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Pain predicts non-adherence to pap smear screening among middle-aged African American women.

Publication ,  Journal Article
Hoyo, C; Yarnall, KSH; Skinner, CS; Moorman, PG; Sellers, D; Reid, L
Published in: Prev Med
August 2005

BACKGROUND: Middle-aged African American women have the highest incidence and mortality of invasive cervical cancer in the United States and the lowest adherence to pap smear screening. METHODS: In 2001, we identified factors associated with non-adherence to screening recommendations using three focus group interviews and subsequently developed a questionnaire administered to 144 African American women aged 45 to 65 years. RESULTS: The perception that the Pap test was painful was associated with non-adherence to screening recommendations (OR = 4.78; 95%CI: 1.67-13.7). Difficulty to pay for the office visit coupled with perceived pain was associated with a nearly sixfold increase in risk of non-adherence (OR = 5.8; 95%CI: 2.8-15.5). Previously identified barriers to screening including lower education and socioeconomic status, poor access to care, knowledge of and exposure to known risk factors of invasive cervical cancer, cancer fatalism, and perceived racism were not independently associated with non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that, among middle-aged African American women, future interventions addressing pain during a Pap test will likely increase acceptability of and adherence to cervical cancer screening. Pain could be addressed either by providing information during the pap test and/or using smaller lubricated speculums.

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Published In

Prev Med

DOI

ISSN

0091-7435

Publication Date

August 2005

Volume

41

Issue

2

Start / End Page

439 / 445

Location

United States

Related Subject Headings

  • Vaginal Smears
  • Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
  • United States
  • Public Health
  • Patient Acceptance of Health Care
  • Papanicolaou Test
  • Pain
  • Middle Aged
  • Logistic Models
  • Humans
 

Citation

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Hoyo, C., Yarnall, K. S. H., Skinner, C. S., Moorman, P. G., Sellers, D., & Reid, L. (2005). Pain predicts non-adherence to pap smear screening among middle-aged African American women. Prev Med, 41(2), 439–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.021
Hoyo, Cathrine, Kimberly S. H. Yarnall, Celette Sugg Skinner, Patricia G. Moorman, Denethia Sellers, and LaVerne Reid. “Pain predicts non-adherence to pap smear screening among middle-aged African American women.Prev Med 41, no. 2 (August 2005): 439–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.021.
Hoyo C, Yarnall KSH, Skinner CS, Moorman PG, Sellers D, Reid L. Pain predicts non-adherence to pap smear screening among middle-aged African American women. Prev Med. 2005 Aug;41(2):439–45.
Hoyo, Cathrine, et al. “Pain predicts non-adherence to pap smear screening among middle-aged African American women.Prev Med, vol. 41, no. 2, Aug. 2005, pp. 439–45. Pubmed, doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.021.
Hoyo C, Yarnall KSH, Skinner CS, Moorman PG, Sellers D, Reid L. Pain predicts non-adherence to pap smear screening among middle-aged African American women. Prev Med. 2005 Aug;41(2):439–445.
Journal cover image

Published In

Prev Med

DOI

ISSN

0091-7435

Publication Date

August 2005

Volume

41

Issue

2

Start / End Page

439 / 445

Location

United States

Related Subject Headings

  • Vaginal Smears
  • Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
  • United States
  • Public Health
  • Patient Acceptance of Health Care
  • Papanicolaou Test
  • Pain
  • Middle Aged
  • Logistic Models
  • Humans