It surveys six areas of conflict between sharia and human rights norms: (1) inequality between Muslims and non-Muslims, (2) inequality between men and women, (3) inequality between slaves and free human beings, (4) inequality between commoners and jurists in public affairs, (5) freedom of conscience and religion versus punishments for apostasy, and (6) extra-judicial punishments, violent punishments, and torture. He demonstrates in detail how numerous precepts of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) conflict with international human rights norms. The second part in a slightly abridged form, discusses the scope and methodologies for resolving these conflicts.