Nanoparticles for electromagnetic fields enhancement in cross well imaging of subsurface

During the past two decades there has been increasing interest in the cross well imaging of the subsurface for oil exploration applications. As more and more deviated and horizontal wells are drilled in an attempt to increase the oil production, the azimuthal symmetry no longer holds. Up to present, many numerical methods have been developed for the forward modeling of 3-D cross well logging, including the finite element method (C. Li, B. Xiong, and Y. Lv, Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 36, 585-590, 2012), stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform method (BCGS-FFT) (Z. Q. Zhang, and Q. H. Liu, Trans. Geosci. and Remote Sens., 41, 998-1104, 2003) and extended Born approximation (H. Tseng and K. Lee, Twenty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, 2004). © 2013 IEEE.