Because of the widely varying symptomatology seen in the neuroses, questions have been raised about whether they constitute a realistically defined category of illness. The authors followed 4074 Navy enlisted men diagnosed as neurotic between 1966 and 1969 and compared disposition decisions and posthospital outcomes for four major neurotic subtypes (anxiety, hysterical, depressive, and phobic-obsessive-compulsive). Neurotic patients as a group were also compared with patients in other diagnostic categories. Although posthospital outcomes were found to differ among the four neurotic subtypes, the differences were not large when compared with the differences between the neuroses as a group and other major diagnostic categories. Those findings suggest that the neuroses are a distinct group with regard to outcome, and that the use of this diagnostic category should not be abandoned without further study.