Smoking, caffeine, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in families with Parkinson disease.
Published
Journal Article
OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between Parkinson disease (PD) and putatively protective factors-smoking, caffeine (coffee, tea, and soft drinks), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen). DESIGN: Family-based case-control study. SETTING: Academic medical center clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 356 case subjects and 317 family controls who self-reported environmental exposures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Associations between PD and environmental measures (history, status, dosage, duration, and intensity) of smoking, coffee, caffeine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were examined using generalized estimating equations with an independent correlation matrix while controlling for age and sex. RESULTS: Individuals with PD were significantly less likely to report ever smoking (odds ratio = 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.78). Additional measures of smoking revealed significant inverse associations with PD (P<.05) and trends in odds ratios (P<.005). Increasing intensity of coffee drinking was inversely associated with PD (test for trend P = .05). Increasing dosage (trend P = .009) and intensity (trend P = .01) of total caffeine consumption were also inversely associated, with high dosage presenting a significant inverse association for PD (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.99). There were no significant associations between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and PD. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations of smoking and caffeine were corroborated using families with PD, thus emphasizing smoking and caffeine as important covariates to consider in genetic studies of PD.
Full Text
Duke Authors
Cited Authors
- Hancock, DB; Martin, ER; Stajich, JM; Jewett, R; Stacy, MA; Scott, BL; Vance, JM; Scott, WK
Published Date
- April 2007
Published In
Volume / Issue
- 64 / 4
Start / End Page
- 576 - 580
PubMed ID
- 17420321
Pubmed Central ID
- 17420321
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
- 0003-9942
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
- 10.1001/archneur.64.4.576
Language
- eng
Conference Location
- United States