Hopelessness as a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among interpersonal violence survivors.
Post-traumatic stress disorder often co-occurs with depression, and they may share common risk factors. One possible common cognitive risk factor is hopelessness. Thus, we examined whether hopelessness was related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Participants were 202 female survivors of interpersonal violence. Relationships between self-reported and interviewer-rated measures of hopelessness gathered at 2 weeks post-trauma and self-reported and interviewer-rated symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder gathered at 2 weeks and 3 months post-trauma were examined. Hierarchical, simultaneous regression analyses that co-varied trauma type revealed that hopelessness was related to self-reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, both concurrently and prospectively. Follow-up analyses revealed that relationships between hopelessness and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder were due almost entirely to shared variance with depression. No relationships were found between hopelessness and interviewer-rated symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Duke Scholars
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- Violence
- United States
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
- Risk Factors
- Rape
- Middle Aged
- Longitudinal Studies
- Humans
- Female
- Emotions
Citation
Published In
DOI
ISSN
Publication Date
Volume
Issue
Start / End Page
Location
Related Subject Headings
- Violence
- United States
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
- Risk Factors
- Rape
- Middle Aged
- Longitudinal Studies
- Humans
- Female
- Emotions