Research into small non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) has fundamentally transformed our understanding of gene regulatory networks, especially at the post-transcriptional level. Although much is now known about the basic biology of small ncRNAs, our ability to recognize the impact of small ncRNA in disease states is preliminary, and the ability to effectively target them in vivo is very limited. However, given the larger and growing focus on targeting RNAs for disease therapeutics, what we do know about the intrinsic biology of these small RNAs makes them potentially attractive targets for pharmacologic manipulation. With that in mind, this review provides an introduction to the biology of small ncRNA, using microRNA (miRNA) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) as examples.