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Gary Gereffi CV

Professor Emeritus of Sociology
Sociology
Duke Box 90088, Durham, NC 27708-0088
1008 Monmouth Avenue, Durham, NC 27701
CV

Scholarly Works - Journal articles


The shift to a more turbulent IB environment, and how MNEs respond to this shift

Journal article International Business Review · March 1, 2026 Since the mid-2010s, multinational enterprises (MNEs) have operated in an increasingly turbulent international business (IB) environment characterized by geoplitical frictions, trade protectionism, intensified FDI screening, and assertive techno-nationalis ... Full text Open Access Cite

Navigating industrial policy and global value chains in an era of disruptions

Journal article Journal of International Business Policy · September 1, 2025 In response to recent socio-economic, environmental, and geopolitical disruptions, governments have reoriented industrial policy from a prosperity-driven to a security-driven agenda based on strengthening strategic supply chains. We provide a framework tha ... Full text Open Access Cite

Oportunidades y dificultades del nearshoring en México

Journal article Foro Internacional · May 26, 2025 La relación de México con Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) ha sido excepcionalmente cercana durante muchas décadas. Los llamados recientes en EE.UU. pidiendo una nueva ola de “nearshoring” para ayudar a que la economía estadounidense reconstruya sus cadenas ... Full text Open Access Cite

Foreword: rethinking the governance of global value chains

Journal article Sustainability Due Diligence and Value Chain Governance · January 1, 2025 Full text Cite

Navigating 21st century industrial policy

Journal article Columbia FDI Perspectives · September 18, 2023 New industrial policies should not aim for self-sufficiency, but rather for more secure supply chains that rely on diversified international suppliers and some domestic suppliers. Because major economies are pursuing similar goals, new industrial policies ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Using the global value chain framework to analyse and tackle global environmental crises

Journal article Journal of Industrial and Business Economics · March 1, 2023 Climate crises are being experienced all over the world and appear to be accelerating as “extreme weather” events become the “new normal.” In today’s world economy, where trade and production activities are internationally dispersed and prone to disruption ... Full text Open Access Cite

How to Make Global Supply Chains More Resilient

Journal article Columbia FDI Perspectives · January 9, 2023 Post-pandemic, companies have four main options to reduce rigidity and increase resilience in global supply chains: make them more domestic (e.g., reshoring, stockpiles); make them shorter (e.g., reducing the physical distances traversed by supply chains t ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Digital transformation and value chains: Introduction

Journal article Global Networks · October 1, 2022 New digital technologies based on the internet of things and artificial intelligence play centre stage in contemporary discussions about the prospects for economic development and the future of work. This article summarizes theoretical and empirical contri ... Full text Open Access Cite

Microfoundations of global value chain research: Big decisions by small firms

Journal article Environment and Planning A · September 1, 2022 In this study, we introduce a unique longitudinal dataset from the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance Annual Survey (IMEFAS) to assess how micro and small enterprises (MSEs) partake in the global economy by tapping into global value chains (GVCs). The ... Full text Open Access Cite

Reshoring by small firms: dual sourcing strategies and local subcontracting in value chains

Journal article Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · July 1, 2022 This article assesses how the reshoring of manufacturing activities by micro and small enterprises (MSEs) affects the performances of co-located subcontracting networks and the reconfiguration of global value chains (GVCs). We utilize quantitative microdat ... Full text Open Access Cite

Resilience Decoded: The Role of Firms, Global Value Chains, and the State in COVID-19 Medical Supplies

Journal article California Management Review · February 1, 2022 This article examines the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on resilience. Resilience is not a one-dimensional concept but has different meanings at the levels of the firm (operational efficiency), the global value chain (appropriate governance), and the na ... Full text Open Access Cite

Beyond technological relatedness: An evolutionary pro-growth coalition and industrial transformation in Kunshan, China

Journal article Growth and Change · December 1, 2021 The article develops an analytical framework for an adaptable and evolutionary pro-growth coalition led by local government to understand regional industrial transformation in developing China. Taking Kunshan as an example, we argue that evolutionary and a ... Full text Open Access Cite

Introduction: Disruptions in global value chains – Continuity or change for labour governance?

Journal article International Labour Review · December 1, 2021 Global production and trade organized in global value chains (GVCs) have structured labour governance and the conditions of work for multiple decades. Since the early 2000s, a series of new economic, technological and political disruptions, along with the ... Full text Open Access Cite

Trade policies, firm strategies, and adaptive reconfigurations of global value chains

Journal article Journal of International Business Policy · December 1, 2021 The recent U.S.–China trade conflicts cast new light on the role of trade policies in global value chains (GVCs). Contrary to the expectation that trade restrictions lead to the shrinking or disruption of GVCs, our article posits that the unintended conseq ... Full text Open Access Cite

Innovation, upgrading, and governance in cross-sectoral global value chains: The case of smartphones

Journal article Industrial and Corporate Change · February 1, 2021 The fourth industrial revolution challenges the existing understanding of innovation and upgrading in the global economy. It blurs traditional sectoral boundaries based on distinctive products and technologies and calls into question a traditional global v ... Full text Open Access Cite

What Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Teach Us about Global Value Chains? The Case of Medical Supplies

Journal article Journal of International Business Policy · August 25, 2020 The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a dramatic shortage in the medical supplies needed to treat the virus due to a massive surge in demand as the disease circled the globe during the first half of 2020. Prior to the crisis, there was an interdependence of tra ... Full text Open Access Cite

An integrative typology of global strategy and global value chains: The management and organization of cross-border activities

Journal article Global Strategy Journal · August 1, 2020 Research summary: We contend that a synthesis between the literatures on global strategy and global value chains (GVCs) is mutually beneficial. A typology of four themes—managed cross-border activities, network optimization, bottom-up upgrading, and strate ... Full text Open Access Cite

Global value chains and international development policy: Bringing firms, networks and policy-engaged scholarship back in

Journal article Journal of International Business Policy · September 1, 2019 This article argues that the global value chains (GVC) perspective bridges the firm-specific, private-sector and country-level, societal divide that has separated the international business and international economics literatures. A key mechanism that expl ... Full text Open Access Cite

E-Commerce and Industrial Upgrading in the Chinese Apparel Value Chain

Journal article Journal of Contemporary Asia · January 1, 2019 The economic and social gains from electronic commerce (e-commerce) that promote innovation, industry upgrading and economic growth have been widely discussed. China’s successful experience with e-commerce has had a positive effect in transforming consumer ... Full text Open Access Cite

Diverse paths of upgrading in high-tech manufacturing: Costa Rica in the electronics and medical devices global value chains

Journal article Transnational Corporations · January 1, 2019 Costa Rica has sought to improve its position in the global economy by prioritizing export growth in two high-tech manufacturing industries led by foreign direct investment (FDI): electronics and medical devices. We use a global value chain (GVC) perspecti ... Open Access Cite

E-Commerce and Industrial Upgrading in the Chinese Apparel Value Chain

Journal article Journal of Contemporary Asia · June 19, 2018 The economic and social gains from electronic commerce (e-commerce) that promote innovation, industry upgrading and economic growth have been widely discussed. China’s successful experience with e-commerce has had a positive effect in transforming consumer ... Full text Open Access Cite

El TLCAN y las cadenas globales de valor

Journal article Comercio Exterior · August 31, 2017 Con el arribo de Donald Trump a la presidencia de Estados Unidos, se intensificaron las especulaciones sobre el futuro del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN). En respuesta a una noticia aparecida a finales de abril de este ano, donde s ... Open Access Cite

Distretti che evolvono nelle catene globali del valore: lezioni di resilienza dal Veneto

Journal article · 2017 I distretti industriali sono molto cambiati da come descritti nelle iniziali opere di Beccatini e colleghi, evolvendosi in forme diverse tra loro. Tre traiettorie evolutive sembrano poter descrivere tale multiforme, recente, trasformazione: declino, gerarc ... Cite

El mayor legado de China fue crear un modelo de desarrollo inclusivo

Journal article Integración y Comercio · June 10, 2016 Open Access Cite

Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Industrial Clusters: Why Governance Matters

Journal article Journal of Business Ethics · January 24, 2016 The burgeoning literature on global value chains (GVCs) has recast our understanding of how industrial clusters are shaped by their ties to the international economy, but within this context, the role played by corporate social responsibility (CSR) continu ... Full text Open Access Cite

América Latina en las cadenas globales de valor y el papel de China

Journal article Boletín Informativo Techint · December 10, 2015 En este artículo se analiza la posición de América Latina y el Caribe en las cadenas globales de valor (CGV), con énfasis en el impacto de China sobre la competitividad de la región. Mientras que Brasil, los países andinos y otras economías de América del ... Open Access Cite

América Latina en las cadenas globales de valor y el papel de China

Journal article · December 10, 2015 En este artículo se analiza la posición de América Latina y el Caribe en las cadenas globales de valor (CGV), con énfasis en el impacto de China sobre la competitividad de la región. Mientras que Brasil, los países andinos y otras economías de América del ... Open Access Cite

Regional trade agreements and export competitiveness: The uncertain path of Nicaragua's apparel exports under CAFTA

Journal article Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · November 1, 2015 The Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) has been a mixed blessing for economic development. While exports to the US economy have increased, dependency may hinder economic growth if countries do not diversify or upgrade before temporary provisions ... Full text Open Access Cite

Risks and Opportunities of Participation in Global Value Chains

Journal article Journal of Banking and Financial Economics · August 17, 2015 Risk is inherent to the pursuit of opportunity. This paper surveys the recent literature and looks at the risks and opportunities firms and their workers face in the global value chains. First, it examines the risk-sharing mechanisms that firms provide fro ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Global value Chains, rising power firms and economic and social upgrading

Journal article Critical Perspectives on International Business · July 6, 2015 Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the global value chain (GVC) approach to understand the relationship between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the changing patterns of global trade, investment and production, and its impact on econom ... Full text Open Access Cite

Editor's choice Regional trade agreements and export competitiveness: the uncertain path of Nicaragua’s apparel exports under CAFTA

Journal article Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · 2015 The Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) has been a mixed blessing for economic development. While exports to the US economy have increased, dependency may hinder economic growth if countries do not diversify or upgrade before temporary provisions ... Open Access Cite

What role can coal play in the United States' energy future?

Journal article Electricity Journal · January 1, 2014 A wider collaboration framework among the various value chain actors may provide a technology advancement pathway. However, for this collaboration to occur, lead coal companies need to expand their business model beyond coal mining into the downstream coal ... Full text Open Access Cite

A Global Value Chain Perspective on Industrial Policy and Development in Emerging Markets

Journal article Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law · 2014 Open Access Cite

Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world

Journal article Review of International Political Economy · January 1, 2014 Contemporary globalization has been marked by significant shifts in the organization and governance of global industries. In the 1970s and 1980s, one such shift was characterized by the emergence of buyer-driven and producer-driven commodity chains. In the ... Full text Open Access Cite

Mobile Phones: Who Benefits in Shifting Global Value Chains?

Journal article Capturing the Gains, Revised Summit Briefing · May 16, 2013 Open Access Cite

Joining, Upgrading and Being Competitive in Global Value Chains: A Strategic Framework

Journal article World Bank Policy Research Working Paper · April 1, 2013 Open Access Cite

Global value chains and agrifood standards: challenges and possibilities for smallholders in developing countries.

Journal article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · July 2012 The rise of private food standards has brought forth an ongoing debate about whether they work as a barrier for smallholders and hinder poverty reduction in developing countries. This paper uses a global value chain approach to explain the relationship bet ... Full text Open Access Cite

Why the World Suddenly Cares About Global Supply Chains

Journal article Journal of Supply Chain Management · July 1, 2012 The global value chain (GVC) concept has gained popularity as a way to analyze the international expansion and geographical fragmentation of contemporary supply chains and value creation and capture therein. It has been used broadly in academic publication ... Full text Open Access Cite

Economic and social upgrading in global production networks: A new paradigm for a changing world

Journal article International Labour Review · December 1, 2011 A key challenge in promoting decent work worldwide is how to improve the position of both firms and workers in value chains and global production networks driven by lead firms. This article develops a framework for analysing the linkages between the econom ... Full text Open Access Cite

Stagnating industrial employment in Latin America

Journal article Work and Occupations · May 1, 2011 The industrialization of developing countries has fundamentally transformed work, employment, and labor for millions. Despite the industrialization of most of the developing world, we present evidence that Latin America has experienced stagnating industria ... Full text Open Access Cite

Global Value Chains and International Competition

Journal article The Antitrust Bulletin · 2011 Open Access Cite

Upgrading and restructuring in the global apparel value chain: Why China and Asia are outperforming Mexico and Central America

Journal article International Journal of Technological Learning Innovation and Development · January 1, 2011 This article uses the global value chain approach to analyse the upgrading trajectories of leading apparel exporters adapting to the end of textile and apparel quotas and the economic recession. These events have been coupled by the consolidation and recon ... Full text Open Access Cite

The offshore services value chain: Upgrading trajectories in developing countries

Journal article International Journal of Technological Learning Innovation and Development · January 1, 2011 This article analyses the offshore services industry using the global value chain approach. This industry has grown at a rapid pace over the last decade, driven principally by the search of businesses to reduce costs by unbundling and offshoring corporate ... Full text Open Access Cite

Sustainable product indexing: Navigating the challenge of ecolabeling

Journal article · October 29, 2010 There is growing scientific evidence that improving the sustainability of consumer products can lead to significant gains in global sustainability. Historically, environmental policy has been managed by bureaucracies and institutions in a mechanistic manne ... Open Access Cite

Regulation and economic globalization: Prospects and limits of private governance

Journal article Business and Politics · October 28, 2010 Corporate codes of conduct, product certifications, process standards, and other voluntary, non-governmental forms of private governance have proliferated in the last two decades. These innovations are a response to social pressures unleashed by globalizat ... Full text Open Access Cite

How many highly skilled foreign-born are waiting in line for U.S. legal permanent residence?

Journal article International Migration Review · June 1, 2010 While the United States welcomes foreign-born students and trainees and, less warmly, temporary workers such as H-1B visa holders, it places an array of requirements, obstacles, and delays upon persons who would like to make the U.S. their permanent home. ... Full text Open Access Cite

Sustainable product indexing: Navigating the challenge of ecolabeling

Journal article Ecology and Society · January 1, 2010 There is growing scientific evidence that improving the sustainability of consumer products can lead to significant gains in global sustainability. Historically, environmental policy has been managed by bureaucracies and institutions in a mechanistic manne ... Full text Open Access Cite

The impacts of Wal-Mart: The rise and consequences of the world's dominant retailer

Journal article Annual Review of Sociology · December 1, 2009 Wal-Mart has been both praised and pilloried as a template for twenty-first century capitalism. Therein lies the challenge in analyzing the world's largest retailer. We examine the sociological impact of Wal-Mart in terms of four themes: its business model ... Full text Cite

Development models and industrial upgrading in China and Mexico

Journal article European Sociological Review · February 1, 2009 China and Mexico have both pursued export-oriented development strategies in the global economy, but with different implications for national development and industrial upgrading. While Mexico has been the paradigm for the neoliberal ('Washington consensus ... Full text Cite

The North American automotive value chain: Canada’s role and prospects

Journal article International Journal of Technological Learning Innovation and Development · January 1, 2009 This paper deals with the North American automotive value chain and analyses the prospects for Canadian automotive sector upgrading. The size and importance of the automotive industry in Canada’s Ontario Province is a legacy of its historic ties to the ‘Bi ... Full text Cite

US-based Food and Agricultural Value Chains and Their Relevance to Healthy Diets

Journal article Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition · 2009 Open Access Cite

The American Brain Drain and Asia

Journal article The Asia Pacific Journal · 2009 Cite

Globalisation of the automotive industry: main features and trends

Journal article International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development · January 2009 This paper lays out the main features of the global automotive industry and identifies several important trends. A boom in developing country sales and production has not yet overshadowed the importance of existing markets in developed regions. Regional ... Cite

Textile and apparel firms in turkey and bulgaria: Exports, local upgrading and dependency

Journal article Ikonomicheski Izsledvania · December 1, 2008 How should we study and how should we explain industrial and firm upgrading in the host economy? This article builds on these questions by focusing on the textile and apparel industry and firms in Turkey and Bulgaria between 1991 and 2005, and it relies on ... Cite

How the Disciple Became the Guru

Journal article · July 23, 2008 Cite

Getting the numbers right: International engineering education in the United States, China, and India

Journal article Journal of Engineering Education · January 1, 2008 This article challenges the commonly cited statistics for engineering graduates in the United States, China, and India. Our research shows that the gap between the number of engineers and related technology specialists produced in the United States versus ... Full text Cite

Skilled Immigration and Economic Growth

Journal article Applied Research in Economic Development · 2008 Cite

Promises and challenges of development [ Promessa e desafios do desenvolvimento]

Journal article Tempo Social · June 2007 The global economy is changing rapidly, and China, India, and Mexico represent particularly interesting cases because of their divergent development models. Global consolidation is increasing in the past decade because of the rapid growth of China in manuf ... Cite

Wal-Mart in China

Journal article Harvard Asia Pacific Review · 2007 Cite

Where the engineers are

Journal article Issues in Science and Technology · January 1, 2007 The United States political leaders prescribe remedies such as increasing US engineering graduation rates to match the self-proclaimed rates of emerging competition from India and China. The United States graduates roughly 70,000 undergraduate engineers an ... Cite

North Carolina in the Global Economy: A Value Chain Perspective on the State’s Leading Industries

Journal article Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management · 2007 Open Access Cite

Explaining Turkey's emergence and sustained competitiveness as a full-package supplier of apparel

Journal article Environment and Planning A · December 1, 2006 By using the main insights of the global value chains perspective and some of its critiques, we attempt to explain how Turkey has developed and sustained its export success as a full-package supplier of apparel during the 1990s and early 2000s. Towards thi ... Full text Cite

Industry Trends in Engineering Offshoring

Journal article · October 24, 2006 Cite

Framing the Engineering Outsourcing Debate

Journal article · December 12, 2005 Cite

The governance of global value chains

Journal article Review of International Political Economy · February 1, 2005 This article builds a theoretical framework to help explain governance patterns in global value chains. It draws on three streams of literature - transaction costs economics, production networks, and technological capability and firm-level learning - to id ... Full text Cite

Upgrading, uneven development, and jobs in the North American apparel industry

Journal article Global Networks · April 2003 AbstractIn this article we examine the developmental consequences of globalization at multiple scales, using a commodity chains framework to investigate the case of the North American apparel industry. In the first section ... Full text Cite

The International Competitiveness of Asian Economies in the Global Apparel Commodity Chain.

Journal article International Journal of Business and Society · 2003 Cite

The Global Apparel Value Chain: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries?

Journal article United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Sectoral Studies Series · 2003 Cite

Prospects for Industrial Upgrading by Developing Countries in the Global Apparel Commodity Chain.

Journal article International Journal of Business and Society · January 2002 Cite

Globalisation, Value Chains and Development

Journal article IDS Bulletin · July 2001 Cite

Las cadenas productivas como marco analítico para la globalización.

Journal article Problemas del Desarrollo [Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico] · April 2001 Cite

Global Sourcing in the U.S. Apparel Industry.

Journal article Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management · 2001 Open Access Cite

Local clusters in global chains: The causes and consequences of export dynamism in Torreon’s Blue Jeans industry

Journal article World Development · January 1, 2001 Using a case study of the export-oriented blue jeans industry in Torreon, Mexico, the authors discuss the role of US buyers in promoting full-package apparel production. While the networks associated with this model yield better development outcomes for fi ... Full text Cite

Beyond the producer-driven/buyer-driven dichotomy: The evolution of global value chains in the internet era

Journal article IDS Bulletin · January 1, 2001 The Internet is still in the early stages of its development, but its impact on global value chains is already evident. While it may be premature to try to identify lasting changes on producer-driven and buyer-driven chains, several possible scenarios are ... Full text Cite

The NGO-indus

Journal article Foreign Policy · January 1, 2001 A new global activism is shaming the world's top companies into enacting codes of conduct and opening their Third World factories for inspection. But beforejou run a victory lap injour new sweatshop-free sneakers, ask yourself: Do these voluntary arrangeme ... Full text Cite

India’s Apparel Exports: The Challenge of Global Markets

Journal article The Developing Economies [Tokyo, Japan] · June 2000 Cite

International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain

Journal article Journal of International Economics · June 1, 1999 This article uses a global commodity chains perspective to analyze the social and organizational dimensions of international trade networks. In linking international trade and industrial upgrading, this article specifies: the mechanisms by which organizati ... Full text Cite

U.S. Companies Eye NAFTA’s Prize

Journal article Bobbin · March 1998 Open Access Cite

India’s Apparel Sector in the Global Economy: Catching Up or Falling Behind?

Journal article Economic and Political Weekly [New Delhi, India] · January 1998 Cite

Competitividade e redes na cadeia produtiva do vestuário na América do Norte.

Journal article Revista Latino-americana de Estudos do Trabalho [Sao Paulo, Brazil] · 1997 Cite

Commodity Chains and Regional Divisions of Labor in East Asia.

Journal article Journal of Asian Business · May 1996 Cite

Latin America in the Global Economy: Running Faster to Stay in Place

Journal article NACLA Report on the Americas · 1996 Cite

Globalization’s Winners and Losers.

Journal article Global Perspective · 1996 Cite

State policies and industrial upgrading in East Asia

Journal article Revue d'économie industrielle · 1995 [eng] The East Asian nations have been labeled "miracle economies" because of their unparalleled record of rapid economic growth and social equity over the past several decades. There has been considerable disagreement, however, over the explanation for th ... Open Access Cite

The Informal Economy in East Asian Development

Journal article International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · January 1, 1994 Full text Cite

Regional Paths of Development

Journal article Annual Review of Sociology · May 1992 Open Access Cite

Big Business and the State: East Asia and Latin America Compared.

Journal article Asian Perspective · May 1990 Cite

International Economics and Domestic Policies.

Journal article Current Sociology · 1990 Cite

Development Strategies and the Global Factory.

Journal article The Annals of the American Academy of Political and · September 1989 Full text Cite

La industria farmacéutica mundial y sus efectos en América Latina.

Journal article Comercio exterior · October 1983 Cite

La internacionalización y la estructura de la industria farmacéutica mundial.

Journal article Economía de América Latina 9 · 1982 Cite

Drug Firms and Dependency in Mexico: The Case of the Steroid Hormone Industry.

Journal article International Organization · May 1978 Cite

Dimensions of community power: A study of an unincorporated town

Journal article Sociological Focus · January 1, 1970 Full text Cite

Community Power in an Unincorporated Town.

Journal article Sociological Focus · 1970 Cite

The Promise and Pitfalls of Nearshoring in Mexico

Journal article Foro Internacional Mexico has had an exceptionally close relationship with the United States (US) for many decades. Recent calls in the US for a new wave of “nearshoring” to help the American economy rebuild its fragmented and vulnerable supply chains following a series of d ... Open Access Cite