Advancing full-scale partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) filters: design and operation guidelines
Applying partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) in deep-bed polishing filters would allow nitrogen removal in a more sustainable and cost-effective way. Full-scale implementation of PdNA filters has not been widely done despite the potential that PdNA offers. From the eight PdNA filter studies we conducted, it was shown that conventional denitrification filters can be retrofitted into PdNA filters using sand and methanol, while applying loading rates that are similar to conventional denitrification filters. In addition, PdNA filters robustness towards shear and temperature was demonstrated, indicating that anammox are not the limiting factor in the implementation, but optimizing the aeration control in the activated sludge is critical to achieve effluent quality in PdNA filters.
