Cueing cognitive flexibility: Item-specific learning of switch readiness.
Journal Article (Journal Article)
The rich behavioral repertoire of the human species derives from our ability to flexibly reconfigure processing strategies (task sets) in response to changing requirements. This updating of task sets is effortful, as reflected by longer response times when switching a task than repeating it (switch costs). However, some recent data suggest that switch costs can be reduced by cueing switch readiness bottom-up, by associating particular stimuli with frequent switch requirements. This type of "stimulus-control (S-C) learning" would be highly adaptive, as it combines the speed of automatic (bottom-up) processing with the flexibility and generalizability of controlled (top-down) processing. However, it is unclear whether S-C learning of switch readiness is truly possible, and what the underlying mechanisms are. Here we address these questions by pairing specific stimuli with a need to update task-sets either frequently or rarely. In all 3 experiments, we observe robust item-specific switch probability (ISSP) effects as revealed by smaller switch costs for frequent switch items than for rare switch items. By including a neutral condition, we also show that the ISSP effect is primarily driven by S-C learning reducing switch costs in frequent switch items. Furthermore, by employing 3 tasks in Experiment 3, we establish that the ISSP effect reflects an enhancement of general switch readiness, rather than of the readiness to switch to a specific alternate task. These results firmly establish that switch readiness is malleable by item-specific S-C learning processes, documenting that a generalizable state of cognitive flexibility can be primed by a bottom-up stimulus. (PsycINFO Database Record
Full Text
Duke Authors
Cited Authors
- Chiu, Y-C; Egner, T
Published Date
- December 2017
Published In
Volume / Issue
- 43 / 12
Start / End Page
- 1950 - 1960
PubMed ID
- 28406686
Pubmed Central ID
- PMC5640457
Electronic International Standard Serial Number (EISSN)
- 1939-1277
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
- 0096-1523
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
- 10.1037/xhp0000420
Language
- eng