Management of hematologic abnormalities in cancer pose tremendous challenges in the care of patients. Clinically significant anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia can limit the ability to treat the malignancy effectively and can profoundly impact patient morbidity and mortality. These present as manifestations of the malignant process or as acquired sequelae from cancer treatment, such as systemic chemotherapy. In this chapter, we review the pathophysiologic mechanisms and appropriate clinical management of hematologic abnormalities that arise during the care of cancer patients. Therapeutic agents developed to mitigate the complications related to these hematologic abnormalities will also be discussed.