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Distribution of ankle--brachial index and the risk factors of peripheral artery disease in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Subramaniam, T; Nang, EEK; Lim, SC; Wu, Y; Khoo, CM; Lee, J; Heng, D; Chew, SK; Wong, TY; Tai, ES
Published in: Vasc Med
April 2011

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We describe the prevalence and risk factors of PAD in a multi-ethnic Asian population (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in Singapore. The Singapore Prospective Study Program recruited 4132 individuals between 2004 and 2006 in which the ankle-brachial index (ABI) was measured using the Smartdop™ 20EX bi-directional blood flow detector. PAD was defined as ≤ 0.9 and a high ABI > 1.4, with ABI 1.11-1.20 as reference. The mean age (SD) of individuals in the study was 49.9 (11.8) years, with 51.8% females. PAD was present in 4.3% of the population and a high ABI (> 1.4) was rare. Malays and Indians had a higher risk (especially in females). Compared to those with an ABI between 1.11 and 1.20, those with PAD were more likely to be of Malay and Indian ethnicity, female sex, with higher systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, with increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, albuminuria and renal impairment, and with a past history of stroke. In conclusion, in this large multi-ethnic Asian population, we document the distribution and risk factor associations for PAD. PAD shows an ethnic distribution similar to that of coronary artery disease in Singapore, with differences in sex distribution. Apart from traditional vascular risk factors, pulse pressure, renal impairment and a past history of stroke are important determinants of PAD.

Duke Scholars

Published In

Vasc Med

DOI

EISSN

1477-0377

Publication Date

April 2011

Volume

16

Issue

2

Start / End Page

87 / 95

Location

England

Related Subject Headings

  • Young Adult
  • Stroke
  • Singapore
  • Risk Factors
  • Renal Insufficiency
  • Prospective Studies
  • Prevalence
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease
  • Middle Aged
  • Male
 

Citation

APA
Chicago
ICMJE
MLA
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Subramaniam, T., Nang, E. E. K., Lim, S. C., Wu, Y., Khoo, C. M., Lee, J., … Tai, E. S. (2011). Distribution of ankle--brachial index and the risk factors of peripheral artery disease in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Vasc Med, 16(2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863X11400781
Subramaniam, Tavintharan, Ei Ei Khaing Nang, Su Chi Lim, Yi Wu, Chin Meng Khoo, Jeannette Lee, Derrick Heng, Suok Kai Chew, Tien Y. Wong, and E Shyong Tai. “Distribution of ankle--brachial index and the risk factors of peripheral artery disease in a multi-ethnic Asian population.Vasc Med 16, no. 2 (April 2011): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863X11400781.
Subramaniam T, Nang EEK, Lim SC, Wu Y, Khoo CM, Lee J, et al. Distribution of ankle--brachial index and the risk factors of peripheral artery disease in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Vasc Med. 2011 Apr;16(2):87–95.
Subramaniam, Tavintharan, et al. “Distribution of ankle--brachial index and the risk factors of peripheral artery disease in a multi-ethnic Asian population.Vasc Med, vol. 16, no. 2, Apr. 2011, pp. 87–95. Pubmed, doi:10.1177/1358863X11400781.
Subramaniam T, Nang EEK, Lim SC, Wu Y, Khoo CM, Lee J, Heng D, Chew SK, Wong TY, Tai ES. Distribution of ankle--brachial index and the risk factors of peripheral artery disease in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Vasc Med. 2011 Apr;16(2):87–95.
Journal cover image

Published In

Vasc Med

DOI

EISSN

1477-0377

Publication Date

April 2011

Volume

16

Issue

2

Start / End Page

87 / 95

Location

England

Related Subject Headings

  • Young Adult
  • Stroke
  • Singapore
  • Risk Factors
  • Renal Insufficiency
  • Prospective Studies
  • Prevalence
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease
  • Middle Aged
  • Male