. 
  • VGLUT2-dependent glutamate release from nociceptors is required to sense pain and suppress itch. 
  • Vascular malformations presenting as spinal cord neoplasms: case report. 
  • Velocity of supraspinal input and conduction velocity of axons of spinal motoneurons. 
  • Volumetric arc intensity-modulated therapy for spine body radiotherapy: comparison with static intensity-modulated treatment. 
  • Waxholm Space atlas of the Sprague Dawley rat brain. 
  • Wide-dynamic-range dorsal horn neurons participate in the encoding process by which monkeys perceive the intensity of noxious heat stimuli. 
  • Widespread expression of netrin-1 by neurons and oligodendrocytes in the adult mammalian spinal cord. 
  • Zebrafish bandoneon mutants display behavioral defects due to a mutation in the glycine receptor beta-subunit. 
  • [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding in rat brain. 
  • [Analgesic effect of intrathecal injection of Herpes simplex virus type I amplicon vector-mediated human preproenkephalin gene on chronic neuropathic pain: experiment with rats]. 
  • [Electroacupuncture enhances enkephalin mRNA expression in the spinal cord and medulla, an in situ hybridization study]. 
  • [Induction of Fos-like protein in the rat spinal cord following electroacupuncture stimulation]. 
  • [Proto-oncogene and pain modulation]. 
  • alpha 2-Adrenergic receptors in human spinal cord: specific localized expression of mRNA encoding alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes at four distinct levels. 
  • p38 MAPK, microglial signaling, and neuropathic pain. 
  • p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated after a spinal nerve ligation in spinal cord microglia and dorsal root ganglion neurons and contributes to the generation of neuropathic pain. 
• 

  Keywords of People

  • Bennett, Vann, George B. Geller Professor for Research in Molecular Biology in the School of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute
  • Erickson, Harold Paul, James B. Duke Professor of Cell Biology, Biomedical Engineering
  • Gottfried, Oren N, Professor of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery
  • Hogan, Brigid L. M., George Barth Geller Professor, Cell Biology
  • McLendon, Roger Edwin, Professor of Pathology, Pathology
  • Nicolelis, Miguel Angelo L., Duke School of Medicine Professor in Neuroscience, Psychology and Neuroscience
  • O'Daniel, Jennifer Colleen, Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology
  • Sampson, John Howard, Robert H., M.D. and Gloria Wilkins Professor of Neurosurgery, in the School of Medicine, Immunology
  • Stinnett, Sandra Sue, Associate Professor of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Biostatistics & Bioinformatics
  • Warner, David Samuel, Distinguished Professor of Anesthesiology, in the School of Medicine, Neurobiology