Skip to main content

Trends of Blood Cadmium Concentration Among Workers and Non-Workers in the United States (NHANES 2003 to 2012).

Publication ,  Journal Article
Miao, H; Ji, JS
Published in: Journal of occupational and environmental medicine
December 2019

We aimed to explore the trends of blood cadmium (bCd) concentrations among workers and non-workers in the United States.We used serial cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003 to 2012), including 23,243 subjects aged 20 and above. We used linear regression to analyze the trends of bCd levels adjusting for demographic variables and smoking status, stratified by occupations.The geometric mean of bCd levels was 0.362 μg/L. Only 0.21% had elevated bCd concentrations (≥5 μg/L). Women, older age, ethnic minorities, people of lower socio economic status (SES), current smokers, blue-collars, and non-workers tended to have higher bCd levels. The bCd concentrations were stable through years in workers (n = 12,787), but had a decline from 0.532 to 0.476 μg/L (P-trend = 0.006) in non-workers (n = 10,456).Cd exposure in the United States has been controlled to a safe level. Special protective measures should be taken for the lower SES group and blue-collars.

Duke Scholars

Altmetric Attention Stats
Dimensions Citation Stats

Published In

Journal of occupational and environmental medicine

DOI

EISSN

1536-5948

ISSN

1076-2752

Publication Date

December 2019

Volume

61

Issue

12

Start / End Page

e503 / e509

Related Subject Headings

  • Young Adult
  • United States
  • Occupational Exposure
  • Nutrition Surveys
  • Middle Aged
  • Male
  • Linear Models
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Environmental & Occupational Health
 

Citation

APA
Chicago
ICMJE
MLA
NLM
Miao, H., & Ji, J. S. (2019). Trends of Blood Cadmium Concentration Among Workers and Non-Workers in the United States (NHANES 2003 to 2012). Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61(12), e503–e509. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000001742
Miao, Hui, and John S. Ji. “Trends of Blood Cadmium Concentration Among Workers and Non-Workers in the United States (NHANES 2003 to 2012).Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 61, no. 12 (December 2019): e503–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000001742.
Miao H, Ji JS. Trends of Blood Cadmium Concentration Among Workers and Non-Workers in the United States (NHANES 2003 to 2012). Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 2019 Dec;61(12):e503–9.
Miao, Hui, and John S. Ji. “Trends of Blood Cadmium Concentration Among Workers and Non-Workers in the United States (NHANES 2003 to 2012).Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 61, no. 12, Dec. 2019, pp. e503–09. Epmc, doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001742.
Miao H, Ji JS. Trends of Blood Cadmium Concentration Among Workers and Non-Workers in the United States (NHANES 2003 to 2012). Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 2019 Dec;61(12):e503–e509.

Published In

Journal of occupational and environmental medicine

DOI

EISSN

1536-5948

ISSN

1076-2752

Publication Date

December 2019

Volume

61

Issue

12

Start / End Page

e503 / e509

Related Subject Headings

  • Young Adult
  • United States
  • Occupational Exposure
  • Nutrition Surveys
  • Middle Aged
  • Male
  • Linear Models
  • Humans
  • Female
  • Environmental & Occupational Health