PURPOSE: To compare the repeatability and reproducibility of axial and lateral retinal measurements using handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems and a tabletop OCT system. METHODS: Graders measured central foveal thickness (CFT), optic nerve-to-fovea distance (OFD), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness on OCT scans of the right eye of 10 healthy adults. Three OCT systems were used: handheld Leica Envisu, investigational handheld swept-source OCT (UC3), and Heidelberg Spectralis tabletop system. All eyes were imaged five times with each OCT system by each of two imagers. A components of variance analysis provided estimates of repeatability (variation due to random error) and reproducibility (variation due to imager, grader, and random error) expressed as standard deviation and (coefficient of variation %). RESULTS: Repeatability of CFT (µm) for Envisu, UC3, and Spectralis was 5.9 (2.6%), 6.9 (2.9%), and 4.7 (2.1%), and the reproducibility was 6.1 (2.7%), 7.3 (3.1%), and 4.7 (2.1%), respectively. The repeatability of OFD (mm) was 0.13 (2.9%), 0.10 (2.3%), and 0.07 (1.6%), and the reproducibility was 0.13 (3.0%), 0.10 (2.3%), and 0.07 (1.6%,) respectively. The repeatability for RNFL thickness (µm) for Envisu, UC3, and Spectralis was 4.3 (7.8%), 2.7 (5.4%), and 2.9 (4.9%), and the reproducibility was 4.5 (8.3%), 2.9 (5.8%), and 2.9 (4.9%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All three OCT systems had good repeatability and reproducibility with coefficients of variation of less than 3.5% for CFT and OFD measurements, and less than 8.5% for RNFL thickness. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: Our findings inform the repeatability and reproducibility of retinal axial and lateral measurements on handheld OCT and are useful for both clinical research and patient care.