Scholars@Duke
Carlos Nicolas Prieto Granada

Carlos Nicolas Prieto Granada

Associate Professor of Pathology
Pathology
40 Duke Medicine Circle, Room 3709 Purple Zone, Durham, NC 27710

Scholarly Works

GATA3 Is Underexpressed in Penile Neoplasia: Potential Implications in Diagnosis and Pathogenesis.

Journal article Am J Surg Pathol · April 1, 2026 Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) and its established precursor, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN), are classified as HPV-associated and HPV-independent. However, there is a spectrum of precursor lesions, which presents diagnostic challenges due ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Genomic copy-number variants drive apoptotic evasion underlying acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Journal article Immunity · November 11, 2025 Patients who initially respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) often relapse. Here, we studied how disease-progressive (DP) clinical melanomas evolve genomically to acquire ICI resistance. Compared to patient-matched pretreatment tumors, DP tumors r ... Full text Link to item Cite

What Is the Prevalence and Fate of Myxoid Soft-Tissue Tumors With an Indeterminate Diagnosis Prior to Resection?

Journal article J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev · February 1, 2025 INTRODUCTION: Differentiating benign and malignant myxoid soft-tissue tumors preoperatively can be challenging due to shared clinical, imaging, and histologic features. Biopsy specimens are frequently described as "low-grade myxoid neoplasms" without benig ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Tract Primary to the Renal Pelvis: A Multi-institutional Clinicopathologic and Molecular Study of Five Patients.

Journal article Am J Surg Pathol · January 1, 2025 Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the urinary tract is a rare malignancy and tumors involving the renal pelvis are notably sparse in the literature, with only 5 other patients reported. We present 5 patients, 4 women, and 1 man, with CCA of the renal pelv ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spindle Cell Neoplasms Unique to the Sinonasal Tract.

Journal article Surg Pathol Clin · December 2024 The spindle cell neoplasms include sinonasal tract angiofibroma (STA), glomangiopericytoma (GPC), and biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma (BSNS). These entities share some clinical, histomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and even molecular characteristics. Neve ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of PD-L1 (22C3) Expression in Paired Primary and Metastatic Breast Carcinoma.

Journal article Clin Breast Cancer · June 2024 INTRODUCTION: PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is being used as a predictive marker of the benefit derived from immunotherapy in several cancer types, including breast cancer. However, the insight gleaned of the prognostic and predictive value of PD-L1 sta ... Full text Link to item Cite

Surgical Margins in Musculoskeletal Sarcoma.

Journal article JBJS Rev · March 1, 2024 » Negative margin resection of musculoskeletal sarcomas is associated with reduced risk of local recurrence.» There is limited evidence to support an absolute margin width of soft tissue or bone that correlates with reduced risk of local recurrence.» Facto ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rituximab Therapy for Insulin Allergy in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Journal article AACE Clin Case Rep · 2024 BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Allergic reactions to insulin have decreased significantly since the introduction of human insulin preparation, but up to 2.4% of insulin-treated patients can still be affected. Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody against the surface a ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Case of Anastomosing Hemangioma of the Breast During Pregnancy.

Journal article Am Surg · August 2023 Anastomosing hemangiomas (AH) are rare benign masses. We report an occurrence of AH in the breast during pregnancy, its pathological analysis, and clinical management. Key in the evaluation of these rare vascular lesions is differentiating AH from angiosar ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pigmented intraepithelial Merkel cell carcinoma mimicking melanoma in situ.

Journal article J Cutan Pathol · August 2023 Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neoplasm that arises in the skin of elderly patients on sun-exposed areas such as the head, neck, and extremities. Involvement of the epidermis by tumor cells is a relatively uncommon phenomenon. However, a few cases h ... Full text Link to item Cite

An Unusual Benign Uterine Stromal Spindle Cell Tumor Harboring JAZF1::BCORL1.

Journal article Int J Gynecol Pathol · May 1, 2023 Uterine mesenchymal lesions demonstrate various underlying genomic alterations involving MED12 , JAZF1 , YWHAE , BCOR , and ALK genes, among others. Recent publications describe a subset of high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma lesions harboring BCORL1 ge ... Full text Link to item Cite

Breast Implant Capsule-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Report of 2 Patients.

Journal article Int J Surg Pathol · December 2022 Breast implant augmentation is a low-risk procedure with few life-threatening complications. Capsular contracture and rupture/leakage of the implant are the most common complications encountered. Malignant breast implant augmentation-associated lesions are ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pathological characterization and clinical outcome of penile intraepithelial neoplasia variants: a North American series.

Journal article Mod Pathol · August 2022 Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is classified as human papillomavirus (HPV)- and non-HPV-related. This classification is associated with distinct morphologic subtypes. The natural history and prognosis of PeIN subtypes are not well known. This stud ... Full text Link to item Cite

Update on Peripheral Nervous System Tumors: Lesions with Epithelioid and Melanotic Features

Journal article Human Pathology Reports · June 1, 2022 While the majority of peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are histomorphologically composed of non-pigmented and slender spindle cells, unusual PNST lesions can present as epithelioid or pigmented cell tumors, a reflection of the inherent plasticity of ... Full text Cite

Benign Neurofibroma/Schwannoma Hybrid Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor of the Ulnar Nerve Harboring a Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Deposit: A Case Report of Tumor-to-Tumor Metastasis.

Journal article Case Rep Pathol · 2022 A 74-year-old man with a medical history significant for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) presented with a rapidly enlarging grape-sized mass in his right medial arm with paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. Imaging was suspicious for a peripheral ne ... Full text Link to item Cite

Discordance Between Immunohistochemistry and In Situ Hybridization to Detect HER2 Overexpression/Gene Amplification in Breast Cancer in the Modern Age: A Single Institution Experience and Pooled Literature Review Study.

Journal article Clin Breast Cancer · January 2022 BACKGROUND: Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) amplification and/or overexpression occurs in 12% to 25% of breast cancers. Accurate detection of HER2 is critical in predicting response to HER2-targeted therapy. Both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in si ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clinicopathologic features and outcome of head and neck mucosal spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma.

Conference Virchows Arch · October 2021 Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma (SpC-SCC) is rare, accounting for 0.4-4% of head and neck (HN) SCCs. Better understanding of HN SpC-SCC clinicopathologic characteristics, especially features that predict outcome, is needed. We present a clinicopatholo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Poroid adnexal skin tumors with YAP1 fusions exhibit similar histopathologic features: A series of six YAP1-rearranged adnexal skin tumors.

Journal article J Cutan Pathol · September 2021 BACKGROUND: Adnexal skin tumors are diagnostically challenging with few known molecular signatures. Recently, however, YAP1-MAML2 and YAP1-NUTM1 fusions were identified in poroid adnexal skin tumors. METHODS: Herein, we subjected eight poroid adnexal skin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Round cell tumor with a myxoid matrix harboring a PHF1-TFE3 fusion: Myoepithelial neoplasm or ossifying fibromyxoid tumor?

Journal article Pathol Res Pract · September 2021 Myoepithelial tumors arising in soft tissue are uncommon and mostly manifest a benign clinical course, although a malignant form does exist. An EWSR1 gene rearrangement is a common event in these tumors. Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor, a rare soft tissue neop ... Full text Link to item Cite

Gastric Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma Harboring a Rare FUS-CREM Fusion.

Journal article Int J Surg Pathol · August 2021 Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) is a rare, aggressive soft-tissue tumor, commonly occurring in upper and lower extremities, the limb girdle, and the head and neck, which shows morphologic and molecular overlap with low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rare MDM2 amplification in a fat-predominant angiomyolipoma.

Journal article Virchows Arch · November 2020 Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are triphasic tumors (smooth muscle, vascular and adipocytic components) with myomelanocytic differentiation, arising most commonly in the kidneys, which can show predominant epithelioid morphology and fat-predominant or fat-poor var ... Full text Link to item Cite

Clear cell papillary neoplasm of the breast with MAML2 gene rearrangement: Clear cell hidradenoma or low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma?

Journal article Pathol Res Pract · October 2020 Clear cell hidradenoma (CCH) is an uncommon adnexal tumor usually arising from eccrine glands and commonly seen on the face and the upper extremities. CCH occurring in the breast is extremely rare. Herein we report a case of MAML2-rearranged CCH of breast ... Full text Link to item Cite

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder Is Not Associated With High-risk HPV.

Journal article Urology · October 2020 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical features, pathologic features, and prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder. SCC of the bladder is known to be associated with conditions that cause chronic inflammation/i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Breast: A Case Report

Conference AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY · October 2020 Link to item Cite

Porocarcinoma: A New Member of the NUTM1-rearranged Family

Conference LABORATORY INVESTIGATION · March 2020 Link to item Cite

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: Relationship to HPV?

Conference LABORATORY INVESTIGATION · March 2020 Link to item Cite

Morphology, p16, HPV, and outcomes in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: a multi-institutional study.

Journal article Hum Pathol · February 2020 Our objective was to evaluate the pathologic features and clinical outcomes in cases of invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the association with p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and human papilloma virus (HPV) in situ hybridization (ISH). A ret ... Full text Link to item Cite

Behavior of Cutaneous Adnexal Malignancies: a Single Institution Experience.

Journal article Pathol Oncol Res · January 2020 Cutaneous adnexal malignancies are biologically and pathologically diverse, and associated with a range of clinical outcomes. Given their rarity, the prognosis and optimal treatment of these neoplasms remains unclear. A single institution database from a t ... Full text Link to item Cite

NKX3.1 and Prostein Expression in Testicular Tissue and Sex Cord-stromal Tumors.

Journal article Am J Surg Pathol · January 2020 Prostate cancer is well known to metastasize to the testis and is not an uncommon finding on castration performed for advanced disease. Although germ cell tumors make up the majority of testis neoplasms, there are more rare tumors, such as rete testis aden ... Full text Link to item Cite

GLI1-amplifications expand the spectrum of soft tissue neoplasms defined by GLI1 gene fusions.

Journal article Mod Pathol · November 2019 GLI1 fusions involving ACTB, MALAT1, and PTCH1 genes have been recently reported in a subset of malignant soft tissue tumors with characteristic monomorphic nested epithelioid morphology and frequent S100 positivity. However, we encountered a group of morp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spindle Epithelial Tumor with Thymus-Like Differentiation (SETTLE): A Next-Generation Sequencing Study.

Journal article Head Neck Pathol · June 2019 Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE) is a malignant biphasic neoplasm of the thyroid or neck with propensity for late metastasis. Unlike synovial sarcoma, its main morphologic mimic, SETTLE lacks synovial sarcoma-associated tr ... Full text Link to item Cite

PAX8 Expression in Solitary Fibrous Tumor: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall.

Journal article Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol · March 2019 PAX8 is used as a diagnostic aid in classifying retroperitoneal (RP) spindle cell tumors. PAX8 positivity in a spindled RP tumor is typically associated with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (SRCC). However, PAX8 expression in solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), ... Full text Link to item Cite

Skin Infections

Book section · January 1, 2018 Full text Cite

Genomic Applications in Melanoma

Book section · January 1, 2018 Advances in molecular techniques have confirmed that melanoma encompasses several neural crest-derived malignancies that cluster in groups with shared features including exposure to known risk factors, histomorphology, mutational/molecular profiles, and cl ... Full text Cite

Predictors of Outcome in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Salivary Glands: A Clinicopathologic Study With Correlation Between MYB Fusion and Protein Expression.

Journal article Am J Surg Pathol · October 2017 Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is the second most common salivary gland malignancy and it has a high rate of recurrences and a poor long-term prognosis. Our aim was to assess the prognostic factors in ACC and study MYB-NFIB fusion and MYB protein expressio ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary Pulmonary Myxoid Sarcoma: A Newly Described Entity-Report of a Case and Review of the Literature.

Journal article Int J Surg Pathol · September 2017 Primary pulmonary myxoid sarcoma (PPMS) is a recently described, exceedingly rare low-grade lung sarcoma that tends to present in young females as an endobronchial mass and shows evidence of an EWSR1- CREB1 fusion. Herein, we present a case of PPMS with fl ... Full text Link to item Cite

Purpura fulminans: A case report and review of all causes

Journal article Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice · March 1, 2017 Purpura fulminans is a rapidly progressing clinical syndrome of hematologic and cutaneous manifestations accompanied by an underlying dysfunction of coagulation resulting in disseminated diathesis. It usually occurs secondary to severe infection, but can a ... Full text Cite

Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma with MYB aberrations: report of three cases and comprehensive review of the literature.

Journal article J Cutan Pathol · February 2017 Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a relatively rare slow-growing and often-aggressive epithelial-myoepithelial neoplasm that arises in multiple organs including the skin. The t(6;9) (q22-23;p23-24) translocation, resulting in a MYB-NFIB gene fusion has bee ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lethal melanoma in children: a clinicopathological study of 12 cases.

Journal article Pathology · December 2016 Melanoma in children is rare, representing 3% of paediatric malignancies and <1% of all melanomas. Very few detailed descriptions of bona fide lethal childhood melanomas exist in the literature. We performed a retrospective clinicopathological review of 12 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Loss of H3K27me3 Expression Is a Highly Sensitive Marker for Sporadic and Radiation-induced MPNST.

Journal article Am J Surg Pathol · April 2016 Most malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) exhibit combined inactivation of NF1, CDKN2A, and polycomb repressive complex 2 component genes (Embryonic Ectoderm Development [EED] and Suppressor of Zeste 12 [SUZ12]). Mutations in EED and SUZ12 ind ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid.

Journal article Cancer Control · April 2016 BACKGROUND: Periocular sebaceous carcinoma (PSC) is a rare but aggressive neoplasm that tends to clinically and histopathologically mimic other conditions. PSC can be challenging to diagnose using histomorphology alone given its overlap with 2 more common ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparing whole slide digital images versus traditional glass slides in the detection of common microscopic features seen in dermatitis

Journal article Journal of Pathology Informatics · January 29, 2016 Background: The quality and limitations of digital slides are not fully known. We aimed to estimate intrapathologist discrepancy in detecting specific microscopic features on glass slides and digital slides created by scanning at ×20. Methods: Hematoxylin ... Full text Cite

Pathology of merkel cell carcinoma (primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin)

Book section · January 1, 2016 Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive carcinoma with neuroendocrine features that arises preferentially in chronically sun-damaged skin of elderly and immunosuppressed individuals. As the annual yearly incidence steadily increases, likely due to inc ... Full text Cite

Thymic Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma: Report of a Case With CTRC1/3-MALM2 Molecular Studies.

Journal article Int J Surg Pathol · June 2015 Thymic mucoepidermoid carcinoma (TMEC) is a vanishingly rare entity that usually presents as low to intermediate grade MEC and carries a better prognosis when compared with other poorly differentiated thymic carcinomas. The recently described fusions, t(11 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Primary renal sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma: report of 2 cases with EWSR1-CREB3L1 gene fusion.

Journal article Am J Surg Pathol · March 2015 We report the first 2 genetically confirmed cases of primary renal sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF), occurring in a 17-year-old boy and a 61-year-old woman. In both cases, the tumors demonstrated the typical epithelioid clear cell morphology assoc ... Full text Link to item Cite

Melanocytic lesions

Book section · January 21, 2015 Cite

A genetic dichotomy between pure sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) and hybrid SEF/low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: a pathologic and molecular study of 18 cases.

Journal article Genes Chromosomes Cancer · January 2015 Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) is a rare soft tissue tumor exhibiting considerable morphologic overlap with low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS). Moreover, both SEF and LGFMS show MUC4 expression by immunohistochemistry. While the majority of L ... Full text Link to item Cite

NF-κB Essential Modulator Deficiency Leading to Disseminated Cutaneous Atypical Mycobacteria.

Journal article Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis · 2015 NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) is a kinase integral to the macrophage TNF-α pathway, which leads to the intracellular destruction of Mycobacteria species. Defects in the NEMO pathway result in spectrum of diseases, including but not limited to ectodermal ... Full text Link to item Cite

PRC2 is recurrently inactivated through EED or SUZ12 loss in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.

Journal article Nat Genet · November 2014 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) represent a group of highly aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas that may occur sporadically, in association with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1 associated) or after radiotherapy. Using comprehensive genomic appr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lymph node extramedullary hematopoiesis in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy: a potential diagnostic pitfall.

Journal article Int J Surg Pathol · June 2013 Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) develops as a compensatory mechanism associated with hematologic processes but it may occur in association with chemotherapy. Three cases of EMH arising in axillary lymph nodes following neoadjuvant therapy for breast car ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lethal Childhood Melanoma: A Clinicopathological Study of 12 Cases

Conference LABORATORY INVESTIGATION · February 2013 Link to item Cite

A large tumor on the right forearm

Journal article Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · May 1, 2012 Full text Cite

Squamous cell carcinoma and its precursors

Book section · March 28, 2012 Cite

C-Kit Protein Expression in Female Lower Genital Tract Melanoma

Conference LABORATORY INVESTIGATION · February 2012 Link to item Cite

Skin infections

Book section · December 1, 2010 Full text Cite

Skin Infections

Book section · February 2, 2010 Full text Cite