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Long-term Outcomes of Childhood Family Income Supplements on Adult Functioning.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Copeland, WE; Tong, G; Gaydosh, L; Hill, SN; Godwin, J; Shanahan, L; Costello, EJ
Published in: JAMA Pediatr
October 1, 2022

IMPORTANCE: During an ongoing longitudinal cohort study, a casino opening created a natural cash transfer experiment. Some participating families received income supplements, and others did not. The children in this study are now adults. OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term outcomes of family income supplements received in childhood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This community-representative longitudinal cohort study set in western North Carolina assessed 1266 participants aged 9, 11, and 13 years at intake up to 11 times up to age 30 years from January 1993 to December 2015. Data were analyzed from January to December 2021. EXPOSURES: In 1996, a southeastern American Indian tribe implemented a cash transfer program of approximately $5000 annually per person for tribal members. Participants were compared on whether their family ever received the cash transfers (American Indian vs non-American Indian), the duration of the transfers, and annual amount based on the number of parents. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Participants were followed up at ages 25 and 30 years to assess mental health symptoms, substance use symptoms, and functional outcomes (physical health, risky or illegal behaviors, and financial and social functioning). RESULTS: Of 1266 included participants, 320 (25.3%) were American Indian and 581 (49.7%) were female. Participants whose families received cash transfers during childhood reported fewer anxiety symptoms (relative risk [RR], 0.33; 95% CI, 0.25-0.44), depressive symptoms (RR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42-0.62), and cannabis symptoms (RR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27-0.82). They also reported improved physical health (RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.55-0.80) and financial functioning (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.89) and fewer risky or illegal behaviors (RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46-0.72) compared with those who did not receive the cash transfer. This pattern was supported by a series of heterogeneity analyses in which children whose families received the transfers for the longest duration and whose families received the largest transfer (due to having multiple American Indian parents) had the lowest levels of symptoms and the highest levels of functioning. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this natural experiment, a family cash transfer in childhood was associated with positive adult functioning 20 years later. The findings support programs like the child tax credit or universal basic income that provide cash directly to families with children.

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Published In

JAMA Pediatr

DOI

EISSN

2168-6211

Publication Date

October 1, 2022

Volume

176

Issue

10

Start / End Page

1020 / 1026

Location

United States

Related Subject Headings

  • Pediatrics
  • Mental Health
  • Male
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Income
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Child Poverty
  • Child
  • Anxiety
 

Citation

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Copeland, W. E., Tong, G., Gaydosh, L., Hill, S. N., Godwin, J., Shanahan, L., & Costello, E. J. (2022). Long-term Outcomes of Childhood Family Income Supplements on Adult Functioning. JAMA Pediatr, 176(10), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2946
Copeland, William E., Guangyu Tong, Lauren Gaydosh, Sherika N. Hill, Jennifer Godwin, Lilly Shanahan, and E Jane Costello. “Long-term Outcomes of Childhood Family Income Supplements on Adult Functioning.JAMA Pediatr 176, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1020–26. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2946.
Copeland WE, Tong G, Gaydosh L, Hill SN, Godwin J, Shanahan L, et al. Long-term Outcomes of Childhood Family Income Supplements on Adult Functioning. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 Oct 1;176(10):1020–6.
Copeland, William E., et al. “Long-term Outcomes of Childhood Family Income Supplements on Adult Functioning.JAMA Pediatr, vol. 176, no. 10, Oct. 2022, pp. 1020–26. Pubmed, doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2946.
Copeland WE, Tong G, Gaydosh L, Hill SN, Godwin J, Shanahan L, Costello EJ. Long-term Outcomes of Childhood Family Income Supplements on Adult Functioning. JAMA Pediatr. 2022 Oct 1;176(10):1020–1026.

Published In

JAMA Pediatr

DOI

EISSN

2168-6211

Publication Date

October 1, 2022

Volume

176

Issue

10

Start / End Page

1020 / 1026

Location

United States

Related Subject Headings

  • Pediatrics
  • Mental Health
  • Male
  • Longitudinal Studies
  • Income
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Child Poverty
  • Child
  • Anxiety