Gregory David Sempowski | Scholars@Duke

Gregory David Sempowski
Professor in Medicine

Dr. Sempowski earned his PhD in Immunology from the University of Rochester and was specifically trained in the areas of inflammation, wound healing, and host response (innate and adaptive). Dr. Sempowski contributed substantially to the field of lung inflammation and fibrosis defining the roles of pulmonary fibroblast heterogeneity and CD40/CD40L signaling in regulating normal and pathogenic lung inflammation. During his postdoctoral training with Dr. Barton F. Haynes at Duke University, Dr. Sempowski focused on human immunology and more specifically immune reconstitution in settings of immune deficiency. This resulted in publication of seminal findings regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive attenuation of immune function in the elderly.

Since joining the Duke School of Medicine faculty in 2000, Dr. Sempowski has developed an independent research program studying immune deficiency associated with aging and radiation exposure. Dr. Sempowski is highly collaborative and works closely with investigators across the US, Europe, Australia and Japan and is internationally recognized as a thought leader in thymic aging, immunosenescence and multiplex biomarker analysis.

In 2017 Dr. Sempowski assumed Directorship of the Duke Global Health Research Building, a division of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute. This state-of-the-art Regional Biocontainment Laboratory (RBL) was built with funding from the NIH to support basic research to develop drugs, diagnostics and vaccines for emerging/reemerging infections and biodefense. The Duke RBL has a comprehensive safety and operations program to provide the Duke and RTP communities biocontainment facilities for BSL2, BSL3, and Select Agent research. The facility is home to a portfolio of sponsored research programs focused on biosafety and biopreparedness, vaccine and therapeutic development, host response and immune monitoring and assay proficiency and quality assurance.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor in Medicine, Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Medicine 2013
Professor of Pathology, Pathology, Clinical Science Departments 2013
Member of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2005
Affiliate, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke Global Health Institute, University Institutes and Centers 2018

Contact Information

909 S. Lasalle St, Rm 1019 Global Health Research Building,, Durham, NC 27705
DUMC Box 103020, Durham, NC 27710
greg.sempowski@duke.edu (919) 684-4386
DHVI Shared Resources
Duke Regional Biocontainment Laboratory

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., University of Rochester 1996
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Pathology, Pathology, Clinical Science Departments 2007 - 2013
- Associate Professor in Medicine, Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Medicine 2010 - 2013
- Associate Professor in Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2007 - 2010
- Assistant Professor of Pathology, Pathology, Clinical Science Departments 2006 - 2007
- Assistant Professor of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2006 - 2007
- Assistant Research Professor of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Institutes and Centers 2003 - 2006
- Assistant Research Professor of Pathology, Pathology, Clinical Science Departments 2005 - 2006
- Assistant Research Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology, Medicine 2000 - 2003
Expertise
Global Scholarship
- Research
  - Japan (Country)
Research
Selected Grants
- EQAPOL - Years 2017 to 2024 - BASE awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2024
- Duke Subaward to Ology Bio Project Galaxy 2019 - 2023
- VTEU Task D Option 1 Protocol FY.2015.A4D14.0033 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2022
- VTEU Task D Option 4 Protocol FY.2015.A4D14.0033 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2022
- Research Training in Allergy and Clinical Immunology awarded by National Institutes of Health 2000 - 2021
- Eqapol Opt 1 -2019-2020 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2020
- CIVICS Component A awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2020
- Interdisciplinary Research Training Program in AIDS awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2020
- Core C: Monitoring Host Response 2014 - 2020
- Validation of the ADAMANT Platform 2019 - 2020
- UNC CETR Core D: Immunology/Influenza Virology awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2014 - 2020
- Organization and Function of Cellular Structure awarded by National Institutes of Health 1975 - 2020
- Core D: Human Translation and Verification awarded by University of Arizona 2017 - 2020
- Experimental Human Infection with Isogenic Mutants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2015 - 2020
- Duke DARPA Pandemic Prevention Platform (P3) awarded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 2017 - 2020
- Gonorrhea Vaccine Cooperative Research Center (GV-CRC); Core C: Host Response Monitoring 2019 - 2020
- Adjuvant Discovery Program (Option #3) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2020
- Micro-Particle Delivery of a Potent Intracellular Adjuvant for a Universal Flu Vaccine awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2018 - 2019
- Adjuvant Discovery Program (Option #2) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2019
- Testing of Adrenas Therapeutics AAV vectors in mice 2018 - 2019
- Testing of Aspa Therapeutics AAV vectors in mice 2018 - 2019
- Virology Core 2017 - 2019
- Duke Infectious Disease Response Training Consortium (DIDRT) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2019
- Innate Immune Inhibition of the Mevalonate Pathway Impairs Neurodevelopment during ZIKV Infection awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2019
- RERF year 7 funding 2009 - 2016
- Nasal Vaccines: Mode of Action, Composition & Delivery awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2011
- Mechanisms of Age Induced Thymic Atrophy awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2011
- Multiscale Integrative Immunology for Adjuvant Develpmnt awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2010
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Johnson-Weaver, Brandi T., Gregory D. Sempowski, and Herman F. Staats. “Nasal peanut+ CpG immunotherapy enhances peanut-specific IFN-γ in Th2 cells and IL-10 in non-Th2 cells in mice.” Allergy 74, no. 11 (November 2019): 2220–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13738.
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  - Michalson, Kristofer T., Andrew N. Macintyre, Gregory D. Sempowski, J Daniel Bourland, Timothy D. Howard, Gregory A. Hawkins, Gregory O. Dugan, J Mark Cline, and Thomas C. Register. “Monocyte Polarization is Altered by Total-Body Irradiation in Male Rhesus Macaques: Implications for Delayed Effects of Acute Radiation Exposure.” Radiat Res 192, no. 2 (August 2019): 121–34. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR15310.1.
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  - Caudell, David L., Kristofer T. Michalson, Rachel N. Andrews, William W. Snow, J Daniel Bourland, Ryne J. DeBo, J Mark Cline, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Thomas C. Register. “Transcriptional Profiling of Non-Human Primate Lymphoid Organ Responses to Total-Body Irradiation.” Radiat Res 192, no. 1 (July 2019): 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR15100.1.
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  - Choi, Hae Woong, Cliburn Chan, Ivo D. Shterev, Heather E. Lynch, Taylor J. Robinette, Brandi T. Johnson-Weaver, Jianling Shi, et al. “Identification of Novel Mast Cell Activators Using Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening.” Slas Discov 24, no. 6 (July 2019): 628–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/2472555219834699.
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  - Poston, Taylor B., De’Ashia E. Lee, Toni Darville, Wujuan Zhong, Li Dong, Catherine M. O’Connell, Harold C. Wiesenfeld, Sharon L. Hillier, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Xiaojing Zheng. “Cervical Cytokines Associated With Chlamydia trachomatis Susceptibility and Protection.” J Infect Dis 220, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 330–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz087.
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  - Bajic, Goran, Max J. Maron, Yu Adachi, Taishi Onodera, Kevin R. McCarthy, Charles E. McGee, Gregory D. Sempowski, et al. “Influenza Antigen Engineering Focuses Immune Responses to a Subdominant but Broadly Protective Viral Epitope.” Cell Host Microbe 25, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 827-835.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.003.
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  - Watanabe, Akiko, Kevin R. McCarthy, Masayuki Kuraoka, Aaron G. Schmidt, Yu Adachi, Taishi Onodera, Keisuke Tonouchi, et al. “Antibodies to a Conserved Influenza Head Interface Epitope Protect by an IgG Subtype-Dependent Mechanism.” Cell 177, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 1124-1135.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.048.
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  - Hale, Laura P., Gowrisankar Rajam, George M. Carlone, Chen Jiang, Kouros Owzar, Greg Dugan, David Caudell, et al. “Late effects of total body irradiation on hematopoietic recovery and immune function in rhesus macaques.” Plos One 14, no. 2 (2019): e0210663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210663.
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  - Collier, Michael A., Robert D. Junkins, Matthew D. Gallovic, Brandon M. Johnson, Monica M. Johnson, Andrew N. Macintyre, Gregory D. Sempowski, Eric M. Bachelder, Jenny P-Y Ting, and Kristy M. Ainslie. “Acetalated Dextran Microparticles for Codelivery of STING and TLR7/8 Agonists.” Mol Pharm 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 4933–46. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00579.
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  - Jin, Cong, Christopher P. Shelburne, Guojie Li, Erin N. Potts, Kristina J. Riebe, Gregory D. Sempowski, W Michael Foster, and Soman N. Abraham. “Particulate allergens potentiate allergic asthma in mice through sustained IgE-mediated mast cell activation.” J Clin Invest 128, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 4742–43. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI123039.
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  - Zhu, Weiyan, Joshua Tomberg, Kayla J. Knilans, James E. Anderson, Karen P. McKinnon, Gregory D. Sempowski, Robert A. Nicholas, and Joseph A. Duncan. “Properly folded and functional PorB from Neisseria gonorrhoeae inhibits dendritic cell stimulation of CD4+ T cell proliferation.” J Biol Chem 293, no. 28 (July 13, 2018): 11218–29. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA117.001209.
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  - Shterev, Ivo D., David B. Dunson, Cliburn Chan, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Bayesian Multi-Plate High-Throughput Screening of Compounds.” Sci Rep 8, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 9551. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27531-w.
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  - McCarthy, Kevin R., Akiko Watanabe, Masayuki Kuraoka, Khoi T. Do, Charles E. McGee, Gregory D. Sempowski, Thomas B. Kepler, Aaron G. Schmidt, Garnett Kelsoe, and Stephen C. Harrison. “Memory B Cells that Cross-React with Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Viruses Are Abundant in Adult Human Repertoires.” Immunity 48, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 174-184.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.12.009.
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  - Kajimura, Junko, Heather E. Lynch, Susan Geyer, Benjamin French, Mika Yamaoka, Ivo D. Shterev, Gregory D. Sempowski, et al. “Radiation- and Age-Associated Changes in Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cell Populations among Aging Atomic Bomb Survivors in Japan.” Radiat Res 189, no. 1 (January 2018): 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR4854.
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  - Kurkjian, Cathryn J., Hao Guo, Nathan D. Montgomery, Ning Cheng, Hong Yuan, Joseph R. Merrill, Gregory D. Sempowski, W June Brickey, and Jenny P-Y Ting. “The Toll-Like Receptor 2/6 Agonist, FSL-1 Lipopeptide, Therapeutically Mitigates Acute Radiation Syndrome.” Sci Rep 7, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 17355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17729-9.
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  - Kajimura, Junko, Heather E. Lynch, Susan Geyer, Benjamin French, Mika Yamaoka, Ivo D. Shterev, Gregory D. Sempowski, et al. “Radiation- and Age-Associated Changes in Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cell Populations among Aging Atomic Bomb Survivors in Japan.” Radiat Res, November 30, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR14854.1.
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  - Xiao, Shiyun, Ivo D. Shterev, Wen Zhang, Lauren Young, Jae-Hung Shieh, Malcolm Moore, Marcel van den Brink, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Nancy R. Manley. “Sublethal Total Body Irradiation Causes Long-Term Deficits in Thymus Function by Reducing Lymphoid Progenitors.” J Immunol 199, no. 8 (October 15, 2017): 2701–12. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1600934.
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  - Jin, Cong, Christopher P. Shelburne, Guojie Li, Erin N. Potts, Kristina J. Riebe, Gregory D. Sempowski, W Michael Foster, and Soman N. Abraham. “Particulate allergens potentiate allergic asthma in mice through sustained IgE-mediated mast cell activation.” J Clin Invest 127, no. 10 (October 2, 2017): 3913. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI97321.
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  - Netzer, Christoph, Tilo Knape, Laura Kuchler, Andreas Weigert, Kai Zacharowski, Waltraud Pfeilschifter, Gregory Sempowski, Michael J. Parnham, Bernhard Brüne, and Andreas von Knethen. “Apoptotic Diminution of Immature Single and Double Positive Thymocyte Subpopulations Contributes to Thymus Involution During Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis.” Shock 48, no. 2 (August 2017): 215–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0000000000000842.
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  - Ito, Reiko, Laura P. Hale, Susan M. Geyer, Jie Li, Andrew Sornborger, Junko Kajimura, Yoichiro Kusunoki, et al. “Late Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Age on Human Thymus Morphology and Function.” Radiat Res 187, no. 5 (May 2017): 589–98. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR4554.1.
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  - Linz, Brandon M. L., Crystal J. Neely, Laurel B. Kartchner, April E. Mendoza, Amal L. Khoury, Agnieszka Truax, Gregory Sempowski, et al. “Innate Immune Cell Recovery Is Positively Regulated by NLRP12 during Emergency Hematopoiesis.” J Immunol 198, no. 6 (March 15, 2017): 2426–33. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601048.
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  - Linz, Brandon M. L., Crystal J. Neely, Laurel B. Kartchner, April E. Mendoza, Amal L. Khoury, Agnieszka Truax, Gregory Sempowski, et al. “Innate Immune Cell Recovery Is Positively Regulated by NLRP12 during Emergency Hematopoiesis.” Journal of Immunology 198, no. 6 (March 15, 2017): 2426–33. https://doi.org/10.4049/j.immunol.1601048.
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  - Pardi, Norbert, Michael J. Hogan, Rebecca S. Pelc, Hiromi Muramatsu, Hanne Andersen, Christina R. DeMaso, Kimberly A. Dowd, et al. “Zika virus protection by a single low-dose nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination.” Nature 543, no. 7644 (March 9, 2017): 248–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21428.
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  - Thome, Joseph J. C., Boris Grinshpun, Brahma V. Kumar, Masa Kubota, Yoshiaki Ohmura, Harvey Lerner, Gregory D. Sempowski, Yufeng Shen, and Donna L. Farber. “Longterm maintenance of human naive T cells through in situ homeostasis in lymphoid tissue sites.” Sci Immunol 1, no. 6 (December 2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aah6506.
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  - Jones, Dorothy I., Charles E. McGee, Christopher J. Sample, Gregory D. Sempowski, David J. Pickup, and Herman F. Staats. “Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus Vaccination Provides Long-Term Protection against Nasal Rabbitpox Virus Challenge.” Clin Vaccine Immunol 23, no. 7 (July 2016): 648–51. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00216-16.
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  - Guo, Haitao, Renate König, Meng Deng, Maximilian Riess, Jinyao Mo, Lu Zhang, Alex Petrucelli, et al. “NLRX1 Sequesters STING to Negatively Regulate the Interferon Response, Thereby Facilitating the Replication of HIV-1 and DNA Viruses.” Cell Host Microbe 19, no. 4 (April 13, 2016): 515–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.03.001.
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  - Bowles, R. D., I. O. Karikari, D. N. VanDerwerken, M. S. Sinclair, R. D. Bell, K. J. Riebe, J. L. Huebner, V. B. Kraus, G. D. Sempowski, and L. A. Setton. “In vivo luminescent imaging of NF-κB activity and NF-κB-related serum cytokine levels predict pain sensitivities in a rodent model of peripheral neuropathy.” Eur J Pain 20, no. 3 (March 2016): 365–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.732.
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  - Samo, Melissa, Neelima R. Choudhary, Kristina J. Riebe, Ivo Shterev, Herman F. Staats, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Isabelle Leduc. “Immunization with the Haemophilus ducreyi trimeric autotransporter adhesin DsrA with alum, CpG or imiquimod generates a persistent humoral immune response that recognizes the bacterial surface.” Vaccine 34, no. 9 (February 24, 2016): 1193–1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.024.
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  - Alderman, T. S., M. A. Stiegel, R. A. Estes, W. R. Thomann, and G. D. Sempowski. “Field-testing method for loose-fitting powered air-purifying respirators equipped with HEPA filters.” Applied Biosafety 21, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676016651249.
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  - Feinstein, Lydia, Sara Ferrando-Martínez, Manuel Leal, Xuan Zhou, Gregory D. Sempowski, Derek E. Wildman, Monica Uddin, and Allison E. Aiello. “Population Distributions of Thymic Function in Adults: Variation by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Health Status.” Biodemography Soc Biol 62, no. 2 (2016): 208–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2016.1172199.
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  - Powell, Daniel A., Lydia M. Roberts, Hannah E. Ledvina, Gregory D. Sempowski, Roy Curtiss, and Jeffrey A. Frelinger. “Distinct innate responses are induced by attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mutants.” Cell Immunol 299 (January 2016): 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.002.
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  - Seed, Thomas M., Shiyun Xiao, Nancy Manley, Janko Nikolich-Zugich, Jason Pugh, Marcel Van den Brink, Yoko Hirabayashi, et al. “An interlaboratory comparison of dosimetry for a multi-institutional radiobiological research project: Observations, problems, solutions and lessons learned.” Int J Radiat Biol 92, no. 2 (2016): 59–70. https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2015.1106024.
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  - Wang, Yu, Zheng Zhang, Dong Ji, Guo-Feng Chen, Xia Feng, Lu-Lu Gong, Jian Guo, et al. “Regulation of T cell function by microRNA-720.” Sci Rep 5 (July 22, 2015): 12159. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12159.
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  - DeBo, Ryne J., Thomas C. Register, David L. Caudell, Gregory D. Sempowski, Gregory Dugan, Shauna Gray, Kouros Owzar, et al. “Molecular and cellular profiling of acute responses to total body radiation exposure in ovariectomized female cynomolgus macaques.” Int J Radiat Biol 91, no. 6 (June 2015): 510–18. https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2015.1028597.
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  - Roberts, Lydia M., Hannah E. Ledvina, Shraddha Tuladhar, Deepa Rana, Shaun P. Steele, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Jeffrey A. Frelinger. “Depletion of alveolar macrophages in CD11c diphtheria toxin receptor mice produces an inflammatory response.” Immun Inflamm Dis 3, no. 2 (June 2015): 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.51.
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  - Fusco, William G., Neelima R. Choudhary, Shelley M. Stewart, S Munir Alam, Gregory D. Sempowski, Christopher Elkins, and Isabelle Leduc. “Defining Potential Vaccine Targets of Haemophilus ducreyi Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesin DsrA.” Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 34, no. 2 (April 2015): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1089/mab.2014.0054.
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  - Robbins, Gregory R., Reid A. Roberts, Haitao Guo, Kevin Reuter, Tammy Shen, Gregory D. Sempowski, Karen P. McKinnon, Lishan Su, Joseph M. DeSimone, and Jenny P-Y Ting. “Analysis of human innate immune responses to PRINT fabricated nanoparticles with cross validation using a humanized mouse model.” Nanomedicine 11, no. 3 (April 2015): 589–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2014.11.010.
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  - Goldberg, Emily L., Melissa J. Romero-Aleshire, Kristin R. Renkema, Melissa S. Ventevogel, Wade M. Chew, Jennifer L. Uhrlaub, Megan J. Smithey, et al. “Lifespan-extending caloric restriction or mTOR inhibition impair adaptive immunity of old mice by distinct mechanisms.” Aging Cell 14, no. 1 (February 2015): 130–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12280.
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  - Szabolcs, Paul, Rebecca H. Buckley, Robert Duane Davis, Jerelyn Moffet, Judith Voynow, Jeyaraj Antony, Xiaohua Chen, Gregory D. Sempowski, and David W. Zaas. “Tolerance and immunity after sequential lung and bone marrow transplantation from an unrelated cadaveric donor.” J Allergy Clin Immunol 135, no. 2 (February 2015): 567–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.058.
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  - Callaway, Justin B., Scott A. Smith, Douglas G. Widman, Karen P. McKinnon, Frank Scholle, Gregory D. Sempowski, Dirk P. Dittmer, James E. Crowe, Aravinda M. de Silva, and Jenny P-Y Ting. “Source and Purity of Dengue-Viral Preparations Impact Requirement for Enhancing Antibody to Induce Elevated IL-1β Secretion: A Primary Human Monocyte Model.” Plos One 10, no. 8 (2015): e0136708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136708.
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  - Pugh, Jason L., Alona S. Sukhina, Thomas M. Seed, Nancy R. Manley, Gregory D. Sempowski, Marcel R. M. van den Brink, Megan J. Smithey, and Janko Nikolich-Žugich. “Histone deacetylation critically determines T cell subset radiosensitivity.” J Immunol 193, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 1451–58. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1400434.
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  - Lynch, Heather E., Ana M. Sanchez, M Patricia D’Souza, Wes Rountree, Thomas N. Denny, Michael Kalos, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Development and implementation of a proficiency testing program for Luminex bead-based cytokine assays.” J Immunol Methods 409 (July 2014): 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.011.
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  - Fusco, William G., Neelima R. Choudhary, Patty A. Routh, Melissa S. Ventevogel, Valerie A. Smith, Gary G. Koch, Glen W. Almond, Paul E. Orndorff, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Isabelle Leduc. “The Haemophilus ducreyi trimeric autotransporter adhesin DsrA protects against an experimental infection in the swine model of chancroid.” Vaccine 32, no. 30 (June 24, 2014): 3752–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.031.
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  - Roberts, Lydia M., John S. Davies, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Jeffrey A. Frelinger. “IFN-γ, but not IL-17A, is required for survival during secondary pulmonary Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Stain infection.” Vaccine 32, no. 29 (June 17, 2014): 3595–3603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.013.
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  - Packiam, Mathanraj, Roshan D. Yedery, Afrin A. Begum, Russell W. Carlson, Jhuma Ganguly, Gregory D. Sempowski, Melissa S. Ventevogel, William M. Shafer, and Ann E. Jerse. “Phosphoethanolamine decoration of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipid A plays a dual immunostimulatory and protective role during experimental genital tract infection.” Infect Immun 82, no. 6 (June 2014): 2170–79. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01504-14.
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  - Roberts, Lydia M., Shraddha Tuladhar, Shaun P. Steele, Kristina J. Riebe, Ching-Ju Chen, R Ian Cumming, Sarah Seay, et al. “Identification of early interactions between Francisella and the host.” Infect Immun 82, no. 6 (June 2014): 2504–10. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01654-13.
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  - Yan, Qin, Batu K. Sharma-Kuinkel, Hitesh Deshmukh, Ephraim L. Tsalik, Derek D. Cyr, Joseph Lucas, Christopher W. Woods, et al. “Dusp3 and Psme3 are associated with murine susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection and human sepsis.” Plos Pathog 10, no. 6 (June 2014): e1004149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004149.
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  - Holmer, Stephanie M., Kathy S. Evans, Yohannes G. Asfaw, Divey Saini, Wiley A. Schell, Julie G. Ledford, Richard Frothingham, Jo Rae Wright, Gregory D. Sempowski, and John R. Perfect. “Impact of surfactant protein D, interleukin-5, and eosinophilia on Cryptococcosis.” Infect Immun 82, no. 2 (February 2014): 683–93. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00855-13.
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  - Lynch, Heather E., Shelley M. Stewart, Thomas B. Kepler, Gregory D. Sempowski, and S Munir Alam. “Surface plasmon resonance measurements of plasma antibody avidity during primary and secondary responses to anthrax protective antigen.” J Immunol Methods 404 (February 2014): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2013.11.026.
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  - Lynch, H. E., S. M. Stewart, T. B. Kepler, G. D. Sempowski, and S. M. Alam. “Surface plasmon resonance measurements of plasma antibody avidity during primary and secondary responses to anthrax protective antigen.” Journal of Immunological Methods 404, no. 1 (2014): 1–12.
  - Roberts, Lydia M., Hannah E. Ledvina, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Jeffrey A. Frelinger. “TLR2 Signaling is Required for the Innate, but Not Adaptive Response to LVS clpB.” Front Immunol 5 (2014): 426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00426.
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  - Zhou, Xiyou, Xi Gao, Peter M. Broglie, Chahnaz Kebaier, James E. Anderson, Natalie Thom, Michael A. Apicella, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Joseph A. Duncan. “Hexa-acylated lipid A is required for host inflammatory response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in experimental gonorrhea.” Infect Immun 82, no. 1 (January 2014): 184–92. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00890-13.
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  - Lynch, H. E., and G. D. Sempowski. “Molecular measurement of t cell receptor excision circles.” Methods in Molecular Biology 979 (December 1, 2013): 147–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-290-2-12.
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  - Cain, Derek W., Emily G. O’Koren, Matthew J. Kan, Mandy Womble, Gregory D. Sempowski, Kristen Hopper, Michael D. Gunn, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Identification of a tissue-specific, C/EBPβ-dependent pathway of differentiation for murine peritoneal macrophages.” J Immunol 191, no. 9 (November 1, 2013): 4665–75. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1300581.
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  - Collins, Bradley H., Zoie E. Holzknecht, Kellie A. Lynn, Gregory D. Sempowski, Catherine C. Smith, Songling Liu, William Parker, and Don C. Rockey. “Association of age-dependent liver injury and fibrosis with immune cell populations.” Liver Int 33, no. 8 (September 2013): 1175–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12202.
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  - Ventevogel, Melissa S., and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Thymic rejuvenation and aging.” Curr Opin Immunol 25, no. 4 (August 2013): 516–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2013.06.002.
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  - Barrigan, Lydia M., Shraddha Tuladhar, Jason C. Brunton, Matthew D. Woolard, Ching-ju Chen, Divey Saini, Richard Frothingham, Gregory D. Sempowski, Thomas H. Kawula, and Jeffrey A. Frelinger. “Infection with Francisella tularensis LVS clpB leads to an altered yet protective immune response.” Infect Immun 81, no. 6 (June 2013): 2028–42. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00207-13.
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  - Long, Kristin M., Alan C. Whitmore, Martin T. Ferris, Gregory D. Sempowski, Charles McGee, Bianca Trollinger, Bronwyn Gunn, and Mark T. Heise. “Dendritic cell immunoreceptor regulates Chikungunya virus pathogenesis in mice.” J Virol 87, no. 10 (May 2013): 5697–5706. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01611-12.
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  - Lunsford, Keri E., Brandon J. Baird, Gregory D. Sempowski, Diana M. Cardona, Zhiguo Li, Kent J. Weinhold, Debra L. Sudan, and Todd V. Brennan. “Upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL-2 by a novel mouse model of pancreatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.” Transplantation 95, no. 8 (April 27, 2013): 1000–1007. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e318286483a.
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  - Lynch, Heather E., and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Molecular measurement of T cell receptor excision circles.” Methods Mol Biol 979 (2013): 147–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-290-2_12.
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  - Kanda, Junya, Lun-Wei Chiou, Paul Szabolcs, Gregory D. Sempowski, David A. Rizzieri, Gwynn D. Long, Keith M. Sullivan, et al. “Immune recovery in adult patients after myeloablative dual umbilical cord blood, matched sibling, and matched unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation.” Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 18, no. 11 (November 2012): 1664-1676.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.06.005.
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  - Mendoza, April Elizabeth, Crystal Judith Neely, Anthony G. Charles, Laurel Briane Kartchner, Willie June Brickey, Amal Lina Khoury, Gregory D. Sempowski, Jenny P. Y. Ting, Bruce A. Cairns, and Robert Maile. “Radiation combined with thermal injury induces immature myeloid cells.” Shock 38, no. 5 (November 2012): 532–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/SHK.0b013e31826c5b19.
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  - Chinn, Ivan K., Clare C. Blackburn, Nancy R. Manley, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Changes in primary lymphoid organs with aging.” Semin Immunol 24, no. 5 (October 2012): 309–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2012.04.005.
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  - Gonzalez, Rodrigo J., Eric H. Weening, Richard Frothingham, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Virginia L. Miller. “Bioluminescence imaging to track bacterial dissemination of Yersinia pestis using different routes of infection in mice.” Bmc Microbiol 12 (July 24, 2012): 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-147.
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  - Brickey, Willie J., Isabel P. Neuringer, William Walton, Xiaoyang Hua, Ellis Y. Wang, Sushmita Jha, Gregory D. Sempowski, et al. “MyD88 provides a protective role in long-term radiation-induced lung injury.” Int J Radiat Biol 88, no. 4 (April 2012): 335–47. https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2012.652723.
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  - Thompson, Afton L., Brandi T. Johnson, Gregory D. Sempowski, Michael D. Gunn, Baidong Hou, Anthony L. DeFranco, and Herman F. Staats. “Maximal adjuvant activity of nasally delivered IL-1α requires adjuvant-responsive CD11c(+) cells and does not correlate with adjuvant-induced in vivo cytokine production.” J Immunol 188, no. 6 (March 15, 2012): 2834–46. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1100254.
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  - Zhu, Weiyan, Melissa S. Ventevogel, Kayla J. Knilans, James E. Anderson, Laurel M. Oldach, Karen P. McKinnon, Marcia M. Hobbs, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Joseph A. Duncan. “Neisseria gonorrhoeae suppresses dendritic cell-induced, antigen-dependent CD4 T cell proliferation.” Plos One 7, no. 7 (2012): e41260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041260.
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  - Shi, Xin, Ping Zhang, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Judd E. Shellito. “Thymopoietic and bone marrow response to murine Pneumocystis pneumonia.” Infect Immun 79, no. 5 (May 2011): 2031–42. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01213-10.
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  - Billard, Matthew J., Amanda L. Gruver, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Acute endotoxin-induced thymic atrophy is characterized by intrathymic inflammatory and wound healing responses.” Plos One 6, no. 3 (March 18, 2011): e17940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017940.
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  - Jin, Cong, Christopher P. Shelburne, Guojie Li, Erin N. Potts, Kristina J. Riebe, Gregory D. Sempowski, W Michael Foster, and Soman N. Abraham. “Particulate allergens potentiate allergic asthma in mice through sustained IgE-mediated mast cell activation.” J Clin Invest 121, no. 3 (March 2011): 941–55. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI43584.
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  - Pastva, Amy M., Sambuddho Mukherjee, Charles Giamberardino, Bethany Hsia, Bernice Lo, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Jo Rae Wright. “Lung effector memory and activated CD4+ T cells display enhanced proliferation in surfactant protein A-deficient mice during allergen-mediated inflammation.” J Immunol 186, no. 5 (March 1, 2011): 2842–49. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0904190.
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  - Gordy, Claire, Heather Pua, Gregory D. Sempowski, and You-Wen He. “Regulation of steady-state neutrophil homeostasis by macrophages.” Blood 117, no. 2 (January 13, 2011): 618–29. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-01-265959.
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  - Cain, Derek W., Pilar B. Snowden, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Garnett Kelsoe. “Inflammation triggers emergency granulopoiesis through a density-dependent feedback mechanism.” Plos One 6, no. 5 (2011): e19957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019957.
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  - Liu, Congxiao, Benny J. Chen, Divinomar Deoliveira, Gregory D. Sempowski, Nelson J. Chao, and Robert W. Storms. “Progenitor cell dose determines the pace and completeness of engraftment in a xenograft model for cord blood transplantation.” Blood 116, no. 25 (December 16, 2010): 5518–27. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-12-260810.
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  - Ahn, Sun-Hee, Hitesh Deshmukh, Nicole Johnson, Lindsay G. Cowell, Thomas H. Rude, William K. Scott, Charlotte L. Nelson, et al. “Two genes on A/J chromosome 18 are associated with susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection by combined microarray and QTL analyses.” Plos Pathog 6, no. 9 (September 2, 2010): e1001088. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001088.
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  - Davis, Craig C., Luciana C. Marti, Gregory D. Sempowski, Durairaj A. Jeyaraj, and Paul Szabolcs. “Interleukin-7 permits Th1/Tc1 maturation and promotes ex vivo expansion of cord blood T cells: a critical step toward adoptive immunotherapy after cord blood transplantation.” Cancer Res 70, no. 13 (July 1, 2010): 5249–58. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-2860.
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  - Chen, Benny J., Divino Deoliveira, Ivan Spasojevic, Gregory D. Sempowski, Chen Jiang, Kouros Owzar, Xiaojuan Wang, et al. “Growth hormone mitigates against lethal irradiation and enhances hematologic and immune recovery in mice and nonhuman primates.” Plos One 5, no. 6 (June 16, 2010): e11056. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011056.
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  - Alderman, T Scott, Richard Frothingham, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Validation of an Animal Isolation Imaging Chamber for Use in Animal Biosafety Level-3 Containment.” Appl Biosaf 15, no. 2 (2010): 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/153567601001500203.
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  - Na, Il-Kang, Sydney X. Lu, Nury L. Yim, Gabrielle L. Goldberg, Jennifer Tsai, Uttam Rao, Odette M. Smith, et al. “The cytolytic molecules Fas ligand and TRAIL are required for murine thymic graft-versus-host disease.” J Clin Invest 120, no. 1 (January 2010): 343–56. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI39395.
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  - Gruver, Amanda L., Melissa S. Ventevogel, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Leptin receptor is expressed in thymus medulla and leptin protects against thymic remodeling during endotoxemia-induced thymus involution.” J Endocrinol 203, no. 1 (October 2009): 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-09-0179.
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  - Sempowski, G. D. “MODULATION OF THYMOPOIESIS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.” Gerontologist 49 (October 1, 2009): 346–346.
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  - Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Marcella, Chan M. Win, Roberta E. Parrott, Myriah Cooney, Barry K. Moser, Joseph L. Roberts, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Rebecca H. Buckley. “Thymic output, T-cell diversity, and T-cell function in long-term human SCID chimeras.” Blood 114, no. 7 (August 13, 2009): 1445–53. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-01-199323.
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  - Lynch, Heather E., Gabrielle L. Goldberg, Ann Chidgey, Marcel R. M. Van den Brink, Richard Boyd, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Thymic involution and immune reconstitution.” Trends Immunol 30, no. 7 (July 2009): 366–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2009.04.003.
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  - Gruver, Amanda L., and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Cytokines, leptin, and stress-induced thymic atrophy.” J Leukoc Biol 84, no. 4 (October 2008): 915–23. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0108025.
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  - Page, Kristin M., Adam M. Mendizabal, Vinod K. Prasad, Paul L. Martin, Suhag Parikh, Susan Wood, Gregory D. Sempowski, Paul Szabolcs, and Joanne Kurtzberg. “Posttransplant autoimmune hemolytic anemia and other autoimmune cytopenias are increased in very young infants undergoing unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation.” Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 14, no. 10 (October 2008): 1108–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.07.006.
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  - Gruver, Amanda Louise, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Intrathymic Role for Leptin in the Prevention of Thymic Atrophy.” Faseb Journal 22 (April 1, 2008).
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  - Howard, Brandon A., Gregory D. Sempowski, Richard M. Scearce, Hua-Xin Liao, David M. Lee, Gordon K. Lam, Haiyen Chen, Patrick Fadden, Timothy Haystead, and Barton F. Haynes. “Murine CD7 shares antigenic cross-reactivity with HSP-60.” Hybridoma (Larchmt) 27, no. 2 (April 2008): 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1089/hyb.2007.0553.
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  - Henry, Stanley C., Xiaojou Daniell, Maanasa Indaram, John F. Whitesides, Gregory D. Sempowski, David Howell, Tim Oliver, and Gregory A. Taylor. “Impaired macrophage function underscores susceptibility to Salmonella in mice lacking Irgm1 (LRG-47).” J Immunol 179, no. 10 (November 15, 2007): 6963–72. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.10.6963.
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  - Nordone, Sushila K., Glicerio A. Ignacio, Lishan Su, Gregory D. Sempowski, Douglas T. Golenbock, Liwu Li, and Gregg A. Dean. “Failure of TLR4-driven NF-kappa B activation to stimulate virus replication in models of HIV type 1 activation.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 23, no. 11 (November 2007): 1387–95. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2007.0033.
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  - Hudson, Lori L., M. Louise Markert, Blythe H. Devlin, Barton F. Haynes, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Human T cell reconstitution in DiGeorge syndrome and HIV-1 infection.” Semin Immunol 19, no. 5 (October 2007): 297–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.002.
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  - Gruver, A. L., L. L. Hudson, and G. D. Sempowski. “Immunosenescence of ageing.” J Pathol 211, no. 2 (January 2007): 144–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.2104.
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  - Li, Feng-Qiao, Gregory D. Sempowski, Suzanne E. McKenna, Daniel T. Laskowitz, Carol A. Colton, and Michael P. Vitek. “Apolipoprotein E-derived peptides ameliorate clinical disability and inflammatory infiltrates into the spinal cord in a murine model of multiple sclerosis.” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318, no. 3 (September 2006): 956–65. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.103671.
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  - Hick, Ryan W., Amanda L. Gruver, Melissa S. Ventevogel, Barton F. Haynes, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Leptin selectively augments thymopoiesis in leptin deficiency and lipopolysaccharide-induced thymic atrophy.” J Immunol 177, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): 169–76. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.169.
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  - Hart, Justin P., Gloria Broadwater, Zahid Rabbani, Benjamin J. Moeller, Robert Clough, Dale Huang, Gregory A. Sempowski, et al. “Cytokine profiling for prediction of symptomatic radiation-induced lung injury.” Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63, no. 5 (December 1, 2005): 1448–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.05.032.
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  - Sempowski, Gregory D., Charles B. Hicks, Joseph J. Eron, John A. Bartlett, Laura P. Hale, Guido Ferrari, Lloyd J. Edwards, Susan Fiscus, and Barton F. Haynes. “Naïve T cells are maintained in the periphery during the first 3 months of acute HIV-1 infection: implications for analysis of thymus function.” J Clin Immunol 25, no. 5 (September 2005): 462–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-005-5635-4.
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  - Lam, Gordon K., Hua-Xin Liao, Yan Xue, S Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, Russel E. Kaufman, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Barton F. Haynes. “Expression of the CD7 ligand K-12 in human thymic epithelial cells: regulation by IFN-gamma.” J Clin Immunol 25, no. 1 (January 2005): 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-005-0356-5.
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  - Sempowski, Gregory D., and Maria E. Rhein. “Measurement of mouse T cell receptor excision circles.” Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 10 (November 2004): Unit-10.31. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142735.im1031s63.
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  - Markert, M Louise, Marilyn J. Alexieff, Jie Li, Marcella Sarzotti, Daniel A. Ozaki, Blythe H. Devlin, Debra A. Sedlak, et al. “Postnatal thymus transplantation with immunosuppression as treatment for DiGeorge syndrome.” Blood 104, no. 8 (October 15, 2004): 2574–81. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-08-2984.
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  - Chen, Benny J., Xiuyu Cui, Gregory D. Sempowski, Jos Domen, and Nelson J. Chao. “Hematopoietic stem cell dose correlates with the speed of immune reconstitution after stem cell transplantation.” Blood 103, no. 11 (June 1, 2004): 4344–52. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-07-2534.
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  - Markert, M Louise, Marilyn J. Alexieff, Jie Li, Marcella Sarzotti, Daniel A. Ozaki, Blythe H. Devlin, Gregory D. Sempowski, et al. “Complete DiGeorge syndrome: development of rash, lymphadenopathy, and oligoclonal T cells in 5 cases.” J Allergy Clin Immunol 113, no. 4 (April 2004): 734–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.01.766.
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  - Chen, Benny J., Xiuyu Cui, Gregory D. Sempowski, Congxiao Liu, and Nelson J. Chao. “Transfer of allogeneic CD62L- memory T cells without graft-versus-host disease.” Blood 103, no. 4 (February 15, 2004): 1534–41. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-08-2987.
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  - Sempowski, Gregory D., Scott J. Cross, Craig S. Heinly, Richard M. Scearce, and Barton F. Haynes. “CD7 and CD28 are required for murine CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell homeostasis and prevention of thyroiditis.” J Immunol 172, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 787–94. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.787.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., and M. E. Rhein. “Measurement of mouse T cell receptor excision circles.” Current Protocols in Immunology / Edited by John E. Coligan ... [Et Al.] Chapter 10 (January 1, 2004).
  - Chen, Benny J., Xiuyu Cui, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Nelson J. Chao. “Growth hormone accelerates immune recovery following allogeneic T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation in mice.” Exp Hematol 31, no. 10 (October 2003): 953–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-472x(03)00196-6.
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  - Markert, M Louise, Marcella Sarzotti, Daniel A. Ozaki, Gregory D. Sempowski, Maria E. Rhein, Laura P. Hale, Francoise Le Deist, et al. “Thymus transplantation in complete DiGeorge syndrome: immunologic and safety evaluations in 12 patients.” Blood 102, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 1121–30. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-08-2545.
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  - Ohm, Joyce E., Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, Gregory D. Sempowski, Ekaterina Kisseleva, Kelly S. Parman, Sorena Nadaf, and David P. Carbone. “VEGF inhibits T-cell development and may contribute to tumor-induced immune suppression.” Blood 101, no. 12 (June 15, 2003): 4878–86. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-07-1956.
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  - Sufka, Susan A., Guido Ferrari, Victoria E. Gryszowka, Terri Wrin, Susan A. Fiscus, Georgia D. Tomaras, Herman F. Staats, et al. “Prolonged CD4+ cell/virus load discordance during treatment with protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy: immune response and viral control.” J Infect Dis 187, no. 7 (April 1, 2003): 1027–37. https://doi.org/10.1086/368359.
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  - Min, Booki, Rebecca McHugh, Gregory D. Sempowski, Crystal Mackall, Gilles Foucras, and William E. Paul. “Neonates support lymphopenia-induced proliferation.” Immunity 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 131–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00508-3.
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  - Sempowski, Gregory D., Maria E. Rhein, Richard M. Scearce, and Barton F. Haynes. “Leukemia inhibitory factor is a mediator of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide-induced acute thymic atrophy.” Eur J Immunol 32, no. 11 (November 2002): 3066–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4141(200211)32:11<3066::AID-IMMU3066>3.0.CO;2-J.
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  - Hale, Laura P., Paula K. Greer, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Bromelain treatment alters leukocyte expression of cell surface molecules involved in cellular adhesion and activation.” Clin Immunol 104, no. 2 (August 2002): 183–90. https://doi.org/10.1006/clim.2002.5254.
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  - Markert, M. L., M. Sarzotti, D. A. Ozaki, G. D. Sempowski, M. E. Rhein, L. P. Hale, M. A. Alexieff, and J. Li. “Thymic transplantation in complete DiGeorge syndrome.” Clinical Immunology 103, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): S77–78.
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  - Haynes, Barton F., and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Protection from death in endotoxin shock: does fish oil need a LIF?” Crit Care Med 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 1174–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200205000-00045.
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  - Gooding, M. E., G. D. Sempowski, and B. F. Haynes. “The thymus is the predominant site of T cell rearrangement in early human T cell development.” Faseb Journal 16, no. 4 (March 20, 2002): A346–A346.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., C. S. Heinly, D. M. Lee, R. M. Scearce, and B. F. Haynes. “CD7 and CD28 play a critical role in the development of CD4 T regulatory cells.” Faseb Journal 16, no. 4 (March 20, 2002): A342–A342.
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  - Sempowski, Gregory D., Maria E. Gooding, H. X. Liao, Phong T. Le, and Barton F. Haynes. “T cell receptor excision circle assessment of thymopoiesis in aging mice.” Mol Immunol 38, no. 11 (March 2002): 841–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-5890(01)00122-5.
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  - Bradney, Curtis P., Gregory D. Sempowski, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Herman F. Staats. “Cytokines as adjuvants for the induction of anti-human immunodeficiency virus peptide immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibodies in serum and mucosal secretions after nasal immunization.” J Virol 76, no. 2 (January 2002): 517–24. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.2.517-524.2002.
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  - Chen, Benny J., Xiuyu Cui, Gregory D. Sempowski, Maria E. Gooding, Congxiao Liu, Barton F. Haynes, and Nelson J. Chao. “A comparison of murine T-cell-depleted adult bone marrow and full-term fetal blood cells in hematopoietic engraftment and immune reconstitution.” Blood 99, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 364–71. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v99.1.364.
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  - Min, Booki, Gregory D. Sempowski, and William E. Paul. “Neonates support "homeostatic" proliferation.” Adv Exp Med Biol 512 (2002): 91–95.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., M. E. Gooding, P. T. Le, and B. F. Haynes. “Erratum: Corrigendum to "T Cell receptor excision circle assessment of thymopoieses in aging mice" (MIMM (2001) 38: 11 (841-848) PII S0161589001001225).” Molecular Immunology 39, no. 5–6 (January 1, 2002): 379–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-5890(02)00112-8.
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  - Sempowski, Gregory D., and Barton F. Haynes. “Immune reconstitution in patients with HIV infection.” Annu Rev Med 53 (2002): 269–84. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104032.
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  - Smith, Terry J., Laura Koumas, AnneMarie Gagnon, Andrea Bell, Gregory D. Sempowski, Richard P. Phipps, and Alexander Sorisky. “Orbital fibroblast heterogeneity may determine the clinical presentation of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87, no. 1 (January 2002): 385–92. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.1.8164.
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  - Markert, M. L., A. P. Alvarez-McLeod, G. D. Sempowski, L. P. Hale, J. M. Horvatinovich, K. J. Weinhold, J. A. Bartlett, T. A. D’Amico, and B. F. Haynes. “Thymopoiesis in HIV-infected adults after highly active antiretroviral therapy.” Aids Res Hum Retroviruses 17, no. 17 (November 20, 2001): 1635–43. https://doi.org/10.1089/088922201753342040.
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  - Staats, H. F., C. P. Bradney, W. M. Gwinn, S. S. Jackson, G. D. Sempowski, H. X. Liao, N. L. Letvin, and B. F. Haynes. “Cytokine requirements for induction of systemic and mucosal CTL after nasal immunization.” J Immunol 167, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 5386–94. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5386.
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  - Smith, C. C., G. D. Sempowski, and D. C. Rockey. “Increased hepatic fibrosis in very young mice is associated with induction of liver natural killer cells.” Hepatology 34, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 394A-394A.
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  - Collazo, C. M., G. S. Yap, G. D. Sempowski, K. C. Lusby, L. Tessarollo, G. F. Vande Woude, A. Sher, and G. A. Taylor. “Inactivation of LRG-47 and IRG-47 reveals a family of interferon gamma-inducible genes with essential, pathogen-specific roles in resistance to infection.” J Exp Med 194, no. 2 (July 16, 2001): 181–88. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.2.181.
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  - Haynes, B. F., and G. D. Sempowski. “Can the thymus win the battle against drug-resistant HIV?” Nat Med 7, no. 6 (June 2001): 661–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/89028.
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  - Lam, G. K., H. X. Liao, Y. Xue, S. M. Alam, J. R. Thomasch, G. D. Sempowski, S. H. Stauffer, R. Kaufman, and B. F. Haynes. “Characterisation and expression of CD7 ligand, K-12, in human thymic epithelial cells.” Faseb Journal 15, no. 5 (March 8, 2001): A1033–A1033.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., M. E. Gooding, R. M. Scearce, and B. F. Haynes. “Role of leukemia inhibitory factor and corticosteroids in the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharride-induced acute thymic atrophy.” Faseb Journal 15, no. 5 (March 8, 2001): A1057–A1057.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., M. E. Gooding, P. T. Le, H. X. Liao, and B. F. Haynes. “Molecular characterization of thymic output in aging mice using signal joint T cell receptor delta excision circles.” Faseb Journal 15, no. 4 (March 7, 2001): A667–A667.
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  - Sempowski, G., J. Thomasch, M. Gooding, L. Hale, L. Edwards, E. Ciafaloni, D. Sanders, et al. “Effect of thymectomy on human peripheral blood T cell pools in myasthenia gravis.” J Immunol 166, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 2808–17. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2808.
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  - Heinly, C. S., G. D. Sempowski, D. M. Lee, D. D. Patel, P. M. McDermott, R. M. Scearce, C. B. Thompson, and B. F. Haynes. “Comparison of thymocyte development and cytokine production in CD7-deficient, CD28-deficient and CD7/CD28 double-deficient mice.” Int Immunol 13, no. 2 (February 2001): 157–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/13.2.157.
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  - Klein, A. K., D. D. Patel, M. E. Gooding, G. D. Sempowski, B. J. Chen, C. Liu, J. Kurtzberg, B. F. Haynes, and N. J. Chao. “T-Cell recovery in adults and children following umbilical cord blood transplantation.” Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 7, no. 8 (2001): 454–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1083-8791(01)80013-6.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., L. P. Hale, J. S. Sundy, J. M. Massey, R. A. Koup, D. C. Douek, D. D. Patel, and B. F. Haynes. “Leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, IL-6, and stem cell factor mRNA expression in human thymus increases with age and is associated with thymic atrophy.” J Immunol 164, no. 4 (February 15, 2000): 2180–87. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.2180.
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  - Haynes, B. F., G. D. Sempowski, A. F. Wells, and L. P. Hale. “The human thymus during aging.” Immunol Res 22, no. 2–3 (2000): 253–61. https://doi.org/10.1385/IR:22:2-3:253.
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  - Haynes, B. F., M. L. Markert, G. D. Sempowski, D. D. Patel, and L. P. Hale. “The role of the thymus in immune reconstitution in aging, bone marrow transplantation, and HIV-1 infection.” Annu Rev Immunol 18 (2000): 529–60. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.529.
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  - SEMPOWSKI, G. D. “Leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, IL-6, and stem cell factor mRNA expression in human thymus increases with age and is associated with thymic atrophy.” J. Immunol. 164 (2000).
  - Flores, K. G., J. Li, G. D. Sempowski, B. F. Haynes, and L. P. Hale. “Analysis of the human thymic perivascular space during aging.” J Clin Invest 104, no. 8 (October 1999): 1031–39. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI7558.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., D. M. Lee, R. M. Scearce, D. D. Patel, and B. F. Haynes. “Resistance of CD7-deficient mice to lipopolysaccharide-induced shock syndromes.” J Exp Med 189, no. 6 (March 15, 1999): 1011–16. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.189.6.1011.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., D. M. Lee, R. E. Kaufman, and B. F. Haynes. “Structure and function of the CD7 molecule.” Crit Rev Immunol 19, no. 4 (1999): 331–48.
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  - Lee, D. M., H. F. Staats, J. S. Sundy, D. D. Patel, G. D. Sempowski, R. M. Scearce, D. M. Jones, and B. F. Haynes. “Immunologic characterization of CD7-deficient mice.” J Immunol 160, no. 12 (June 15, 1998): 5749–56.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., J. Rozenblit, T. J. Smith, and R. P. Phipps. “Human orbital fibroblasts are activated through CD40 to induce proinflammatory cytokine production.” Am J Physiol 274, no. 3 (March 1998): C707–14. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.3.C707.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., J. Rozenblit, T. J. Smith, and R. P. Phipps. “Human orbital fibroblasts are activated through CD40 to induce proinflammatory cytokine production.” American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology 274, no. 3 43-3 (March 1, 1998).
  - Sempowski, G. D., J. Rozenblit, T. J. Smith, and R. P. Phipps. “Human orbital fibroblasts are activated through CD40 to induce proinflammatory cytokine production.” American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology 274, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): C707–14.
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  - Smith, T. J., G. D. Sempowski, C. S. Berenson, H. J. Cao, H. S. Wang, and R. P. Phipps. “Human thyroid fibroblasts exhibit a distinctive phenotype in culture: characteristic ganglioside profile and functional CD40 expression.” Endocrinology 138, no. 12 (December 1997): 5576–88. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.138.12.5563.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., P. R. Chess, and R. P. Phipps. “CD40 is a functional activation antigen and B7-independent T cell costimulatory molecule on normal human lung fibroblasts.” J Immunol 158, no. 10 (May 15, 1997): 4670–77.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., P. R. Chess, A. J. Moretti, J. Padilla, R. P. Phipps, and T. M. Blieden. “CD40 mediated activation of gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts.” J Periodontol 68, no. 3 (March 1997): 284–92. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1997.68.3.284.
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  - Blieden, T. M., G. D. Sempowski, J. Padilla, V. N. Suchkova, P. Chess, and R. P. Phipps. “Periodontal fibroblast activation via CD40.” Journal of Dental Research 76 (January 1, 1997): 1297–1297.
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  - Padilla, J., G. D. Sempowski, V. N. Suchkova, T. M. Blieden, and R. P. Phipps. “Expression and significance of CD40 on human gingival tissue.” Journal of Dental Research 76 (January 1, 1997): 3423–3423.
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  - SEMPOWSKI, G. D. “CD40 mediated activation of gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts.” J Periodontol 68 (1997): 284–92.
  - Gaspari, A. A., G. D. Sempowski, P. Chess, J. Gish, and R. P. Phipps. “Human epidermal keratinocytes are induced to secrete interleukin-6 and co-stimulate T lymphocyte proliferation by a CD40-dependent mechanism.” Eur J Immunol 26, no. 6 (June 1996): 1371–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830260629.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., S. Derdak, and R. P. Phipps. “Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma discordantly regulate collagen biosynthesis by functionally distinct lung fibroblast subsets.” J Cell Physiol 167, no. 2 (May 1996): 290–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199605)167:2<290::AID-JCP13>3.0.CO;2-C.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., T. Gaspari, P. Chess, and R. P. Phipps. “Functional expression of CD40 on human lung fibroblasts and its role in fibroblast activation and interaction with T lymphocytes and mast cells.” Faseb Journal 10, no. 6 (April 30, 1996): 1904–1904.
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  - Gaspari, A. A., G. D. Sempowski, P. R. Chess, J. Gish, and R. P. Phipps. “Cultured human keratinocytes express functional CD40 that mediates protein tyrosine kinase-dependent transmembrane signals and costimulates resting T-lymphocyte proliferation.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 106, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 712–712.
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  - Blieden, T. M., G. D. Sempowski, J. Padilla, and R. P. Phipps. “The role of CD40 expression by peridontal fibroblasts.” Journal of Dental Research 75 (January 1, 1996): 96–96.
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  - Fries, K. M., G. D. Sempowski, A. A. Gaspari, T. Blieden, R. J. Looney, and R. P. Phipps. “CD40 expression by human fibroblasts.” Clin Immunol Immunopathol 77, no. 1 (October 1995): 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-1229(95)90135-3.
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  - Smith, T. J., G. D. Sempowski, H. S. Wang, P. J. Del Vecchio, S. D. Lippe, and R. P. Phipps. “Evidence for cellular heterogeneity in primary cultures of human orbital fibroblasts.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80, no. 9 (September 1995): 2620–25. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.80.9.7673404.
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  - GASPARI, A. A., K. FRIES, G. D. SEMPOWSKI, and R. P. PHIPPS. “HUMAN KERATINOCYTES CONSTITUTIVELY EXPRESS CD40, A COSTIMULATORY LIGAND FOR ACTIVATED T-LYMPHOCYTES.” Journal of Investigative Dermatology 104, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 570–570.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., M. A. Borrello, T. M. Blieden, R. K. Barth, and R. P. Phipps. “Fibroblast heterogeneity in the healing wound.” Wound Repair Regen 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 120–31. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1995.30204.x.
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  - Silvera, M. R., G. D. Sempowski, and R. P. Phipps. “Expression of TGF-beta isoforms by Thy-1+ and Thy-1- pulmonary fibroblast subsets: evidence for TGF-beta as a regulator of IL-1-dependent stimulation of IL-6.” Lymphokine Cytokine Res 13, no. 5 (October 1994): 277–85.
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  - Fries, K. M., T. Blieden, R. J. Looney, G. D. Sempowski, M. R. Silvera, R. A. Willis, and R. P. Phipps. “Evidence of fibroblast heterogeneity and the role of fibroblast subpopulations in fibrosis.” Clin Immunol Immunopathol 72, no. 3 (September 1994): 283–92. https://doi.org/10.1006/clin.1994.1144.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., M. P. Beckmann, S. Derdak, and R. P. Phipps. “Subsets of murine lung fibroblasts express membrane-bound and soluble IL-4 receptors. Role of IL-4 in enhancing fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis.” J Immunol 152, no. 7 (April 1, 1994): 3606–14.
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  - Silvera, M. R., G. D. Sempowski, R. P. Phipps, D. P. Penney, and H. Watts. “Lung Fibroblast Heterogeneity.” Journal of Aerosol Medicine: Deposition, Clearance, and Effects in the Lung 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/jam.1993.6.1.
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  - Li, P., C. N. Thaw, G. D. Sempowski, M. C. Gershengorn, and P. M. Hinkle. “Characterization of the calcium response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in cells transfected with TRH receptor complementary DNA: importance of voltage-sensitive calcium channels.” Mol Endocrinol 6, no. 9 (September 1992): 1393–1402. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.6.9.1279382.
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- Conference Papers
  - Hayashi, Tomonori, Heather E. Lynch, Susan Geyer, Kengo Yoshida, Keiko Furudoi, Keiko Sasaki, Yukari Morishita, et al. “Impact of early life exposure to ionizing radiation on influenza vaccine response in an elderly Japanese cohort.” In Vaccine, 36:6650–59, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.054.
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  - Lee, De’Ashia E., WuJuan Zhong, Li Dong, Ali Russell Russell, Catherine O’Connell, Harold Wiesenfeld, Sharon Hillier, Gregory D. Sempowski, Xiaojing Zheng, and Toni Darville. “Increased levels of Th1-inducing cytokines are detected in cervical secretions of women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection limited to their cervix.” In Journal of Immunology, Vol. 200. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2018.
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  - Junkins, Robert D., Matthew D. Gallovic, Brandon M. Johnson, Michael A. Collier, Rebekah Watkins-Schulz, Ning Cheng, Clément N. David, et al. “A robust microparticle platform for a STING-targeted adjuvant that enhances both humoral and cellular immunity during vaccination.” In J Control Release, 270:1–13, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.030.
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  - Kajimura, J., H. E. Lynch, S. Geyer, M. Yamaoka, I. Shterev, S. Kyoizumi, G. D. Sempowski, K. Nakachi, and Y. Kusunoki. “Effect of past radiation exposure on the circulating dendritic cell populations in A-bomb survivors.” In European Journal of Immunology, 46:945–945. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016.
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  - Yeh, Chen-Hao, Masayuki Kuraoka, Heather Lynch, Gregory D. Sempowski, and Garnett H. Kelsoe. “TCR Repertoire Analysis of Mouse T Follicular Helper Cells and T Follicular Regulatory Cells Following Immunization.” In Journal of Immunology, Vol. 196. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2016.
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  - Bowles, R. D., I. O. Karikari, K. J. Riebe, G. D. Sempowski, and L. A. Setton. “In vivo imaging of NF-кB activity and correlation to pain in a model of radiculopathy.” In Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21:S59–60. Elsevier BV, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.02.133.
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  - Lunsford, K. E., B. Jackson-Baird, G. D. Sempowski, D. M. Cardona, K. J. Weinhold, and T. V. Brennan. “Novel Murine Model of Pancreatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Up-Regulates Interleukin-1 Beta, Interleukin-6, and CCL-2.” In American Journal of Transplantation, 12:220–220. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2012.
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  - Lunsford, Keri E., Brandon Jackson-Baird, Greg D. Sempowski, Diana M. Cardona, and Todd V. Brennan. “Murine Pancreatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Up-Regulates Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-6, and CCL-2.” In American Journal of Transplantation, 12:94–94. WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2012.
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  - Gruver, Amanda L., and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Leptin protects against endotoxin-induced thymic remodeling.” In Journal of Immunology, Vol. 182. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2009.
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  - Liu, C., D. DeOliveira, G. D. Sempowski, N. J. Chao, B. J. Chen, and R. W. Storms. “Complete Long-Term Hematopoietic Engraftment by Lineage-Depleted ALDH CD34+ UCB Cells.” In Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 15:85–85. Elsevier BV, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.12.265.
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  - Gruver, Amanda Louise, Melissa S. Ventevogel, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Leptin Directly Protects Thymus Tissue from Endotoxin-induced Involution.” In Journal of Immunology, Vol. 178. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2007.
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  - Kendall, Shelie Marie, Melissa S. Ventevogel, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Thymopoiesis is Enhanced by Inhibition of gp130 Signaling in Young and Aged Mice.” In Journal of Immunology, Vol. 178. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2007.
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  - Gruver, Amanda L., Melissa S. Ventevogel, Barton F. Haynes, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Leptin selectively augments thymopoiesis in LPS-induced thymic atrophy.” In Journal of Immunology, 176:S215–S215. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2006.
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  - Peacock, James W., Melissa Ventevogel, Barton F. Haynes, and Gregory D. Sempowski. “Toll like receptor agonist induction of thymic CD4+, CD25+T regulatory cells during vaccination.” In Journal of Immunology, 176:S245–S245. AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS, 2006.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., S. J. Cross, C. S. Heinly, R. M. Scearce, and B. F. Haynes. “CD7 and CD28 are required for murine CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell homeostasis and prevention of thyroiditis.” In Faseb Journal, 18:A798–99. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2004.
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  - Chen, B. J., X. Y. Cui, G. D. Sempowski, J. Domen, and N. Chao. “Hematopoietic stem cell dose correlates with the speed of immune reconstitution after stem cell transplantation.” In Blood, 102:396B-396B. AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY, 2003.
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  - Cross, S. J., G. D. Sempowski, and B. F. Haynes. “Immunophenotypic and functional characterization of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells as a function of aging in normal human peripheral blood and autoimmune disease.” In Blood, 100:250A-250A. AMER SOC HEMATOLOGY, 2002.
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  - Sempowski, G. D., C. Hicks, L. Edwards, G. Ferrari, J. Eron, and B. F. Haynes. “Naive T cells are maintained in the periphery during acute HIV infection.” In Faseb Journal, 16:A297–A297. FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL, 2002.
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Teaching & Mentoring
Recent Courses
- PATHOL 293: Research Independent Study 2020
- PATHOL 793: Research Independent Study 2020

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