Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Ph.D., University of California at Davis 1984
• 

  Duke Appointment History

  • Assistant Professor in Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 2006 - 2013
  • Assistant Research Professor in Medicine, Medicine, Cardiology, Medicine 1998 - 2006
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy 2 (TACT2) DCC awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2021
  • The ISCHEMIA Trial - EQOL awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2019
  • National Longitudinal Outcomes Following Surgical Therapy for Lung Cancer awarded by Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2014 - 2019
  • Guiding Evidence Based Therapy Using Biomarker Intensified Treatment (EQOL) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2017
  • CABANA EQOL Trial awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2017
  • IPA - Patricia Cowper awarded by Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center 2014
  • Duke Cardiovascular CERTs awarded by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2007 - 2012
  • DEcIDE DES TO4 W3 awarded by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 2009 - 2012
  • IPA - Patricia Cowper awarded by Veterans Administration Medical Center 2008 - 2011
  • STICH Trial-Economics & Quality of Life Core Laboratory awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2010
  • Economics and Quality of Life in OAT awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2006
  • Economics and Quality of Life in SCD HEFT awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 2004
  • Impact of early discharge following bypass surgery awarded by National Institutes of Health 2000 - 2004
  • Managed Care Features Affecting Quality for CAD Patients awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2003
  • DCRI CERT for Cardiovascular Therapies awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2002
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Cowper, Patricia A., J David Knight, Linda Davidson-Ray, Eric D. Peterson, Tracy Y. Wang, Daniel B. Mark, and Daniel B. TRANSLATE‐ACS Investigators. “Acute and 1-Year Hospitalization Costs for Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results From the TRANSLATE-ACS Registry..” J Am Heart Assoc 8, no. 8 (April 16, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011322.
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    • Fernandez, Felix G., Andrzej S. Kosinski, Betty C. Tong, Anthony P. Furnary, Liqi Feng, Mark Onaitis, Daniel Boffa, et al. “Lack of correlation between short- and long-term performance after lung cancer surgery..” The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 157, no. 4 (April 2019): 1633-1643.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.09.141.
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    • Tong, Betty C., Sunghee Kim, Andrzej Kosinski, Mark W. Onaitis, Daniel J. Boffa, Robert H. Habib, Joe B. Putnam, et al. “Penetration, Completeness, and Representativeness of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database for Lobectomy..” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 107, no. 3 (March 2019): 897–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.07.059.
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    • Mark, Daniel B., Patricia A. Cowper, Kevin J. Anstrom, Shubin Sheng, Melanie R. Daniels, J David Knight, Khaula N. Baloch, et al. “Economic and Quality-of-Life Outcomes of Natriuretic Peptide-Guided Therapy for Heart Failure..” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72, no. 21 (November 2018): 2551–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2184.
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    • Boffa, Daniel J., Andrzej S. Kosinski, Anthony P. Furnary, Sunghee Kim, Mark W. Onaitis, Betty C. Tong, Patricia A. Cowper, et al. “Minimally Invasive Lung Cancer Surgery Performed by Thoracic Surgeons as Effective as Thoracotomy..” Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 23 (August 2018): 2378–85. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.77.8977.
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    • Lehman, E Philip, Patricia A. Cowper, Tiffany C. Randolph, Andrzej S. Kosinski, Renato D. Lopes, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Usefulness and Cost-Effectiveness of Universal Echocardiographic Contrast to Detect Left Ventricular Thrombus in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction..” The American Journal of Cardiology 122, no. 1 (July 2018): 121–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.016.
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    • Kochar, Ajar, Anita Y. Chen, Puza P. Sharma, Neha J. Pagidipati, Gregg C. Fonarow, Patricia A. Cowper, Matthew T. Roe, Eric D. Peterson, and Tracy Y. Wang. “Long-Term Mortality of Older Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated in US Clinical Practice..” Journal of the American Heart Association 7, no. 13 (June 30, 2018). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007230.
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    • Fernandez, Felix G., Andrzej S. Kosinski, Anthony P. Furnary, Mark Onaitis, Sunghee Kim, Robert H. Habib, Betty C. Tong, et al. “Differential effects of operative complications on survival after surgery for primary lung cancer..” J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 155, no. 3 (March 2018): 1254-1264.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.09.149.
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    • Onaitis, Mark W., Anthony P. Furnary, Andrzej S. Kosinski, Sunghee Kim, Daniel Boffa, Betty C. Tong, Patricia Cowper, et al. “Prediction of Long-Term Survival After Lung Cancer Surgery for Elderly Patients in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database..” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 105, no. 1 (January 2018): 309–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.06.071.
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    • Boffa, Daniel, Felix G. Fernandez, Sunghee Kim, Andrzej Kosinski, Mark W. Onaitis, Patricia Cowper, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, Cameron D. Wright, Joe B. Putnam, and Anthony P. Furnary. “Surgically Managed Clinical Stage IIIA-Clinical N2 Lung Cancer in The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database..” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 104, no. 2 (August 2017): 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.02.031.
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    • Cowper, Patricia A., Shubin Sheng, Renato D. Lopes, Kevin J. Anstrom, Judith A. Stafford, Linda Davidson-Ray, Sana M. Al-Khatib, et al. “Economic Analysis of Apixaban Therapy for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation From a US Perspective: Results From the ARISTOTLE Randomized Clinical Trial..” Jama Cardiology 2, no. 5 (May 2017): 525–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0065.
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    • Cowper, Patricia A., Matthew J. Peterson, Carl F. Pieper, Richard J. Sloane, Katherine S. Hall, Eleanor S. McConnell, Hayden B. Bosworth, Carola C. Ekelund, Megan P. Pearson, and Miriam C. Morey. “Economic Analysis of Primary Care-Based Physical Activity Counseling in Older Men: The VA-LIFE Trial..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 65, no. 3 (March 2017): 533–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14567.
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    • Kaul, Padma, E Magnus Ohman, J David Knight, Kevin J. Anstrom, Matthew T. Roe, William E. Boden, Judith S. Hochman, et al. “Health-related quality of life outcomes with prasugrel among medically managed non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients: Insights from the Targeted Platelet Inhibition to Clarify the Optimal Strategy to Medically Manage Acute Coronary Syndromes (TRILOGY ACS) trial..” American Heart Journal 178 (August 2016): 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2016.03.017.
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    • Mark, Daniel B., Jerome J. Federspiel, Patricia A. Cowper, Kevin J. Anstrom, Udo Hoffmann, Manesh R. Patel, Linda Davidson-Ray, et al. “Economic Outcomes With Anatomical Versus Functional Diagnostic Testing for Coronary Artery Disease..” Annals of Internal Medicine 165, no. 2 (July 2016): 94–102. https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-2639.
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    • Fernandez, Felix G., Anthony P. Furnary, Andrzej S. Kosinski, Mark W. Onaitis, Sunghee Kim, Daniel Boffa, Patricia Cowper, Jeffrey P. Jacobs, Cameron D. Wright, and Joe B. Putnam. “Longitudinal Follow-up of Lung Cancer Resection From the Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgery Database in Patients 65 Years and Older..” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 101, no. 6 (June 2016): 2067–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.03.034.
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    • Guinn, Nicole R., Russell S. Roberson, William White, Patricia A. Cowper, Bob Broomer, Carmelo Milano, Antonio Chiricolo, and Steven Hill. “Costs and outcomes after cardiac surgery in patients refusing transfusion compared with those who do not: a case-matched study..” Transfusion 55, no. 12 (December 2015): 2791–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13246.
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    • Cowper, Patricia A., Wenqin Pan, Kevin J. Anstrom, Padma Kaul, Lars Wallentin, Linda Davidson-Ray, Elisabet Nikolic, et al. “Economic analysis of ticagrelor therapy from a U.S. perspective: results from the PLATO study..” J Am Coll Cardiol 65, no. 5 (February 10, 2015): 465–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.11.034.
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    • Federspiel, Jerome J., Bimal R. Shah, Leslee J. Shaw, Frederick A. Masoudi, Patricia P. Chang, Sally C. Stearns, Daniel W. Mudrick, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia L. Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Impact of choice of imaging modality accompanying outpatient exercise stress testing on outcomes and resource use after revascularization for acute coronary syndromes..” American Heart Journal 166, no. 4 (October 2013): 783-791.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.020.
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    • Shah, Bimal R., Lisa A. McCoy, Jerome J. Federspiel, Daniel Mudrick, Patricia A. Cowper, Frederick A. Masoudi, Barbara L. Lytle, Cynthia L. Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Use of stress testing and diagnostic catheterization after coronary stenting: association of site-level patterns with patient characteristics and outcomes in 247,052 Medicare beneficiaries..” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62, no. 5 (July 2013): 439–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.093.
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    • Federspiel, J. J., B. R. Shah, L. J. Shaw, F. A. Masoudi, P. P. Chang, S. C. Stearns, D. W. Mudrick, P. A. Cowper, C. L. Green, and P. S. Douglas. “Impact of choice of imaging modality accompanying outpatient exercise stress testing on outcomes and resource use after revascularization for acute coronary syndromes.” American Heart Journal 166, no. 4 (2013): 783-791.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.020.
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    • Mudrick, Daniel W., Bimal R. Shah, Lisa A. McCoy, Barbara L. Lytle, Frederick A. Masoudi, Jerome J. Federspiel, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Patterns of stress testing and diagnostic catheterization after coronary stenting in 250 350 medicare beneficiaries..” Circulation. Cardiovascular Imaging 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.974121.
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    • Federspiel, Jerome J., Daniel W. Mudrick, Bimal R. Shah, Sally C. Stearns, Frederick A. Masoudi, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia L. Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Patterns and predictors of stress testing modality after percutaneous coronary stenting: data from the NCDR(®)..” Jacc. Cardiovascular Imaging 5, no. 10 (October 2012): 969–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.07.011.
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    • Morey, M. C., C. F. Pieper, D. E. Edelman, W. S. Yancy Jr, J. B. Green, H. Lum, M. J. Peterson, et al. “Enhanced fitness: a randomized controlled trial of the effects of home-based physical activity counseling on glycemic control in older adults with prediabetes mellitus..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 60, no. 9 (September 2012): 1655–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04119.x.
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    • Mudrick, Daniel, Lisa A. Kaltenbach, Bimal Shah, Barbara Lytle, Frederick A. Masoudi, Daniel B. Mark, Jerome J. Federspiel, Patricia A. Cowper, Cynthia Green, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Downstream testing and subsequent procedures after coronary computed tomographic angiography following coronary stenting in patients ≥65 years of age..” The American Journal of Cardiology 110, no. 6 (September 2012): 776–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.004.
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    • Mudrick, Daniel W., Patricia A. Cowper, Bimal R. Shah, Manesh R. Patel, Neil C. Jensen, Eric D. Peterson, and Pamela S. Douglas. “Downstream procedures and outcomes after stress testing for chest pain without known coronary artery disease in the United States..” American Heart Journal 163, no. 3 (March 2012): 454–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2011.11.022.
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    • Eisenstein, Eric L., David F. Kong, Patricia A. Cowper, Jay P. Bae, Krishnan Ramaswamy, and Kevin J. Anstrom. “Nonfatal myocardial infarction and long-term outcomes in coronary artery disease..” American Heart Journal 163, no. 1 (January 2012): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2011.09.024.
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    • Hall, K. S., C. F. Pieper, D. E. Edelman, W. S. Yancy Jr, J. B. Green, H. Lum, M. J. Peterson, et al. “Lessons learned when innovations go awry: a baseline description of a behavioral trial-the Enhancing Fitness in Older Overweight Veterans with Impaired Fasting Glucose study..” Translational Behavioral Medicine 1, no. 4 (November 2011): 573–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-011-0075-6.
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    • Shah, Bimal R., Patricia A. Cowper, Sean M. O’Brien, Neil Jensen, Manesh R. Patel, Pamela S. Douglas, and Eric D. Peterson. “Association between physician billing and cardiac stress testing patterns following coronary revascularization..” Jama 306, no. 18 (November 2011): 1993–2000. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1604.
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    • Hall, K. S., R. Sloane, C. F. Pieper, M. J. Peterson, G. M. Crowley, P. A. Cowper, E. S. McConnell, H. B. Bosworth, C. C. Ekelund, and M. C. Morey. “Long-term changes in physical activity following a one-year home-based physical activity counseling program in older adults with multiple morbidities..” Journal of Aging Research 2011 (December 2010). https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/308407.
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    • Shah, Bimal R., Patricia A. Cowper, Sean M. O’Brien, Neil Jensen, Matthew Drawz, Manesh R. Patel, Pamela S. Douglas, and Eric D. Peterson. “Patterns of cardiac stress testing after revascularization in community practice..” J Am Coll Cardiol 56, no. 16 (October 12, 2010): 1328–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.093.
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    • Eisenstein, Eric L., Martin B. Leon, David E. Kandzari, Laura Mauri, Rex Edwards, David F. Kong, Patricia A. Cowper, Kevin J. Anstrom, and Kevin J. ENDEAVOR III Investigators. “Long-term clinical and economic analysis of the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent versus the cypher sirolimus-eluting stent: 3-year results from the ENDEAVOR III trial (Randomized Controlled Trial of the Medtronic Endeavor Drug [ABT-578] Eluting Coronary Stent System Versus the Cypher Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent System in De Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions)..” Jacc. Cardiovascular Interventions 2, no. 12 (December 2009): 1199–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2009.10.009.
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    • Eisenstein, Eric L., William Wijns, Jean Fajadet, Laura Mauri, Rex Edwards, Patricia A. Cowper, David F. Kong, and Kevin J. Anstrom. “Long-term clinical and economic analysis of the Endeavor drug-eluting stent versus the Driver bare-metal stent: 4-year results from the ENDEAVOR II trial (Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Medtronic AVE ABT-578 Eluting Driver Coronary Stent in De Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions)..” Jacc. Cardiovascular Interventions 2, no. 12 (December 2009): 1178–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2009.10.011.
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    • Morey, Miriam C., Matthew J. Peterson, Carl F. Pieper, Richard Sloane, Gail M. Crowley, Patricia A. Cowper, Eleanor S. McConnell, Hayden B. Bosworth, Carola C. Ekelund, and Megan P. Pearson. “The Veterans Learning to Improve Fitness and Function in Elders Study: a randomized trial of primary care-based physical activity counseling for older men..” J Am Geriatr Soc 57, no. 7 (July 2009): 1166–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02301.x.
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    • Mark, Daniel B., Wenqin Pan, Nancy E. Clapp-Channing, Kevin J. Anstrom, John R. Ross, Rebecca S. Fox, Gerard P. Devlin, et al. “Quality of life after late invasive therapy for occluded arteries..” The New England Journal of Medicine 360, no. 8 (February 2009): 774–83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0805151.
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    • Alexander, Karen P., Patricia A. Cowper, Judith A. Kempf, Barbara L. Lytle, and Eric D. Peterson. “Profile of chronic and recurrent angina pectoris in a referral population..” The American Journal of Cardiology 102, no. 10 (November 2008): 1301–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.006.
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    • Mark, Daniel B., J David Knight, Patricia A. Cowper, Linda Davidson-Ray, and Kevin J. Anstrom. “Long-term economic outcomes associated with intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy in coronary artery disease: results from the Treating to New Targets (TNT) Trial..” American Heart Journal 156, no. 4 (October 2008): 698–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.05.032.
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    • Morey, Miriam C., Matthew J. Peterson, Carl F. Pieper, Richard Sloane, Gail M. Crowley, Patricia Cowper, Eleanor McConnell, et al. “Project LIFE--Learning to Improve Fitness and Function in Elders: methods, design, and baseline characteristics of randomized trial..” Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 45, no. 1 (January 2008): 31–42.
    • Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, Edward L. Hannan, Lawrence H. Muhlbaier, Barbara L. Lytle, Robert H. Jones, William L. Holman, et al. “Is early too early? Effect of shorter stays after bypass surgery..” The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 83, no. 1 (January 2007): 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.001.
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    • Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, Edward L. Hannan, Lawrence H. Muhlbaier, Barbara L. Lytle, Robert H. Jones, William L. Holman, et al. “Trends in postoperative length of stay after bypass surgery..” American Heart Journal 152, no. 6 (December 2006): 1194–1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2006.07.017.
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    • Mark, Daniel B., Charlotte L. Nelson, Kevin J. Anstrom, Sana M. Al-Khatib, Anastasios A. Tsiatis, Patricia A. Cowper, Nancy E. Clapp-Channing, et al. “Cost-effectiveness of defibrillator therapy or amiodarone in chronic stable heart failure: results from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT)..” Circulation 114, no. 2 (July 11, 2006): 135–42. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.581884.
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    • Eriksson, Peter. “Economic effects of extended clopidogrel therapy--a word of caution..” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 46, no. 7 (October 2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.07.004.
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    • Cowper, P. A., K. Udayakumar, M. H. Sketch, and E. D. Peterson. “Erratum: Economic effects of prolonged clopidogrel therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005) 45 (369-376)).” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45, no. 11 (June 7, 2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.002.
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    • Kaul, Padma, Paul W. Armstrong, Patricia A. Cowper, Eric L. Eisenstein, Christopher B. Granger, Frans Van de Werf, and Daniel B. Mark. “Economic analysis of the Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen (ASSENT-3) study: costs of reperfusion strategies in acute myocardial infarction..” American Heart Journal 149, no. 4 (April 2005): 637–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2004.02.019.
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    • DeLong, E. R., B. L. Lytle, P. A. Cowper, K. P. Alexander, E. D. Peterson, and D. B. Mark. “Research, managed care, and patient privacy: Challenges to successful collaboration.” Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 151–56.
    • Cowper, Patricia A., Krishna Udayakumar, Michael H. Sketch, and Eric D. Peterson. “Economic effects of prolonged clopidogrel therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention..” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 45, no. 3 (February 2005): 369–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.10.041.
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    • Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, David J. Whellan, Nancy M. Allen LaPointe, and Robert M. Califf. “Economic effects of beta-blocker therapy in patients with heart failure..” The American Journal of Medicine 116, no. 2 (January 2004): 104–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.07.016.
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    • Cowper, Patricia A., Elizabeth R. DeLong, Eric D. Peterson, Edward L. Hannan, Kevin T. Ray, Michael Racz, and Daniel B. Mark. “Variability in cost of coronary bypass surgery in New York State: potential for cost savings..” American Heart Journal 143, no. 1 (January 2002): 130–39. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2002.119617.
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    • Cowper, P. A., E. D. Peterson, E. R. DeLong, M. B. Wightman, R. P. Wawrzynski, L. H. Muhlbaier, and M. H. Sketch. “The impact of statistical adjustment on economic profiles of interventional cardiologists..” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38, no. 5 (November 2001): 1416–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01538-8.
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    • Cantor, W. J., A. S. Hellkamp, E. D. Peterson, J. P. Zidar, P. A. Cowper, M. H. Sketch, J. E. Tcheng, R. M. Califf, and E. M. Ohman. “Achieving optimal results with standard balloon angioplasty: can baseline and angiographic variables predict stent-like outcomes?.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37, no. 7 (June 2001): 1883–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01244-x.
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    • Cowper, P. A., and E. D. Peterson. “Extending the useful life of clinical trials..” American Heart Journal 140, no. 4 (October 2000): 552–53. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2000.109916.
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    • Mann, T., P. A. Cowper, E. D. Peterson, G. Cubeddu, J. Bowen, L. Giron, W. J. Cantor, et al. “Transradial coronary stenting: comparison with femoral access closed with an arterial suture device..” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 49, no. 2 (February 2000): 150–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-726x(200002)49:2<150::aid-ccd7>3.0.co;2-f.
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    • Heinz, T. R., P. A. Cowper, and L. S. Levin. “Microsurgery costs and outcome..” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 104, no. 1 (July 1999): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199907000-00012.
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    • Peterson, E. D., P. A. Cowper, E. R. DeLong, J. P. Zidar, R. S. Stack, and D. B. Mark. “Acute and long-term cost implications of coronary stenting..” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33, no. 6 (May 1999): 1610–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00051-0.
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    • Mark, D. B., P. A. Cowper, S. D. Berkowitz, L. Davidson-Ray, E. R. Delong, A. G. G. Turpie, R. M. Califf, B. Weatherley, and M. Cohen. “Economic assessment of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndrome patients: Results from the ESSENCE randomized trial.” Circulation 97, no. 17 (May 5, 1998): 1702–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.17.1702.
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    • Cowper, P. A., M. Weinberger, J. T. Hanlon, P. B. Landsman, G. P. Samsa, K. M. Uttech, K. E. Schmader, I. K. Lewis, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “The cost-effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist intervention among elderly outpatients.” Pharmacotherapy 18, no. 2 I (March 1, 1998): 327–32.
    • Cowper, P. A., E. D. Peterson, E. R. DeLong, J. G. Jollis, L. H. Muhlbaier, and D. B. Mark. “Impact of early discharge after coronary artery bypass graft surgery on rates of hospital readmission and death. The Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Investigators..” J Am Coll Cardiol 30, no. 4 (October 1997): 908–13.
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    • Cowper, P. A., E. D. Peterson, E. R. DeLong, J. G. Jollis, L. H. Muhlbaier, and D. B. Mark. “Impact of early discharge after coronary artery bypass graft surgery on rates of hospital readmission and death.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 30, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 908–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00243-X.
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    • Cowper, P. A., E. R. DeLong, E. D. Peterson, J. Lipscomb, L. H. Muhlbaier, J. G. Jollis, D. B. Pryor, and D. B. Mark. “Geographic Variation in Resource Use for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.” Medical Care 35, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 320–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199704000-00004.
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    • Morey, M. C., C. F. Pieper, R. J. Sullivan, G. M. Crowley, P. A. Cowper, and M. S. Robbins. “Five-year performance trends for older exercisers: a hierarchical model of endurance, strength, and flexibility..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44, no. 10 (October 1996): 1226–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01374.x.
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    • Hanlon, J. T., M. Weinberger, G. P. Samsa, K. E. Schmader, K. M. Uttech, I. K. Lewis, P. A. Cowper, P. B. Landsman, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “A randomized, controlled trial of a clinical pharmacist intervention to improve inappropriate prescribing in elderly outpatients with polypharmacy..” Am J Med 100, no. 4 (April 1996): 428–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89519-8.
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    • Weinberger, M., M. S. Kirkman, G. P. Samsa, E. A. Shortliffe, P. B. Landsman, P. A. Cowper, D. L. Simel, and J. R. Feussner. “A nurse-coordinated intervention for primary care patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: impact on glycemic control and health-related quality of life..” J Gen Intern Med 10, no. 2 (February 1995): 59–66.
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    • Peterson, E. D., P. A. Cowper, J. G. Jollis, J. D. Bebchuk, E. R. DeLong, L. H. Muhlbaier, D. B. Mark, and D. B. Pryor. “Outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 24 461 patients aged 80 years or older.” Circulation 92, no. 9 SUPPL. (January 1, 1995).
    • Weinberger, M., B. Nagle, J. T. Hanlon, G. P. Samsa, K. Schmader, P. B. Landsman, K. M. Uttech, P. A. Cowper, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “Assessing health-related quality of life in elderly outpatients: telephone versus face-to-face administration..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42, no. 12 (December 1994): 1295–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06515.x.
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    • Weinberger, M., M. S. Kirkman, G. P. Samsa, P. A. Cowper, E. A. Shortliffe, D. L. Simel, and J. R. Feussner. “The relationship between glycemic control and health-related quality of life in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus..” Medical Care 32, no. 12 (December 1994): 1173–81.
    • Morey, M. C., G. M. Crowley, M. S. Robbins, P. A. Cowper, and R. J. Sullivan. “The Gerofit Program: a VA innovation..” Southern Medical Journal 87, no. 5 (May 1994): S83–87.
    • Oddone, E. Z., P. Cowper, J. D. Hamilton, D. B. Matchar, P. Hartigan, G. Samsa, M. Simberkoff, and J. R. Feussner. “Cost effectiveness analysis of early zidovudine treatment of HIV infected patients..” Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.) 307, no. 6915 (November 1993): 1322–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6915.1322.
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    • Oddone, E. Z., P. A. Cowper, J. D. Hamilton, and J. R. Feussner. “A cost-effectiveness analysis of hepatitis B vaccine in predialysis patients..” Health Services Research 28, no. 1 (April 1993): 97–121.
    • Weinberger, M., D. T. Gold, G. W. Divine, P. A. Cowper, L. G. Hodgson, P. J. Schreiner, and L. K. George. “Expenditures in caring for patients with dementia who live at home..” Am J Public Health 83, no. 3 (March 1993): 338–41. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.83.3.338.
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    • Weinberger, M., D. T. Gold, G. W. Divine, P. A. Cowper, L. G. Hodgson, P. J. Schreiner, and L. K. George. “Social service interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia: impact on health care utilization and expenditures..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 41, no. 2 (February 1993): 153–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1993.tb02050.x.
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    • Weinberger, M., W. M. Tierney, P. A. Cowper, B. P. Katz, and P. A. Booher. “Cost-effectiveness of increased telephone contact for patients with osteoarthritis. A randomized, controlled trial..” Arthritis and Rheumatism 36, no. 2 (February 1993): 243–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780360216.
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    • Cowper, P. A., M. C. Morey, L. B. Bearon, R. J. Sullivan, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, M. E. Monger, and J. R. Feussner. “The impact of supervised exercise on the psychological well-being and health status of older veterans..” Journal of Applied Gerontology : The Official Journal of the Southern Gerontological Society 10, no. 4 (December 1991): 469–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/073346489101000408.
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    • Morey, M. C., P. A. Cowper, J. R. Feussner, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, G. P. Samsa, and R. J. Sullivan. “Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 39, no. 10 (October 1991): 986–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04045.x.
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    • Weinberger, M., G. P. Samsa, J. T. Hanlon, K. Schmader, M. E. Doyle, P. A. Cowper, K. M. Uttech, H. J. Cohen, and J. R. Feussner. “An evaluation of a brief health status measure in elderly veterans..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 39, no. 7 (July 1991): 691–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03623.x.
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    • Morey, M. C., P. A. Cowper, J. R. Feussner, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, and R. J. Sullivan. “Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans..” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 39, no. 6 (June 1991): 549–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03591.x.
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    • Weinberger, M., P. A. Cowper, M. S. Kirkman, and F. Vinicor. “Economic impact of diabetes mellitus in the elderly..” Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 6, no. 4 (November 1990): 959–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30592-5.
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    • Morey, M. C., P. A. Cowper, J. R. Feussner, R. C. DiPasquale, G. M. Crowley, D. W. Kitzman, and R. J. Sullivan. “Evaluation of a Supervised Exercise Program in a Geriatric Population.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37, no. 4 (January 1, 1989): 348–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05503.x.
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    • Cowper, P. A., and J. E. Kushman. “A Spatial Analysis of Primary Health Care Markets in Rural Areas.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69, no. 3 (January 1, 1987): 613–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/1241696.
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