In some women, mood and behavioral changes appear to be linked to the menstrual cycle. New basic science data on steroid-brain interactions have renewed interest in the menstrual cycle as a naturalistic model for assessing gonadal steroid-induced mental and behavioral changes. The authors investigate similarities and differences in affective symptoms associated with reproductive-related gonadal steroid changes that span the life cycle of women, including the menstrual cycle, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, the postpartum period, and perimenopause. Recommendations for reporting of symptoms and implications for future research are discussed.