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Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Yin, H; Brauer, M; Zhang, JJ; Cai, W; Navrud, S; Burnett, R; Howard, C; Deng, Z; Kammen, DM; Schellnhuber, HJ; Chen, K; Kan, H; Chen, Z-M ...
Published in: The Lancet. Planetary health
June 2021

The health impacts of ambient air pollution impose large costs on society. Although all people are exposed to air pollution, the older population (ie, those aged ≥60 years) tends to be disproportionally affected. As a result, there is growing concern about the health impacts of air pollution as many countries undergo rapid population ageing. We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient air pollution and its interaction with population ageing from 2000 to 2016 at global and regional levels.In this global analysis, we developed an age-adjusted measure of the value of a statistical life-year (VSLY) to estimate the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution using Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 data and country-level socioeconomic information. First, we estimated the global age-specific and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to PM2·5 pollution using the global exposure mortality model and global estimates of exposure at 0·1° × 0·1° (about 11 km × 11 km at the equator) resolution. Second, for each year between 2000 and 2016, we translated the YLLs within each age group into a health-related cost using a country-specific, age-adjusted measure of VSLY. Third, we decomposed the major driving factors that contributed to the temporal change in health costs related to PM2·5. Finally, we did a sensitivity test to analyse the variability of the estimated health costs to four alternative valuation measures. We identified the uncertainty intervals (UIs) from 1000 draws of the parameters and concentration-response functions by age, cause, country, and year. All economic values are reported in 2011 purchasing power parity-adjusted US dollars. All simulations were done with R, version 3.6.0.Globally, in 2016, PM2·5 was estimated to have caused 8·42 million (95% UI 6·50-10·52) attributable deaths, which was associated with 163·68 million (116·03-219·44) YLLs. In 2016, the global economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution for the older population was US$2·40 trillion (1·89-2·93) accounting for 59% (59-60) of the cost for the total population ($4·09 trillion [3·19-5·05]). The economic cost per capita for the older population was $2739 (2160-3345) in 2016, which was 10 times that of the younger population (ie, those aged <60 years). By assessing the factors that contributed to economic costs, we found that increases in these factors changed the total economic cost by 77% for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 21% for population ageing, 16% for population growth, -41% for age-specific mortality, and -0·4% for PM2·5 exposure.The economic cost of ambient PM2·5 borne by the older population almost doubled between 2000 and 2016, driven primarily by GDP growth, population ageing, and population growth. Compared with younger people, air pollution leads to disproportionately higher health costs among older people, even after accounting for their relatively shorter life expectancy and increased disability. As the world's population is ageing, the disproportionate health cost attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution potentially widens the health inequities for older people. Countries with severe air pollution and rapid ageing rates need to take immediate actions to improve air quality. In addition, strategies aimed at enhancing health-care services, especially targeting the older population, could be beneficial for reducing the health costs of ambient air pollution.National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and Qiushi Foundation.

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Published In

The Lancet. Planetary health

DOI

EISSN

2542-5196

ISSN

2542-5196

Publication Date

June 2021

Volume

5

Issue

6

Start / End Page

e356 / e367

Related Subject Headings

  • Risk Factors
  • Life Expectancy
  • Humans
  • Global Burden of Disease
  • Air Pollution
  • Aging
  • Aged
  • 4206 Public health
  • 4104 Environmental management
  • 4101 Climate change impacts and adaptation
 

Citation

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Yin, H., Brauer, M., Zhang, J. J., Cai, W., Navrud, S., Burnett, R., … Liu, Z. (2021). Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost. The Lancet. Planetary Health, 5(6), e356–e367. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00131-5
Yin, Hao, Michael Brauer, Junfeng Jim Zhang, Wenjia Cai, Ståle Navrud, Richard Burnett, Courtney Howard, et al. “Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost.The Lancet. Planetary Health 5, no. 6 (June 2021): e356–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00131-5.
Yin H, Brauer M, Zhang JJ, Cai W, Navrud S, Burnett R, et al. Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost. The Lancet Planetary health. 2021 Jun;5(6):e356–67.
Yin, Hao, et al. “Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost.The Lancet. Planetary Health, vol. 5, no. 6, June 2021, pp. e356–67. Epmc, doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00131-5.
Yin H, Brauer M, Zhang JJ, Cai W, Navrud S, Burnett R, Howard C, Deng Z, Kammen DM, Schellnhuber HJ, Chen K, Kan H, Chen Z-M, Chen B, Zhang N, Mi Z, Coffman D, Cohen AJ, Guan D, Zhang Q, Gong P, Liu Z. Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost. The Lancet Planetary health. 2021 Jun;5(6):e356–e367.
Journal cover image

Published In

The Lancet. Planetary health

DOI

EISSN

2542-5196

ISSN

2542-5196

Publication Date

June 2021

Volume

5

Issue

6

Start / End Page

e356 / e367

Related Subject Headings

  • Risk Factors
  • Life Expectancy
  • Humans
  • Global Burden of Disease
  • Air Pollution
  • Aging
  • Aged
  • 4206 Public health
  • 4104 Environmental management
  • 4101 Climate change impacts and adaptation