There have been conflicting results regarding the association between diabetes and the risk of hematologic malignancies, and its interaction with obesity is unknown. This study determined the risk of hematologic malignancies according to the glycemic status in a population-based study involving health screening 9,774,625 participants. The baseline glycemic status of the participants was categorized into no diabetes, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), newly detected diabetes, diabetes duration <5 years, and diabetes duration ≥5 year groups. The risks of overall and specific hematologic malignancies were estimated using a Cox regression analysis. During a median follow up of 7.3 years, 14,733 hematologic malignancies developed. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for the risk of all the hematologic malignancies was 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95-1.02) for IFG, 0.99 (95% CI 0.91-1.08) for newly detected diabetes, 1.03 (95% CI 0.96-1.11) for diabetes duration <5 years, and 1.11 (95% CI 1.03, 1.20) for diabetes duration ≥5 year groups. The association was independent from obesity. The risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) increased according to the progression of dysglycemia towards a longer diabetes duration, while Hodgkin's lymphoma did not. This study in Korea demonstrated diabetes to be associated with an increased risk of hematologic malignancies independent of obesity. The NHL risk increased with the diabetes duration.