Microglia

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  Subject Areas on Research

  • 25-Hydroxycholesterol amplifies microglial IL-1β production in an apoE isoform-dependent manner. 
  • A Brief Discussion on Lipid Activated Nuclear Receptors and their Potential Role in Regulating Microglia in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). 
  • A Combination of Ontogeny and CNS Environment Establishes Microglial Identity. 
  • A human pluripotent stem cell platform for assessing developmental neural toxicity screening. 
  • A neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip for the evaluation of the restorative potential of stem cell therapies for ischaemic stroke. 
  • A possible mechanism underlying mood disorders associated with LUTS: Chronic bladder outlet obstruction causes NLRP3-dependent inflammation in the hippocampus and depressive behavior in rats. 
  • AMPK and SIRT1 activation contribute to inhibition of neuroinflammation by thymoquinone in BV2 microglia. 
  • APOE and the regulation of microglial nitric oxide production: a link between genetic risk and oxidative stress. 
  • APOE genotype-specific differences in human and mouse macrophage nitric oxide production. 
  • APOE genotype-specific differences in the innate immune response. 
  • Accumulation of Ubiquitin and Sequestosome-1 Implicate Protein Damage in Diacetyl-Induced Cytotoxicity. 
  • Activated human microglia produce the excitotoxin quinolinic acid. 
  • Activation of Nrf2 Pathway Contributes to Neuroprotection by the Dietary Flavonoid Tiliroside. 
  • Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in spinal microglia contributes to incision-induced mechanical allodynia. 
  • Adolescent morphine exposure affects long-term microglial function and later-life relapse liability in a model of addiction. 
  • Agathisflavone isolated from Anacardium occidentale suppresses SIRT1-mediated neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia and neurotoxicity in APPSwe-transfected SH-SY5Y cells. 
  • Alterations in brain TREM2 and Amyloid-β levels are associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy. 
  • An apoE-derived mimic peptide, COG1410, alleviates early brain injury via reducing apoptosis and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. 
  • An apolipoprotein E-based therapeutic improves outcome and reduces Alzheimer's disease pathology following closed head injury: evidence of pharmacogenomic interaction. 
  • Androgen-mediated immune function is altered by the apolipoprotein E gene. 
  • Anti-inflammatory effects of progesterone in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia. 
  • Antimalarial Drug Artemether Inhibits Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglia Through Nrf2-Dependent Mechanisms. 
  • ApoE mimetic ameliorates motor deficit and tissue damage in rat spinal cord injury. 
  • ApoE4 markedly exacerbates tau-mediated neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy. 
  • Apolipoprotein E Exerts a Whole-Brain Protective Property by Promoting M1? Microglia Quiescence After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. 
  • Apolipoprotein E isoform mediated regulation of nitric oxide release. 
  • Apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide CN-105 improves outcome in a murine model of SAH. 
  • Apolipoprotein E modulates glial activation and the endogenous central nervous system inflammatory response. 
  • Apolipoprotein E4 impairs the response of neurodegenerative retinal microglia and prevents neuronal loss in glaucoma. 
  • Arginine deprivation and immune suppression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 
  • Assessing activation states in microglia. 
  • Beyond infection - Maternal immune activation by environmental factors, microglial development, and relevance for autism spectrum disorders. 
  • Blood-derived macrophages infiltrate the retina and activate Muller glial cells under experimental choroidal neovascularization. 
  • Brain Tumor Microenvironment and Host State: Implications for Immunotherapy. 
  • CCL8/MCP-2 is a target for mir-146a in HIV-1-infected human microglial cells. 
  • CNS inflammation and bone marrow neuropathy in type 1 diabetes. 
  • COG1410, a novel apolipoprotein E-based peptide, improves functional recovery in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. 
  • Cell-Type-Specific Interleukin 1 Receptor 1 Signaling in the Brain Regulates Distinct Neuroimmune Activities. 
  • Central Nervous System Targets: Glial Cell Mechanisms in Chronic Pain. 
  • Central immune overactivation in the presence of reduced plasma corticosterone contributes to swim stress-induced hyperalgesia. 
  • Characterization of NO and cytokine production in immune-activated microglia and peritoneal macrophages derived from a mouse model expressing the human NOS2 gene on a mouse NOS2 knockout background. 
  • Complement activation contributes to perioperative neurocognitive disorders in mice. 
  • Control protocol for robust in vitro glial scar formation around microwires: essential roles of bFGF and serum in gliosis. 
  • Controlled release of anti-inflammatory agent alpha-MSH from neural implants. 
  • Correlates and Predictors of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cholesterol Efflux Capacity from Neural Cells, a Family of Biomarkers for Cholesterol Epidemiology in Alzheimer's Disease. 
  • Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis results in NLRP3-mediated inflammation in the hippocampus and symptoms of depression in rats. 
  • Decoupling genetics, lineages, and microenvironment in IDH-mutant gliomas by single-cell RNA-seq. 
  • Deferoxamine regulates neuroinflammation and iron homeostasis in a mouse model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. 
  • Delayed activation of spinal microglia contributes to the maintenance of bone cancer pain in female Wistar rats via P2X7 receptor and IL-18. 
  • Dexamethasone-coated neural probes elicit attenuated inflammatory response and neuronal loss compared to uncoated neural probes. 
  • Dietary fat: a potent microglial influencer. 
  • Different immune cells mediate mechanical pain hypersensitivity in male and female mice. 
  • Differential CD4/CCR5 utilization, gp120 conformation, and neutralization sensitivity between envelopes from a microglia-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its parental isolate. 
  • Dissociation of frontotemporal dementia-related deficits and neuroinflammation in progranulin haploinsufficient mice. 
  • Distinct roles of matrix metalloproteases in the early- and late-phase development of neuropathic pain. 
  • Downregulation of microglial activation by apolipoprotein E and apoE-mimetic peptides. 
  • Dramatic increase in autism prevalence parallels explosion of research into its biology and causes. 
  • ERK is sequentially activated in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes by spinal nerve ligation and contributes to mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model. 
  • Early-life experience decreases drug-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP in adulthood via microglial-specific epigenetic programming of anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression. 
  • Effective treatment of models of multiple sclerosis by matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. 
  • Emerging Role of PD-1 in the Central Nervous System and Brain Diseases. 
  • Endogenous apolipoprotein E suppresses LPS-stimulated microglial nitric oxide production. 
  • Endogenous opioids and HIV infection. 
  • Engineering Controlled Peritumoral Inflammation to Constrain Brain Tumor Growth. 
  • Environment matters: microglia function and dysfunction in a changing world. 
  • Environmental enrichment alters glial antigen expression and neuroimmune function in the adult rat hippocampus. 
  • Ethanol induced changes in superoxide anion and nitric oxide in cultured microglia. 
  • Evaluation of M2-like macrophage enrichment after diffuse traumatic brain injury through transient interleukin-4 expression from engineered mesenchymal stromal cells. 
  • Extracellular caspase-6 drives murine inflammatory pain via microglial TNF-α secretion. 
  • FACS analysis of neuronal-glial interactions in the nucleus accumbens following morphine administration. 
  • Fate Mapping In Vivo to Distinguish Bona Fide Microglia Versus Recruited Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Retinal Disease. 
  • Fate mapping reveals that microglia and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are definitively distinguishable by phenotype in the retina. 
  • Frank A. Beach award: programming of neuroendocrine function by early-life experience: a critical role for the immune system. 
  • Function of microglia in organotypic slice cultures. 
  • Gene and protein expression pilot profiling and biomarkers in an experimental mouse model of hypertensive glaucoma. 
  • Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity. 
  • Glial and Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Critical Modulators of Drug Use and Abuse. 
  • Glycolysis-dependent histone deacetylase 4 degradation regulates inflammatory cytokine production. 
  • Got worms? Perinatal exposure to helminths prevents persistent immune sensitization and cognitive dysfunction induced by early-life infection. 
  • Gut-microbiota-microglia-brain interactions in Alzheimer's disease: knowledge-based, multi-dimensional characterization. 
  • HMGB1 acts on microglia Mac1 to mediate chronic neuroinflammation that drives progressive neurodegeneration. 
  • Heterogeneity of microglial activation in the innate immune response in the brain. 
  • Human apolipoprotein E redistributes fibrillar amyloid deposition in Tg-SwDI mice. 
  • Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural constructs for predicting neural toxicity. 
  • Human umbilical cord blood monocytes, but not adult blood monocytes, rescue brain cells from hypoxic-ischemic injury: Mechanistic and therapeutic implications. 
  • IKKβ and mutant huntingtin interactions regulate the expression of IL-34: implications for microglial-mediated neurodegeneration in HD. 
  • INK4a/ARF Expression Impairs Neurogenesis in the Brain of Irradiated Mice. 
  • Identification of a Unique Subretinal Microglia Type in Retinal Degeneration Using Single Cell RNA-Seq. 
  • Immune cells in the retina and choroid: Two different tissue environments that require different defenses and surveillance. 
  • Immune heterogeneity in neuroinflammation: dendritic cells in the brain. 
  • Immunobiology of malignant astrocytomas. 
  • In vivo single microglial cell isolation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. 
  • Increased miR-124-3p in microglial exosomes following traumatic brain injury inhibits neuronal inflammation and contributes to neurite outgrowth via their transfer into neurons. 
  • Increases in miR-124-3p in Microglial Exosomes Confer Neuroprotective Effects by Targeting FIP200-Mediated Neuronal Autophagy Following Traumatic Brain Injury. 
  • Induction of Autophagy and Activation of SIRT-1 Deacetylation Mechanisms Mediate Neuroprotection by the Pomegranate Metabolite Urolithin A in BV2 Microglia and Differentiated 3D Human Neural Progenitor Cells. 
  • Induction of nitric oxide in cultured microglia: evidence for a cytoprotective role. 
  • Induction of superoxide anion and nitric oxide production in cultured microglia. 
  • Inhibition of microglial superoxide anion production by isoproterenol and dexamethasone. 
  • Inhibition of neuroinflammation by thymoquinone requires activation of Nrf2/ARE signalling. 
  • Inhibition of neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia by the biflavonoid kolaviron is dependent on the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant protective mechanism. 
  • Injection of Hydrogel Biomaterial Scaffolds to The Brain After Stroke. 
  • Interaction of NG2(+) glial progenitors and microglia/macrophages from the injured spinal cord. 
  • Intrathecal administration of antisense oligonucleotide against p38α but not p38β MAP kinase isoform reduces neuropathic and postoperative pain and TLR4-induced pain in male mice. 
  • Intravenous immunoglobulin G improves neurobehavioral and histological outcomes after traumatic brain injury in mice. 
  • Isolation of Microglia from Mouse or Human Tissue. 
  • K+ modulation of microglial superoxide production: involvement of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. 
  • KEAP1-modifying small molecule reveals muted NRF2 signaling responses in neural stem cells from Huntington's disease patients. 
  • LRRK2 and Rab10 coordinate macropinocytosis to mediate immunological responses in phagocytes. 
  • LRRK2 inhibition attenuates microglial inflammatory responses. 
  • Lacosamide improves outcome in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. 
  • Large A-fiber activity is required for microglial proliferation and p38 MAPK activation in the spinal cord: different effects of resiniferatoxin and bupivacaine on spinal microglial changes after spared nerve injury. 
  • Large-scale death of retinal astrocytes during normal development is non-apoptotic and implemented by microglia. 
  • Lipoxin A4 inhibits microglial activation and reduces neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain after spinal cord hemisection. 
  • Long-term male-specific chronic pain via telomere- and p53‑mediated spinal cord cellular senescence. 
  • M1 and M2 immune activation in Parkinson's Disease: Foe and ally? 
  • Maternal stress and effects of prenatal air pollution on offspring mental health outcomes in mice. 
  • Microglia Drive Pockets of Neuroinflammation in Middle Age. 
  • Microglia Promote Increased Pain Behavior through Enhanced Inflammation in the Spinal Cord during Repeated Social Defeat Stress. 
  • Microglia Sculpt Sex Differences in Social Behavior. 
  • Microglia and Sensitive Periods in Brain Development. 
  • Microglia and memory: modulation by early-life infection. 
  • Microglia and sexual differentiation of the developing brain: A focus on ontogeny and intrinsic factors. 
  • Microglia and spinal cord synaptic plasticity in persistent pain. 
  • Microglia are effector cells of CD47-SIRPα antiphagocytic axis disruption against glioblastoma. 
  • Microglia are not exclusively associated with plaque-rich regions of the dentate gyrus in Alzheimer's disease. 
  • Microglia drive APOE-dependent neurodegeneration in a tauopathy mouse model. 
  • Microglia in Pain: Detrimental and Protective Roles in Pathogenesis and Resolution of Pain. 
  • Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads. 
  • Microglia versus Monocytes: Distinct Roles in Degenerative Diseases of the Retina. 
  • Microglia-mediated degradation of perineuronal nets promotes pain. 
  • Microglia: a promising target for treating neuropathic and postoperative pain, and morphine tolerance. 
  • Microglial Function Is Distinct in Different Anatomical Locations during Retinal Homeostasis and Degeneration. 
  • Microglial Signaling in Chronic Pain with a Special Focus on Caspase 6, p38 MAP Kinase, and Sex Dependence. 
  • Microglial activation in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like model caused by Ranbp2 loss and nucleocytoplasmic transport impairment in retinal ganglion neurons. 
  • Microglial contribution to oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. 
  • Microglial dopamine receptor elimination defines sex-specific nucleus accumbens development and social behavior in adolescent rats. 
  • Microglial function in human APOE3 and APOE4 transgenic mice: altered arginine transport. 
  • Microglial oxyradical production: causes and consequences. 
  • Microglial-neuronal interactions during neurodegenerative diseases. 
  • Minocycline alleviates depression-like symptoms by rescuing decrease in neurogenesis in dorsal hippocampus via blocking microglia activation/phagocytosis. 
  • Mitogenic and progenitor gene programmes in single pilocytic astrocytoma cells. 
  • Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility. 
  • NEBULA is a fast negative binomial mixed model for differential or co-expression analysis of large-scale multi-subject single-cell data. 
  • Neonatal immune challenge induces female-specific changes in social behavior and somatostatin cell number. 
  • Nerve conduction blockade in the sciatic nerve prevents but does not reverse the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in spinal microglia in the rat spared nerve injury model. 
  • Neuroimmunology in 2017: The central nervous system: privileged by immune connections. 
  • Neuroinflammation and behavioral abnormalities after neonatal terbutaline treatment in rats: implications for autism. 
  • Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. 
  • Neuronal integrity and complement control synaptic material clearance by microglia after CNS injury. 
  • Neuronal vulnerability and multilineage diversity in multiple sclerosis. 
  • Neurotoxic microglia promote TDP-43 proteinopathy in progranulin deficiency. 
  • New concepts in macrophage ontogeny in the adult neural retina. 
  • New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS. 
  • Optimized solubilization of TRIzol-precipitated protein permits Western blotting analysis to maximize data available from brain tissue. 
  • Overcoming endogenous constraints on neuronal regeneration 
  • Peripheral blood detection of systemic graft-specific xeno-antibodies following transplantation of human neural progenitor cells into the porcine spinal cord. 
  • Peripherally derived macrophages can engraft the brain independent of irradiation and maintain an identity distinct from microglia. 
  • Persistent postoperative pain: mechanisms and modulators. 
  • Placental Macrophages: A Window Into Fetal Microglial Function in Maternal Obesity. 
  • Positive feedback loop of autocrine BDNF from microglia causes prolonged microglia activation. 
  • Prenatal air pollution exposure induces neuroinflammation and predisposes offspring to weight gain in adulthood in a sex-specific manner. 
  • Prenatal environmental stressors impair postnatal microglia function and adult behavior in males. 
  • Prenatal opioid exposure inhibits microglial sculpting of the dopamine system selectively in adolescent male offspring. 
  • Primetime for microglia: When stress and infection collide. 
  • Prophylactic treatment with CN-105 improves functional outcomes in a murine model of closed head injury. 
  • Protease-degradable PEG-maleimide coating with on-demand release of IL-1Ra to improve tissue response to neural electrodes. 
  • Punicalagin inhibits neuroinflammation in LPS-activated rat primary microglia. 
  • Purification and Characterization of Progenitor and Mature Human Astrocytes Reveals Transcriptional and Functional Differences with Mouse. 
  • Quantitative 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging determines therapeutic immunization efficacy in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. 
  • Rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 implicate microglial-mediated innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. 
  • Reducing cerebral microvascular amyloid-beta protein deposition diminishes regional neuroinflammation in vasculotropic mutant amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. 
  • Reduction of microglial progranulin does not exacerbate pathology or behavioral deficits in neuronal progranulin-insufficient mice. 
  • Removal of microglial-specific MyD88 signaling alters dentate gyrus doublecortin and enhances opioid addiction-like behaviors. 
  • Resistance to cerebral ischemic injury in UCP2 knockout mice: evidence for a role of UCP2 as a regulator of mitochondrial glutathione levels. 
  • Resolvin E1 inhibits neuropathic pain and spinal cord microglial activation following peripheral nerve injury. 
  • Retinal pigment epithelium and microglia express the CD5 antigen-like protein, a novel autoantigen in age-related macular degeneration. 
  • Role of the CX3CR1/p38 MAPK pathway in spinal microglia for the development of neuropathic pain following nerve injury-induced cleavage of fractalkine. 
  • Sex differences in microglial appetites during development: Inferences and implications. 
  • Sex differences in microglial colonization of the developing rat brain. 
  • Sex differences in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on microglial function and neuroinflammation during development. 
  • Sex steroids, APOE genotype and the innate immune system. 
  • Sex-Dependent Glial Signaling in Pathological Pain: Distinct Roles of Spinal Microglia and Astrocytes. 
  • Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals time- and sex-specific responses of mouse spinal cord microglia to peripheral nerve injury and links ApoE to chronic pain. 
  • Single-cell genomics identifies cell type-specific molecular changes in autism. 
  • Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the immune cell landscape in the aged mouse brain after ischemic stroke. 
  • Species differences in the generation of reactive oxygen species by microglia. 
  • Spinal inhibition of p38 MAP kinase reduces inflammatory and neuropathic pain in male but not female mice: Sex-dependent microglial signaling in the spinal cord. 
  • Sustained stimulation of β2- and β3-adrenergic receptors leads to persistent functional pain and neuroinflammation. 
  • Systemic administration of the iron chelator deferiprone protects against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina. 
  • T cell engagement of cross-presenting microglia protects the brain from a nasal virus infection. 
  • T-Cell Mediation of Pregnancy Analgesia Affecting Chronic Pain in Mice. 
  • TGF-β1 modulates microglial phenotype and promotes recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage. 
  • TLR signaling adaptor protein MyD88 in primary sensory neurons contributes to persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation. 
  • TT-301 inhibits microglial activation and improves outcome after central nervous system injury in adult mice. 
  • Targeting Hv1 proton channel for pain control. 
  • Targeting microglia to mitigate perioperative neurocognitive disorders. 
  • Targeting microglial purinergic signaling to improve morphine analgesia. 
  • Th17 lymphocytes drive vascular and neuronal deficits in a mouse model of postinfectious autoimmune encephalitis. 
  • The APOE4 genotype alters the response of microglia and macrophages to 17beta-estradiol. 
  • The brain's immune system. 
  • The broad spectrum mixed-lineage kinase 3 inhibitor URMC-099 prevents acute microgliosis and cognitive decline in a mouse model of perioperative neurocognitive disorders. 
  • The diverse culinary habits of microglia. 
  • The effect of inflammatory cell-derived MCP-1 loss on neuronal survival during chronic neuroinflammation. 
  • The effect of intrathecal administration of glial activation inhibitors on dorsal horn BDNF overexpression and hind paw mechanical allodynia in spinal nerve ligated rats. 
  • The immune system and developmental programming of brain and behavior. 
  • The impact of IL-1 modulation on the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive dysfunction. 
  • The tiliroside derivative, 3-O-[(E)-(2-oxo-4-(p-tolyl) but-3-en-1-yl] kaempferol produced inhibition of neuroinflammation and activation of AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways in BV-2 microglia. 
  • The upregulation of specific interleukin (IL) receptor antagonists and paradoxical enhancement of neuronal apoptosis due to electrode induced strain and brain micromotion. 
  • Transcriptome analysis of cortical tissue reveals shared sets of downregulated genes in autism and schizophrenia. 
  • Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Chronic Cortical Inflammation and Neuronal Dysfunction Mediated by Microglia. 
  • Traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal damage in the somatosensory cortex causes formation of rod-shaped microglia that promote astrogliosis and persistent neuroinflammation. 
  • Updating Neuroimmune Targets in Central Nervous System Dysfunction. 
  • beta-Endorphin enhances the replication of neurotropic human immunodeficiency virus in fetal perivascular microglia. 
  • miR-21 improves the neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury in rats. 
  • p38 MAPK, microglial signaling, and neuropathic pain. 
  • p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated after a spinal nerve ligation in spinal cord microglia and dorsal root ganglion neurons and contributes to the generation of neuropathic pain. 
  • α-Synuclein fibrils recruit peripheral immune cells in the rat brain prior to neurodegeneration. 
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  Keywords of People

  • Bilbo, Staci D., Haley Family Professor of Psycology and Neuroscience, Psychology & Neuroscience
  • Ferreira, Paulo Alexandre, Associate Professor in Ophthalmology, Pathology
  • James, Michael Lucas, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology
  • Nackley, Andrea Gail, Associate Professor in Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Cancer Biology
  • Savage, Justin, Student, Neurobiology
  • Shinohara, Mari L., Associate Professor of Immunology, Cell Biology
  • Terrando, Niccolò, Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Cell Biology
  • West, Andrew Bradley, Professor of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Cell Biology