Lindsey Glickfeld

Journal article J Neurosci · November 12, 2025 The visual system is a complex hierarchical structure that processes diverse visual information to guide cognition and behavior. Elucidating the principles that govern the development and function of the visual system's circuitry is a central goal in visua ... Full text Link to item Cite

How to make a decision? Trust the wisdom of the masses.

Journal article Neuron · July 23, 2025 How is information in sensory cortex used to guide behavior? In this issue, Bounds and Adesnik1 manipulate the activity of specific neural ensembles to demonstrate that total network activation, not just activation of the most sensitive neurons, determines ... Full text Link to item Cite

Behavioral state and stimulus strength regulate the role of somatostatin interneurons in stabilizing network activity.

Journal article Cell Rep · July 22, 2025 Inhibition stabilization enables cortical circuits to encode sensory signals across diverse contexts. Somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons are well suited for this role through their strong recurrent connectivity with excitatory pyramidal cells. We t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Motion integration: A case of misdirection.

Journal article Curr Biol · February 24, 2025 Integrating complex motion signals from the environment is essential for behavior. A recent study in the mouse has revealed that both encoding in the superior colliculus and the optokinetic reflex follow a novel motion integration rule. ... Full text Link to item Cite

DART.2: bidirectional synaptic pharmacology with thousandfold cellular specificity.

Journal article Nat Methods · July 2024 Precision pharmacology aims to manipulate specific cellular interactions within complex tissues. In this pursuit, we introduce DART.2 (drug acutely restricted by tethering), a second-generation cell-specific pharmacology technology. The core advance is opt ... Full text Link to item Cite

Input-specific synaptic depression shapes temporal integration in mouse visual cortex.

Journal article Neuron · October 18, 2023 Efficient sensory processing requires the nervous system to adjust to ongoing features of the environment. In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal activity strongly depends on recent stimulus history. Existing models can explain effects of prolonged stimul ... Full text Link to item Cite

Feedforward mechanisms of cross-orientation interactions in mouse V1.

Journal article Neuron · January 19, 2022 Sensory neurons are modulated by context. For example, in mouse primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to the preferred orientation are modulated by the presence of superimposed orientations ("plaids"). The effects of this modulation are diverse; s ... Full text Link to item Cite

Distinct recruitment of feedforward and recurrent pathways across higher-order areas of mouse visual cortex.

Journal article Curr Biol · November 22, 2021 Cortical visual processing transforms features of the external world into increasingly complex and specialized neuronal representations. These transformations arise in part through target-specific routing of information; however, within-area computations m ... Full text Link to item Cite

Mouse Higher Visual Areas Provide Both Distributed and Specialized Contributions to Visually Guided Behaviors.

Journal article Curr Biol · December 7, 2020 Cortical parallel processing streams segregate many diverse features of a sensory scene. However, some features are distributed across streams, begging the question of whether and how such distributed representations contribute to perception. We determined ... Full text Link to item Cite

Magnitude, time course, and specificity of rapid adaptation across mouse visual areas.

Journal article J Neurophysiol · July 1, 2020 Adaptation is a ubiquitous feature of sensory processing whereby recent experience shapes future responses. The mouse primary visual cortex (V1) is particularly sensitive to recent experience, where a brief stimulus can suppress subsequent responses for se ... Full text Link to item Cite

Unique Spatial Integration in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex and Higher Visual Areas.

Journal article J Neurosci · February 26, 2020 Neurons in the visual system integrate over a wide range of spatial scales. This diversity is thought to enable both local and global computations. To understand how spatial information is encoded across the mouse visual system, we use two-photon imaging t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Contribution of Sensory Encoding to Measured Bias.

Journal article J Neurosci · June 26, 2019 Signal detection theory (SDT) is a widely used theoretical framework that describes how variable sensory signals are integrated with a decision criterion to support perceptual decision-making. SDT provides two key measurements: sensitivity (d') and bias (c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neuronal Adaptation Reveals a Suboptimal Decoding of Orientation Tuned Populations in the Mouse Visual Cortex.

Journal article J Neurosci · May 15, 2019 Sensory information is encoded by populations of cortical neurons. Yet, it is unknown how this information is used for even simple perceptual choices such as discriminating orientation. To determine the computation underlying this perceptual choice, we too ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual Attention: Mice Can Use Spatial Cues Too.

Journal article Curr Biol · March 5, 2018 The use of cues to predict the location of a visual target is an important cognitive strategy for primates. While mice are generally considered to be less dependent on vision than primates, new work shows that they can also use spatial cues to direct their ... Full text Link to item Cite

Higher-Order Areas of the Mouse Visual Cortex.

Journal article Annu Rev Vis Sci · September 15, 2017 The brain has evolved to transform sensory information in the environment into neural representations that can be used for perception and action. Higher-order sensory cortical areas, with their increasingly complex receptive fields and integrative properti ... Full text Link to item Cite

High-fidelity optical excitation of cortico-cortical projections at physiological frequencies.

Journal article J Neurophysiol · November 1, 2016 Optogenetic activation of axons is a powerful approach for determining the synaptic properties and impact of long-range projections both in vivo and in vitro. However, because of the difficulty of measuring activity in axons, our knowledge of the reliabili ... Full text Link to item Cite

Removable cranial windows for long-term imaging in awake mice.

Journal article Nat Protoc · November 2014 Cranial window implants in head-fixed rodents are becoming a preparation of choice for stable optical access to large areas of the cortex over extended periods of time. Here we provide a highly detailed and reliable surgical protocol for a cranial window i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Visual circuits get the VIP treatment.

Journal article Cell · March 13, 2014 Behavioral state, specifically locomotion, has been shown to enhance sensory responses in primary visual cortex. In this issue of Cell, Fu et al. reveal the circuit elements that mediate this plasticity and suggest that these circuits may serve a general m ... Full text Link to item Cite

A mouse model of higher visual cortical function.

Journal article Curr Opin Neurobiol · February 2014 During sensory experience, the retina transmits a diverse array of signals to the brain, which must be parsed to generate meaningful percepts that can guide decisions and actions. Decades of anatomical and physiological studies in primates and carnivores h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Mouse primary visual cortex is used to detect both orientation and contrast changes.

Journal article J Neurosci · December 11, 2013 In mammals, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus (SC) are the major targets of visual inputs from the retina. The LGN projects mainly to primary visual cortex (V1) while the SC targets the thalamus and brainstem, providing two p ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cortico-cortical projections in mouse visual cortex are functionally target specific.

Journal article Nat Neurosci · February 2013 Neurons in primary sensory cortex have diverse response properties, whereas higher cortical areas are specialized. Specific connectivity may be important for areal specialization, particularly in the mouse, where neighboring neurons are functionally divers ... Full text Link to item Cite

Functional specialization of mouse higher visual cortical areas.

Journal article Neuron · December 22, 2011 The mouse is emerging as an important model for understanding how sensory neocortex extracts cues to guide behavior, yet little is known about how these cues are processed beyond primary cortical areas. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging in awake mic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interneurons hyperpolarize pyramidal cells along their entire somatodendritic axis.

Journal article Nat Neurosci · January 2009 Although GABAergic interneurons are the main source of synaptic inhibition in the cortex, activation of GABA(A) receptors has been shown to depolarize specific neuronal compartments, resulting in excitation. By using a noninvasive approach to monitor the e ... Full text Link to item Cite

Complementary modulation of somatic inhibition by opioids and cannabinoids.

Journal article J Neurosci · February 20, 2008 Somatic inhibition, which is critical for determining the spike output of principal cells, is mediated by two physiologically distinct classes of GABAergic interneurons called basket cells. In the hippocampus, despite both targeting the somatic membrane of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Supralinear increase of recurrent inhibition during sparse activity in the somatosensory cortex.

Journal article Nat Neurosci · June 2007 The balance between excitation and inhibition in the cortex is crucial in determining sensory processing. Because the amount of excitation varies, maintaining this balance is a dynamic process; yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We show h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Distinct timing in the activity of cannabinoid-sensitive and cannabinoid-insensitive basket cells.

Journal article Nat Neurosci · June 2006 Cannabinoids are powerful modulators of inhibition, yet the precise spike timing of cannabinoid receptor (CB1R)-expressing inhibitory neurons in relation to other neurons in the circuit is poorly understood. Here we found that the spike timing of CB1R-expr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Self-administering cannabinoids.

Journal article Trends Neurosci · July 2005 Endocannabinoids, which are typically released by principal cells in response to prolonged depolarization, act as retrograde messengers to inhibit synaptic transmission. A recent study shows that in a specific subtype of cortical interneuron, endocannabino ... Full text Link to item Cite

Sensory neuron signaling to the brain: properties of transmitter release from olfactory nerve terminals.

Journal article J Neurosci · March 24, 2004 Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convey sensory information directly to the CNS via conventional glutamatergic synaptic contacts in olfactory bulb glomeruli. To better understand the process by which information contained in the odorant-evoked firing of O ... Full text Link to item Cite

Presynaptic homeostasis at CNS nerve terminals compensates for lack of a key Ca2+ entry pathway.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 9, 2004 At central synapses, P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels normally provide a critical Ca(2+) entry pathway for neurotransmission. Nevertheless, we found that nerve terminals lacking alpha(1A) (Ca(V)2.1), the pore-forming subunit of P/Q-type channels, displayed a remar ... Full text Link to item Cite