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Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Cooper, EM; Covaci, A; van Nuijs, ALN; Webster, TF; Stapleton, HM
Published in: Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry
October 2011

Organophosphate triesters tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate are widely used flame retardants (FRs) present in many products common to human environments, yet understanding of human exposure and health effects of these compounds is limited. Monitoring urinary metabolites as biomarkers of exposure can be a valuable aid for improving this understanding; however, no previously published method exists for the analysis of the primary TDCPP metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), in human urine. Here, we present a method to extract the metabolites BDCPP and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in human urine using mixed-mode anion exchange solid phase extraction and mass-labeled internal standards with analysis by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limit was 8 pg mL(-1) urine for BDCPP and 204 pg mL(-1) for DPP. Recoveries of analytes spiked into urine ranged from 82 ± 10% to 91 ± 4% for BDCPP and from 72 ± 12% to 76 ± 8% for DPP. Analysis of a small number of urine samples (n=9) randomly collected from non-occupationally exposed adults revealed the presence of both BDCPP and DPP in all samples. Non-normalized urinary concentrations ranged from 46-1,662 pg BDCPP mL(-1) to 287-7,443 pg DPP mL(-1), with geometric means of 147 pg BDCPP mL(-1) and 1,074 pg DPP mL(-1). Levels of DPP were higher than those of BDCPP in 89% of samples. The presented method is simple and sufficiently sensitive to detect these FR metabolites in humans and may be applied to future studies to increase our understanding of exposure to and potential health effects from FRs.

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Published In

Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry

DOI

EISSN

1618-2650

ISSN

1618-2642

Publication Date

October 2011

Volume

401

Issue

7

Start / End Page

2123 / 2132

Related Subject Headings

  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry
  • Organophosphorus Compounds
  • Humans
  • Flame Retardants
  • Chromatography, Liquid
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Adult
  • 40 Engineering
  • 34 Chemical sciences
  • 31 Biological sciences
 

Citation

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Cooper, E. M., Covaci, A., van Nuijs, A. L. N., Webster, T. F., & Stapleton, H. M. (2011). Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 401(7), 2123–2132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7
Cooper, E. M., A. Covaci, A. L. N. van Nuijs, T. F. Webster, and H. M. Stapleton. “Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 401, no. 7 (October 2011): 2123–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7.
Cooper EM, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2011 Oct;401(7):2123–32.
Cooper, E. M., et al. “Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 401, no. 7, Oct. 2011, pp. 2123–32. Epmc, doi:10.1007/s00216-011-5294-7.
Cooper EM, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2011 Oct;401(7):2123–2132.
Journal cover image

Published In

Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry

DOI

EISSN

1618-2650

ISSN

1618-2642

Publication Date

October 2011

Volume

401

Issue

7

Start / End Page

2123 / 2132

Related Subject Headings

  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry
  • Organophosphorus Compounds
  • Humans
  • Flame Retardants
  • Chromatography, Liquid
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Adult
  • 40 Engineering
  • 34 Chemical sciences
  • 31 Biological sciences