Patricia Agnes Cowper | Scholars@Duke

Patricia Agnes Cowper
Associate Professor in Medicine

Research Interests:
À Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Treatments;
À Clinical and Economic Implications of Changing Care Patterns

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Professor in Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 2013
Member in the Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Institutes and Centers 1993

Contact Information

2400 Pratt St, 7th Fl, Durham, NC 27705
Duke Box 3850, Durham, NC 27710
cowpe001@mc.duke.edu (919) 668-8703

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of California - Davis 1984
Duke Appointment History
- Assistant Professor in Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 2006 - 2013
- Assistant Research Professor in Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 1998 - 2006
Research
Selected Grants
- DCC: Regional Approaches to Cardiovascular Emergencies- Cardiac ARreSt (RACE-CARS) Cluster-Randomized Trial 2/2 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2027
- Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy 2 (TACT2) Data Coordinating Center awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2021
- The ISCHEMIA Trial - EQOL awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2020
- Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy 2 (TACT2) Data Coordinating Center awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2020
- National Longitudinal Outcomes Following Surgical Therapy for Lung Cancer awarded by Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2014 - 2019
- Guiding Evidence Based Therapy Using Biomarker Intensified Treatment (EQOL) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2017
- CABANA EQOL Trial awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2017
- IPA - Patricia Cowper awarded by Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center 2014
- Duke Cardiovascular CERTs awarded by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2007 - 2012
- DEcIDE DES TO4 W3 awarded by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2009 - 2012
- IPA - Patricia Cowper awarded by Veterans Administration Medical Center 2008 - 2011
- STICH Trial-Economics & Quality of Life Core Laboratory awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2010
- Economics and Quality of Life in OAT awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2006
- Economics and Quality of Life in SCD HEFT awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 2004
- Impact of early discharge following bypass surgery awarded by National Institutes of Health 2000 - 2004
- Managed Care Features Affecting Quality for CAD Patients awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2003
- DCRI CERT for Cardiovascular Therapies awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2002
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Diepen, Sean van, Rajendra H. Mehta, Jeffrey D. Leimberger, Shaun G. Goodman, Stephen Fremes, Rachael Jankowich, Matthias Heringlake, et al. “Levosimendan in patients with reduced left ventricular function undergoing isolated coronary or valve surgery.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 159, no. 6 (June 2020): 2302-2309.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.06.020.
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  - Fan, Yanni, Shaun D. Bender, Craig S. Conoscenti, Linda Davidson-Ray, Patricia A. Cowper, Scott M. Palmer, Joao A. de Andrade, and Joao A. IPF-PRO Registry Investigators. “Hospital-Based Resource Use and Costs Among Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Enrolled in the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Prospective Outcomes (IPF-PRO) Registry.” Chest 157, no. 6 (June 2020): 1522–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.041.
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  - Pasquali, Sara K., Karen Chiswell, Matt Hall, Dylan Thibault, Jennifer C. Romano, J William Gaynor, David M. Shahian, et al. “Estimating Resource Utilization in Congenital Heart Surgery.” Ann Thorac Surg, February 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.01.013.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., J David Knight, Linda Davidson-Ray, Eric D. Peterson, Tracy Y. Wang, Daniel B. Mark, and Daniel B. TRANSLATE‐ACS Investigators. “Acute and 1-Year Hospitalization Costs for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results From the TRANSLATE-ACS Registry.” J Am Heart Assoc 8, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): e011322. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011322.
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  - Fernandez, Felix G., Andrzej S. Kosinski, Betty C. Tong, Anthony P. Furnary, Liqi Feng, Mark Onaitis, Daniel Boffa, et al. “Lack of correlation between short- and long-term performance after lung cancer surgery.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 157, no. 4 (April 2019): 1633-1643.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.09.141.
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  - Tong, Betty C., Sunghee Kim, Andrzej Kosinski, Mark W. Onaitis, Daniel J. Boffa, Robert H. Habib, Joe B. Putnam, et al. “Penetration, Completeness, and Representativeness of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database for Lobectomy.” Ann Thorac Surg 107, no. 3 (March 2019): 897–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.059.
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  - Mark, Daniel B., Patricia A. Cowper, Kevin J. Anstrom, Shubin Sheng, Melanie R. Daniels, J David Knight, Khaula N. Baloch, et al. “Economic and Quality-of-Life Outcomes of Natriuretic Peptide-Guided Therapy for Heart Failure.” J Am Coll Cardiol 72, no. 21 (November 27, 2018): 2551–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2184.
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  - Boffa, Daniel J., Andrzej S. Kosinski, Anthony P. Furnary, Sunghee Kim, Mark W. Onaitis, Betty C. Tong, Patricia A. Cowper, et al. “Minimally Invasive Lung Cancer Surgery Performed by Thoracic Surgeons as Effective as Thoracotomy.” J Clin Oncol 36, no. 23 (August 10, 2018): 2378–85. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2018.77.8977.
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  - Lehman, E Philip, Patricia A. Cowper, Tiffany C. Randolph, Andrzej S. Kosinski, Renato D. Lopes, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Usefulness and Cost-Effectiveness of Universal Echocardiographic Contrast to Detect Left Ventricular Thrombus in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.” Am J Cardiol 122, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 121–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.016.
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  - Kochar, Ajar, Anita Y. Chen, Puza P. Sharma, Neha J. Pagidipati, Gregg C. Fonarow, Patricia A. Cowper, Matthew T. Roe, Eric D. Peterson, and Tracy Y. Wang. “Long-Term Mortality of Older Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated in US Clinical Practice.” J Am Heart Assoc 7, no. 13 (June 30, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007230.
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  - Fernandez, Felix G., Andrzej S. Kosinski, Anthony P. Furnary, Mark Onaitis, Sunghee Kim, Robert H. Habib, Betty C. Tong, et al. “Differential effects of operative complications on survival after surgery for primary lung cancer.” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 155, no. 3 (March 2018): 1254-1264.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.09.149.
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  - Onaitis, Mark W., Anthony P. Furnary, Andrzej S. Kosinski, Sunghee Kim, Daniel Boffa, Betty C. Tong, Patricia Cowper, et al. “Prediction of Long-Term Survival After Lung Cancer Surgery for Elderly Patients in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database.” Ann Thorac Surg 105, no. 1 (January 2018): 309–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.06.071.
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  - Boffa, Daniel, Felix G. Fernandez, Sunghee Kim, Andrzej Kosinski, Mark W. Onaitis, Patricia Cowper, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, Cameron D. Wright, Joe B. Putnam, and Anthony P. Furnary. “Surgically Managed Clinical Stage IIIA-Clinical N2 Lung Cancer in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database.” Ann Thorac Surg 104, no. 2 (August 2017): 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.02.031.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., Shubin Sheng, Renato D. Lopes, Kevin J. Anstrom, Judith A. Stafford, Linda Davidson-Ray, Sana M. Al-Khatib, et al. “Economic Analysis of Apixaban Therapy for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation From a US Perspective: Results From the ARISTOTLE Randomized Clinical Trial.” Jama Cardiol 2, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 525–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0065.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., Matthew J. Peterson, Carl F. Pieper, Richard J. Sloane, Katherine S. Hall, Eleanor S. McConnell, Hayden B. Bosworth, Carola C. Ekelund, Megan P. Pearson, and Miriam C. Morey. “Economic Analysis of Primary Care-Based Physical Activity Counseling in Older Men: The VA-LIFE Trial.” J Am Geriatr Soc 65, no. 3 (March 2017): 533–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14567.
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  - Kaul, Padma, E Magnus Ohman, J David Knight, Kevin J. Anstrom, Matthew T. Roe, William E. Boden, Judith S. Hochman, et al. “Health-related quality of life outcomes with prasugrel among medically managed non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients: Insights from the Targeted Platelet Inhibition to Clarify the Optimal Strategy to Medically Manage Acute Coronary Syndromes (TRILOGY ACS) trial.” Am Heart J 178 (August 2016): 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2016.03.017.
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  - Mark, Daniel B., Jerome J. Federspiel, Patricia A. Cowper, Kevin J. Anstrom, Udo Hoffmann, Manesh R. Patel, Linda Davidson-Ray, et al. “Economic Outcomes With Anatomical Versus Functional Diagnostic Testing for Coronary Artery Disease.” Ann Intern Med 165, no. 2 (July 19, 2016): 94–102. https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-2639.
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  - Fernandez, Felix G., Anthony P. Furnary, Andrzej S. Kosinski, Mark W. Onaitis, Sunghee Kim, Daniel Boffa, Patricia Cowper, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, Cameron D. Wright, and Joe B. Putnam. “Longitudinal Follow-up of Lung Cancer Resection From the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database in Patients 65 Years and Older.” Ann Thorac Surg 101, no. 6 (June 2016): 2067–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.03.034.
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  - Guinn, Nicole R., Russell S. Roberson, William White, Patricia A. Cowper, Bob Broomer, Carmelo Milano, Antonio Chiricolo, and Steven Hill. “Costs and outcomes after cardiac surgery in patients refusing transfusion compared with those who do not: a case-matched study.” Transfusion 55, no. 12 (December 2015): 2791–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13246.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., Wenqin Pan, Kevin J. Anstrom, Padma Kaul, Lars Wallentin, Linda Davidson-Ray, Elisabet Nikolic, et al. “Economic analysis of ticagrelor therapy from a U.S. perspective: results from the PLATO study.” J Am Coll Cardiol 65, no. 5 (February 10, 2015): 465–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.034.
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  - Federspiel, Jerome J., Bimal R. Shah, Leslee J. Shaw, Frederick A. Masoudi, Patricia P. Chang, Sally C. Stearns, Daniel W. Mudrick, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia L. Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Impact of choice of imaging modality accompanying outpatient exercise stress testing on outcomes and resource use after revascularization for acute coronary syndromes.” Am Heart J 166, no. 4 (October 2013): 783-791.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.020.
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  - Shah, Bimal R., Lisa A. McCoy, Jerome J. Federspiel, Daniel Mudrick, Patricia A. Cowper, Frederick A. Masoudi, Barbara L. Lytle, Cynthia L. Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Use of stress testing and diagnostic catheterization after coronary stenting: association of site-level patterns with patient characteristics and outcomes in 247,052 Medicare beneficiaries.” J Am Coll Cardiol 62, no. 5 (July 30, 2013): 439–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.093.
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  - Mudrick, Daniel W., Bimal R. Shah, Lisa A. McCoy, Barbara L. Lytle, Frederick A. Masoudi, Jerome J. Federspiel, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Patterns of stress testing and diagnostic catheterization after coronary stenting in 250 350 medicare beneficiaries.” Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.974121.
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  - Federspiel, Jerome J., Daniel W. Mudrick, Bimal R. Shah, Sally C. Stearns, Frederick A. Masoudi, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia L. Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Patterns and predictors of stress testing modality after percutaneous coronary stenting: data from the NCDR(®).” Jacc Cardiovasc Imaging 5, no. 10 (October 2012): 969–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.07.011.
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  - Mudrick, Daniel, Lisa A. Kaltenbach, Bimal Shah, Barbara Lytle, Frederick A. Masoudi, Daniel B. Mark, Jerome J. Federspiel, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Downstream testing and subsequent procedures after coronary computed tomographic angiography following coronary stenting in patients ≥65 years of age.” Am J Cardiol 110, no. 6 (September 15, 2012): 776–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.004.
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  - Morey, Miriam C., Carl F. Pieper, David E. Edelman, William S. Yancy, Jennifer B. Green, Helen Lum, Matthew J. Peterson, et al. “Enhanced fitness: a randomized controlled trial of the effects of home-based physical activity counseling on glycemic control in older adults with prediabetes mellitus.” J Am Geriatr Soc 60, no. 9 (September 2012): 1655–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04119.x.
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  - Mudrick, Daniel W., Patricia A. Cowper, Bimal R. Shah, Manesh R. Patel, Neil C. Jensen, Eric D. Peterson, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Downstream procedures and outcomes after stress testing for chest pain without known coronary artery disease in the United States.” Am Heart J 163, no. 3 (March 2012): 454–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2011.11.022.
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  - Eisenstein, Eric L., David F. Kong, Patricia A. Cowper, Jay P. Bae, Krishnan Ramaswamy, and Kevin J. Anstrom. “Nonfatal myocardial infarction and long-term outcomes in coronary artery disease.” Am Heart J 163, no. 1 (January 2012): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2011.09.024.
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  - Shah, Bimal R., Patricia A. Cowper, Sean M. O’Brien, Neil Jensen, Manesh R. Patel, Pamela S. Douglas, and Eric D. Peterson. “Association between physician billing and cardiac stress testing patterns following coronary revascularization.” Jama 306, no. 18 (November 9, 2011): 1993–2000. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1604.
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  - Hall, Katherine S., Carl F. Pieper, David E. Edelman, William S. Yancy, Jennifer B. Green, Helen Lum, Matthew J. Peterson, et al. “Lessons learned when innovations go awry: a baseline description of a behavioral trial-the Enhancing Fitness in Older Overweight Veterans with Impaired Fasting Glucose study.” Transl Behav Med 1, no. 4 (November 2011): 573–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-011-0075-6.
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  - Hall, Katherine S., Richard Sloane, Carl F. Pieper, Matthew J. Peterson, Gail M. Crowley, Patricia A. Cowper, Eleanor S. McConnell, Hayden B. Bosworth, Carola C. Ekelund, and Miriam C. Morey. “Long-term changes in physical activity following a one-year home-based physical activity counseling program in older adults with multiple morbidities.” J Aging Res 2011 (December 26, 2010): 308407. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/308407.
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  - Shah, Bimal R., Patricia A. Cowper, Sean M. O’Brien, Neil Jensen, Matthew Drawz, Manesh R. Patel, Pamela S. Douglas, and Eric D. Peterson. “Patterns of cardiac stress testing after revascularization in community practice.” J Am Coll Cardiol 56, no. 16 (October 12, 2010): 1328–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.093.
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  - Eisenstein, Eric L., Martin B. Leon, David E. Kandzari, Laura Mauri, Rex Edwards, David F. Kong, Patricia A. Cowper, Kevin J. Anstrom, and Kevin J. ENDEAVOR III Investigators. “Long-term clinical and economic analysis of the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent versus the cypher sirolimus-eluting stent: 3-year results from the ENDEAVOR III trial (Randomized Controlled Trial of the Medtronic Endeavor Drug [ABT-578] Eluting Coronary Stent System Versus the Cypher Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent System in De Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions).” Jacc Cardiovasc Interv 2, no. 12 (December 2009): 1199–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2009.10.009.
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  - Eisenstein, Eric L., William Wijns, Jean Fajadet, Laura Mauri, Rex Edwards, Patricia A. Cowper, David F. Kong, and Kevin J. Anstrom. “Long-term clinical and economic analysis of the Endeavor drug-eluting stent versus the Driver bare-metal stent: 4-year results from the ENDEAVOR II trial (Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Medtronic AVE ABT-578 Eluting Driver Coronary Stent in De Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions).” Jacc Cardiovasc Interv 2, no. 12 (December 2009): 1178–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2009.10.011.
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  - Morey, Miriam C., Matthew J. Peterson, Carl F. Pieper, Richard Sloane, Gail M. Crowley, Patricia A. Cowper, Eleanor S. McConnell, Hayden B. Bosworth, Carola C. Ekelund, and Megan P. Pearson. “The Veterans Learning to Improve Fitness and Function in Elders Study: a randomized trial of primary care-based physical activity counseling for older men.” J Am Geriatr Soc 57, no. 7 (July 2009): 1166–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02301.x.
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  - Mark, Daniel B., Wenqin Pan, Nancy E. Clapp-Channing, Kevin J. Anstrom, John R. Ross, Rebecca S. Fox, Gerard P. Devlin, et al. “Quality of life after late invasive therapy for occluded arteries.” N Engl J Med 360, no. 8 (February 19, 2009): 774–83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805151.
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  - Alexander, Karen P., Patricia A. Cowper, Judith A. Kempf, Barbara L. Lytle, and Eric D. Peterson. “Profile of chronic and recurrent angina pectoris in a referral population.” Am J Cardiol 102, no. 10 (November 15, 2008): 1301–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.006.
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  - Mark, Daniel B., J David Knight, Patricia A. Cowper, Linda Davidson-Ray, and Kevin J. Anstrom. “Long-term economic outcomes associated with intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy in coronary artery disease: results from the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Trial.” Am Heart J 156, no. 4 (October 2008): 698–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.05.032.
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  - Morey, Miriam C., Matthew J. Peterson, Carl F. Pieper, Richard Sloane, Gail M. Crowley, Patricia Cowper, Eleanor McConnell, et al. “Project LIFE--Learning to Improve Fitness and Function in Elders: methods, design, and baseline characteristics of randomized trial.” J Rehabil Res Dev 45, no. 1 (2008): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2007.03.0044.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, Edward L. Hannan, Lawrence H. Muhlbaier, Barbara L. Lytle, Robert H. Jones, William L. Holman, et al. “Is early too early? Effect of shorter stays after bypass surgery.” Ann Thorac Surg 83, no. 1 (January 2007): 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.001.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, Edward L. Hannan, Lawrence H. Muhlbaier, Barbara L. Lytle, Robert H. Jones, William L. Holman, et al. “Trends in postoperative length of stay after bypass surgery.” Am Heart J 152, no. 6 (December 2006): 1194–1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2006.07.017.
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  - Mark, Daniel B., Charlotte L. Nelson, Kevin J. Anstrom, Sana M. Al-Khatib, Anastasios A. Tsiatis, Patricia A. Cowper, Nancy E. Clapp-Channing, et al. “Cost-effectiveness of defibrillator therapy or amiodarone in chronic stable heart failure: results from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT).” Circulation 114, no. 2 (July 11, 2006): 135–42. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.581884.
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  - Eriksson, Peter. “Economic effects of extended clopidogrel therapy--a word of caution.” J Am Coll Cardiol 46, no. 7 (October 4, 2005): 1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.07.004.
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  - Cowper, P. A., K. Udayakumar, M. H. Sketch, and E. D. Peterson. “Erratum: Economic effects of prolonged clopidogrel therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005) 45 (369-376)).” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45, no. 11 (June 7, 2005): 1912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.002.
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  - Kaul, Padma, Paul W. Armstrong, Patricia A. Cowper, Eric L. Eisenstein, Christopher B. Granger, Frans Van de Werf, and Daniel B. Mark. “Economic analysis of the Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen (ASSENT-3) study: costs of reperfusion strategies in acute myocardial infarction.” Am Heart J 149, no. 4 (April 2005): 637–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.02.019.
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  - DeLong, E. R., B. L. Lytle, P. A. Cowper, K. P. Alexander, E. D. Peterson, and D. B. Mark. “Research, managed care, and patient privacy: Challenges to successful collaboration.” Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 151–56.
  - Cowper, Patricia A., Krishna Udayakumar, Michael H. Sketch, and Eric D. Peterson. “Economic effects of prolonged clopidogrel therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention.” J Am Coll Cardiol 45, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 369–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.041.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, David J. Whellan, Nancy M. Allen LaPointe, and Robert M. Califf. “Economic effects of beta-blocker therapy in patients with heart failure.” Am J Med 116, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 104–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.07.016.
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  - Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, Eric D. Peterson, Edward L. Hannan, Kevin T. Ray, Michael Racz, and Daniel B. Mark. “Variability in cost of coronary bypass surgery in New York State: potential for cost savings.” Am Heart J 143, no. 1 (January 2002): 130–39. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2002.119617.
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  - Cowper, P. A., E. D. Peterson, E. R. DeLong, M. B. Wightman, R. P. Wawrzynski, L. H. Muhlbaier, and M. H. Sketch. “The impact of statistical adjustment on economic profiles of interventional cardiologists.” J Am Coll Cardiol 38, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 1416–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01538-8.
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  - Cantor, W. J., A. S. Hellkamp, E. D. Peterson, J. P. Zidar, P. A. Cowper, M. H. Sketch, J. E. Tcheng, R. M. Califf, and E. M. Ohman. “Achieving optimal results with standard balloon angioplasty: can baseline and angiographic variables predict stent-like outcomes?” J Am Coll Cardiol 37, no. 7 (June 1, 2001): 1883–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01244-x.
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  - Cowper, P. A., and E. D. Peterson. “Extending the useful life of clinical trials.” Am Heart J 140, no. 4 (October 2000): 552–53. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2000.109916.
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  - Mann, T., P. A. Cowper, E. D. Peterson, G. Cubeddu, J. Bowen, L. Giron, W. J. Cantor, et al. “Transradial coronary stenting: comparison with femoral access closed with an arterial suture device.” Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 49, no. 2 (February 2000): 150–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-726x(200002)49:2<150::aid-ccd7>3.0.co;2-f.
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  - Heinz, T. R., P. A. Cowper, and L. S. Levin. “Microsurgery costs and outcome.” Plast Reconstr Surg 104, no. 1 (July 1999): 89–96.
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  - Peterson, E. D., P. A. Cowper, E. R. DeLong, J. P. Zidar, R. S. Stack, and D. B. Mark. “Acute and long-term cost implications of coronary stenting.” J Am Coll Cardiol 33, no. 6 (May 1999): 1610–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00051-0.
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  - Mark, D. B., P. A. Cowper, S. D. Berkowitz, L. Davidson-Ray, E. R. DeLong, A. G. Turpie, R. M. Califf, B. Weatherley, and M. Cohen. “Economic assessment of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndrome patients: results from the ESSENCE randomized trial. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q wave Coronary Events [unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction].” Circulation 97, no. 17 (May 5, 1998): 1702–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.97.17.1702.
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  - Cowper, P. A., M. Weinberger, J. T. Hanlon, P. B. Landsman, G. P. Samsa, K. M. Uttech, K. E. Schmader, I. K. Lewis, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “The cost-effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist intervention among elderly outpatients.” Pharmacotherapy 18, no. 2 I (March 1, 1998): 327–32.
  - Cowper, P. A., E. D. Peterson, E. R. DeLong, J. G. Jollis, L. H. Muhlbaier, and D. B. Mark. “Impact of early discharge after coronary artery bypass graft surgery on rates of hospital readmission and death. The Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Investigators.” J Am Coll Cardiol 30, no. 4 (October 1997): 908–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(97)00243-x.
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  - Cowper, P. A., E. R. DeLong, E. D. Peterson, J. Lipscomb, L. H. Muhlbaier, J. G. Jollis, D. B. Pryor, and D. B. Mark. “Geographic variation in resource use for coronary artery bypass surgery. IHD Port Investigators.” Med Care 35, no. 4 (April 1997): 320–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199704000-00004.
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  - Morey, M. C., C. F. Pieper, R. J. Sullivan, G. M. Crowley, P. A. Cowper, and M. S. Robbins. “Five-year performance trends for older exercisers: a hierarchical model of endurance, strength, and flexibility.” J Am Geriatr Soc 44, no. 10 (October 1996): 1226–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01374.x.
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  - Hanlon, J. T., M. Weinberger, G. P. Samsa, K. E. Schmader, K. M. Uttech, I. K. Lewis, P. A. Cowper, P. B. Landsman, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “A randomized, controlled trial of a clinical pharmacist intervention to improve inappropriate prescribing in elderly outpatients with polypharmacy.” Am J Med 100, no. 4 (April 1996): 428–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89519-8.
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  - Peterson, E. D., P. A. Cowper, J. G. Jollis, J. D. Bebchuk, E. R. DeLong, L. H. Muhlbaier, D. B. Mark, and D. B. Pryor. “Outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 24 461 patients aged 80 years or older.” Circulation 92, no. 9 SUPPL. (November 1, 1995). https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.92.9.85.
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  - Weinberger, M., M. S. Kirkman, G. P. Samsa, E. A. Shortliffe, P. B. Landsman, P. A. Cowper, D. L. Simel, and J. R. Feussner. “A nurse-coordinated intervention for primary care patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: impact on glycemic control and health-related quality of life.” J Gen Intern Med 10, no. 2 (February 1995): 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02600227.
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  - Weinberger, M., B. Nagle, J. T. Hanlon, G. P. Samsa, K. Schmader, P. B. Landsman, K. M. Uttech, P. A. Cowper, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “Assessing health-related quality of life in elderly outpatients: telephone versus face-to-face administration.” J Am Geriatr Soc 42, no. 12 (December 1994): 1295–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06515.x.
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  - Weinberger, M., M. S. Kirkman, G. P. Samsa, P. A. Cowper, E. A. Shortliffe, D. L. Simel, and J. R. Feussner. “The relationship between glycemic control and health-related quality of life in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.” Med Care 32, no. 12 (December 1994): 1173–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199412000-00002.
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  - Morey, M. C., G. M. Crowley, M. S. Robbins, P. A. Cowper, and R. J. Sullivan. “The Gerofit Program: a VA innovation.” South Med J 87, no. 5 (May 1994): S83–87.
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  - Oddone, E. Z., P. Cowper, J. D. Hamilton, D. B. Matchar, P. Hartigan, G. Samsa, M. Simberkoff, and J. R. Feussner. “Cost effectiveness analysis of early zidovudine treatment of HIV infected patients.” Bmj 307, no. 6915 (November 20, 1993): 1322–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6915.1322.
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  - Oddone, E. Z., P. A. Cowper, J. D. Hamilton, and J. R. Feussner. “A cost-effectiveness analysis of hepatitis B vaccine in predialysis patients.” Health Serv Res 28, no. 1 (April 1993): 97–121.
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  - Weinberger, M., D. T. Gold, G. W. Divine, P. A. Cowper, L. G. Hodgson, P. J. Schreiner, and L. K. George. “Expenditures in caring for patients with dementia who live at home.” Am J Public Health 83, no. 3 (March 1993): 338–41. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.83.3.338.
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  - Weinberger, M., D. T. Gold, G. W. Divine, P. A. Cowper, L. G. Hodgson, P. J. Schreiner, and L. K. George. “Social service interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia: impact on health care utilization and expenditures.” J Am Geriatr Soc 41, no. 2 (February 1993): 153–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb02050.x.
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  - Weinberger, M., W. M. Tierney, P. A. Cowper, B. P. Katz, and P. A. Booher. “Cost-effectiveness of increased telephone contact for patients with osteoarthritis. A randomized, controlled trial.” Arthritis Rheum 36, no. 2 (February 1993): 243–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780360216.
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  - Cowper, P. A., M. C. Morey, L. B. Bearon, R. J. Sullivan, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, M. E. Monger, and J. R. Feussner. “The impact of supervised exercise on the psychological well-being and health status of older veterans.” J Appl Gerontol 10, no. 4 (December 1991): 469–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/073346489101000408.
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  - Morey, M. C., P. A. Cowper, J. R. Feussner, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, G. P. Samsa, and R. J. Sullivan. “Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans.” J Am Geriatr Soc 39, no. 10 (October 1991): 986–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04045.x.
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  - Weinberger, M., G. P. Samsa, J. T. Hanlon, K. Schmader, M. E. Doyle, P. A. Cowper, K. M. Uttech, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “An evaluation of a brief health status measure in elderly veterans.” J Am Geriatr Soc 39, no. 7 (July 1991): 691–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03623.x.
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  - Morey, M. C., P. A. Cowper, J. R. Feussner, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, and R. J. Sullivan. “Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans.” J Am Geriatr Soc 39, no. 6 (June 1991): 549–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03591.x.
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  - Weinberger, M., P. A. Cowper, M. S. Kirkman, and F. Vinicor. “Economic impact of diabetes mellitus in the elderly.” Clin Geriatr Med 6, no. 4 (November 1990): 959–70.
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  - Morey, M. C., P. A. Cowper, J. R. Feussner, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, D. W. Kitzman, and R. J. Sullivan. “Evaluation of a supervised exercise program in a geriatric population.” J Am Geriatr Soc 37, no. 4 (April 1989): 348–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05503.x.
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  - Cowper, P. A., and J. E. Kushman. “A Spatial Analysis of Primary Health Care Markets in Rural Areas.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69, no. 3 (January 1, 1987): 613–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/1241696.
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