Objectives: To perform a nationwide survey of urologists' opinions and behavior regarding the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer follow-up and secondary treatment. Methods: A random sample of 300 urologists was interviewed. Content areas included defining recurrence in prostate cancer, factors that influence initiation of secondary treatment in this setting, and need for additional clinical trial information in recurrent prostate cancer. Results: Seventy-eight percent of urologists indicated that absolute PSA levels were of high or very high importance when making follow-up decisions. When defining a rising PSA level, 83% of urologists surveyed use the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition of failure. An additional 78% use PSA doubling time. When asked about the importance of rapidly reducing PSA levels after recurrence, 61% said it was of high or very high importance to them, but 81% said it was of high or very high importance to their patients. Conclusions: Results from the current study indicate that urologists consider PSA failure to be an important outcome in patients with prostate cancer. Researchers and policy makers need to consider this outcome when designing studies of prostate cancer. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.