Journal articleThe Psychological record · January 2021
Travis Thompson's lengthy review of Staddon's The New Behaviorism requires several corrections and extensions. This response discusses Staddon's analysis of Herrnstein's matching law and concludes that Thompson misinterprets a gentle critique as a p ...
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Journal articleHistory of Political Economy · January 1, 2016
Choice behavior is studied differently in humans and in animals, and different theories have arisen to explain the results. I suggest that an approach derived from animal studies is also appropriate for human choice. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky’s pros ...
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Journal articleBehavioural processes · October 2013
Zebrafish were tested in an appetitive Pavlovian delayed conditioning task. After an intertrial interval of k*T s (k=11.25; T=8, 16 or 32 s), a small, translucent vertical pole was illuminated (CS) for T s. Food was presented at T/2 s. Pole-biting response ...
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Journal article · July 2, 2013
The chief offense of “political correctness” is its unreflective certainty – about which causes to hail or demonize and about the necessity to take sides on every issue. Science has no room for such dogmatism, of course. Yet, human nature being what it i ...
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Journal articleThe Behavior analyst · January 2013
David Hume argued that ought cannot be derived from is. That is, no set of facts, no amount of scientific knowledge, is by itself sufficient to urge us to action. Yet generations of well-meaning scientists (more and more as secular influences ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 2010
Charles Sherrington identified the properties of the synapse by purely behavioral means-the study of reflexes-more than 100 years ago. They were subsequently confirmed neurophysiologically. Studying reflex interaction, he also showed that activating one re ...
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Journal articleBehavior and Philosophy · December 1, 2009
Professor Hocutt and I agree that David Hume first pointed out that "ought"-what should be done-cannot be derived from "is"-what is the case. Hocutt goes on to claim that "ought," in fact, derives from factual observation of "what we care about," which amo ...
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Journal articlePsychological review · July 2009
The authors propose a simple behavioral economic model (BEM) describing how reinforcement and interval timing interact. The model assumes a Weber-law-compliant logarithmic representation of time. Associated with each represented time value are the payoffs ...
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Journal articleInternational Journal of Psychology · December 1, 2006
The Darwinian metaphor, to which Skinner was an early contributor, has been a commonplace for several years. Skinner was sure that much can be learned from experiments with animals, and those strategies that work best for the training of animals can and sh ...
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Journal articleJournal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · July 2006
Pigeons were exposed to concurrent schedules for which reinforcement was alternately available at different times for each of two choices. In Experiment 1 (in which reinforcement times progressed arithmetically), overall, but not relative, response rate wa ...
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Journal articleTrends in cognitive sciences · July 2005
Anticipation of periodic events signalled by a time marker, or interval timing, has been explained by a separate pacemaker-counter clock. However, recent research has added support to an older idea: that memory strength can act as a clock. The way that mem ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 2005
On cyclic-interval reinforcement schedules, animals typically show a postreinforcement pause that is a function of the immediately preceding time interval (temporal tracking). Animals, however, do not track single-alternation schedules-when two different i ...
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Journal articleJournal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · April 2005
In Experiment 1, pigeons chose between variable- and fixed-interval schedules. The timer for 1 schedule was reset by a reinforcement on that schedule or on either schedule. In both cases, the pigeons timed reinforcement on each schedule from trial onset. T ...
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Journal article · 2005
There are several strategies available to police “stopping” suspects. Most efficient is to stop only members of the group with the highest a priori probability of guilt; least efficient is indiscriminate stopping. An efficient option that satisfies one cri ...
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Journal articleBehavior and Philosophy · December 1, 2004
E.O. Wilson and B.F. Skinner have argued for an evolutionary ethics that allows what ought to be to be derived from what is-ethics from science. Evolution is inherently unpredictable, however, and some practices whose benefits cannot be proved might nevert ...
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Journal articleJournal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · October 2004
On many cyclic-interval schedules, animals adjust their postreinforcement pause to follow the interval duration (temporal tracking). Six pigeons were trained on a series of square-wave (2-valued) interval schedules (e.g., 12 fixed-interval [FI] 60, 4 FI 18 ...
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Journal article · May 2004
Winston Churchill in old age was presented by the House of Commons with his portrait, painted by Graham Sutherland, a well-known British artist. When the picture was unveiled in Westminster Hall, Churchill looked at it for a few seconds and then commente ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 2004
Three experiments with pigeons studied the relation between time and rate measures of behavior under conditions of changing preference. Experiment 1 studied a concurrent chain schedule with random-interval initial links and fixed-interval terminal links; E ...
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Journal articleJournal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · January 2004
In the time-left experiment (J. Gibbon & R. M. Church, 1981), animals are said to compare an expectation of a fixed delay to food, for one choice, with a decreasing delay expectation for the other, mentally representing both upcoming time to food and the d ...
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Journal articlePsychological review · January 2003
Interval timing in operant conditioning is the learned covariation of a temporal dependent measure such as wait time with a temporal independent variable such as fixed-interval duration. The dominant theories of interval timing all incorporate an explicit ...
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Journal articleAnnual review of psychology · January 2003
Operant behavior is behavior "controlled" by its consequences. In practice, operant conditioning is the study of reversible behavior maintained by reinforcement schedules. We review empirical studies and theoretical approaches to two large classes of opera ...
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Journal articleBehavioural processes · April 2002
Memory decay is rapid at first and slower later-a feature that accounts for Jost's memory law: that old memories gain on newer ones with lapse of time. The rate-sensitive property of habituation-that recovery after spaced stimuli may be slower than after m ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 2002
Animals on interval schedules of reinforcement can rapidly adjust a temporal dependent variable, such as wait time, to changes in the prevailing interreinforcement interval. We describe data on the effects of impulse, step, sine-cyclic, and variable-interv ...
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Journal articleBehavioral and Brain Sciences · January 1, 2001
The "A-not-B" error is consistent with an old memory principle, Jost's Law. Quantitative properties of the effect can be explained by a dynamic model for habituation that is also consistent with Jost. Piaget was well aware of the resemblance between adult ...
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Journal articleAmerican Zoologist · January 1, 2000
SYNOPSIS. There are three domains of experience that concern students of behavior: Domain 1. The domain of felt experience, the phenomenological domain. Domain, 2. The domain of physiology, the real-time functioning of the brain. Domain 3. The domain of be ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · November 1999
The tuned-trace multiple-time-scale (MTS) theory of timing can account both for the puzzling choose-short effect in time-discrimination experiments and for the complementary choose-long effect. But it cannot easily explain why the choose-short effect seems ...
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Journal articleBehavioural processes · April 1999
In experiment 1, five goldfish (Carassius auratus) paddle-pressed on fixed-interval (FI) and variable-interval (VI) schedules for food pellet reinforcement. The order of conditions was FI 60 s, FI 240 s, FI 30 s, FI 60 s, and VI 60 s. FI responding showed ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1999
A popular view of interval timing in animals is that it is driven by a discrete pacemaker-accumulator mechanism that yields a linear scale for encoded time. But these mechanisms are fundamentally at odds with the Weber law property of interval timing, and ...
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Journal articlePsychological review · January 1999
Existing models of operant learning are relatively insensitive to historical properties of behavior and applicable to only limited data sets. This article proposes a minimal set of principles based on short-term and long-term memory mechanisms that can exp ...
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Journal articleJournal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · 1999
A popular view of interval timing in animals
is that it is driven by a discrete
pacemaker-accumulator (PA) mechanism that
yields a linear scale for encoded time. But
PA mechanisms are fundamentally at odds with
the Weber-law property of interval timing an ...
Cite
Journal articlePsychological Review · January 1, 1998
Cognitive behaviorist E. C. Tolman (1932) proposed many years ago that rats and men navigate with the aid of cognitive maps, but his theory was incomplete. Critic E. R. Guthrie (1935) pointed out that Tolman's maps lack a rule for action, a route finder. W ...
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Journal articleRobotics and Autonomous Systems · November 10, 1997
This paper is a survey of research on autonomous search strategies which originate in engineering and biology. Our motivation is to identify methods of search in an essentially two-dimensional Euclidean space, which can be applied to the area of demining. ...
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Journal articleAnimal Learning and Behavior · January 1, 1997
Two accounts of how density of reinforcement affects steady-state performance on probabilistic schedules were compared: the real-time linear operator (RTLO) model and a temporal control model (in which response strength is determined by reinforcement proba ...
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Journal articleInformation Sciences · January 1, 1997
A local diffusion model (Staddon and Reid, 1990) can reproduce exponential and Gaussian stimulus-generalization gradients. We show that a two-dimensional diffusion model, together with simple reinforcement assumptions, can reproduce many of the empirical p ...
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Journal articleJournal of Comparative Psychology · January 1, 1997
The calls of some bird species may be modified by reward and punishment. However, the operant control of vocal topographies (i.e., the effect of reward or punishment on the physical dimensions of a vocal response) in such species has not been extensively e ...
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Journal articlePsychological review · October 1996
Habituation is the waning of a reflex response to repeated stimulation. Habituation to closely spaced stimuli is faster and more complete than to widely spaced stimuli, but recovery is also more rapid (rate sensitivity). We show that a 2-unit, cascaded-int ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 1996
Two experiments used response-initiated delay schedules to test the idea that when food reinforcement is available at regular intervals, the time an animal waits before its first operant response (waiting time) is proportional to the immediately preceding ...
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Journal article · February 1995
The litany of social dysfunction is now familiar. The rates of violent crime are higher than they have ever been: Americans kill and maim one another at per-capita rates an order of magnitude higher than other industrialized nations. The rate of marriage h ...
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Journal article · February 1995
The litany of social dysfunction is now familiar. The rates of violent crime are higher than they have ever been: Americans kill and maim one another at per-capita rates an order of magnitude higher than other industrialized nations. The rate of marriage h ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 1995
In Experiment 1, 3 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were trained with food reinforcement to make low- or high-frequency calls in response to different color stimuli, C1 and C2 (a color-naming task), using a gradual response-differentiation procedure a ...
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Journal articlePsychological review · October 1994
The cumulative effects (CE) model explains free-operant choice by the ratio of total numbers of responses and reinforcements, a probability-like variable. Williams (1994) argues that the model is vulnerable to experiments that disprove melioration, a local ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1993
On fixed-interval or response-initiated delay schedules of reinforcement, the average pause following food presentation is proportional to the interfood interval. Moreover, when a number of intervals of different durations occur in a programmed cyclic seri ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 1993
Recent developments reveal that animals can rapidly learn about intervals of time. We studied the nature of this fast-acting process in two experiments. In Experiment 1 pigeons were exposed to a modified fixed-time schedule, in which the time between food ...
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Journal articlePsychological review · April 1993
Recurrent choice has been studied for many years. A static law, matching, has been established, but there is no consensus on the underlying dynamic process. The authors distinguish between dynamic models in which the model state is identified with directly ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1993
We used multiple conditional discriminations to study the inferential abilities of pigeons. Using a five-term stimulus series, pigeons were trained to respond differentially to four overlapping pairs of concurrently presented stimuli: A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · July 1992
Pigeons trained on cyclic-interval schedules adjust their postfood pause from interval to interval within each experimental session. But on regular fixed-interval schedules, many sessions at a given parameter value are usually necessary before the typical ...
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Journal articleBehavioural processes · January 1992
In four experiments, human subjects played a simple video game in which they chose between two buttons that provided reinforcement either on constant or variable schedules. In one condition of Experiment 1, subjects strongly preferred constant sized reward ...
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Journal articlePsychological Science · January 1, 1992
Economists usually assume that human choice behavior is rational, by which they mean that it maximizes some utility function. Psychologists are more impressed by the evident irrationality of behavior and tend to look for choice mechanisms (which cannot act ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · January 1, 1992
Contrary to Markovits and Dumas (1992), this article maintains that, although semantically questionable, the transitive-inference performance in pigeons demonstrated by Fersen, Wynne, Delius, and Staddon (1991) was impeccably transitive. Fersen et al. prop ...
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Journal articleJournal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · July 1991
Pigeons tracked sinusoidal sequences of interfood intervals (IFIs) by pausing in each interval for a time proportional to the preceding interval. Schedules with either long (30-90 s) or short (5-15 s) values, with variable numbers of cycles and starting ph ...
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Journal articlePsychological Science · January 1, 1991
The history of psychology is full of disputes among various “‐isms”: behaviorism, cognitivism. functionalism, and many others. Nevertheless, all are unanimous in their opposition to one other ‐ism: reductionism. From Skinner to Simon, there is tacit agreem ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · January 1, 1991
Pigeons were trained with 4 pairs of visual stimuli in a 5-term series- A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E- (in which plus [+] denotes reward and minus [-] denotes nonreward)-before the unreinforced test pair B D was presented. All pigeons chose Item B, demonst ...
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Journal articleLearning and Motivation · January 1, 1991
Reinforcement schedules produce distinctive and reliable temporal patterns of behavior. Temporal discrimination is known to be an important ingredient in these patterns. We sketch a simple dynamic model for the discrimination of short time intervals, linea ...
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Journal articlePsychology of Learning and Motivation Advances in Research and Theory · January 1, 1991
This chapter discusses the history of the problem of temporal learning. There is also a discussion about the work in progress on it that is intended to : (1)describe a set of rather elegant experimental data that are probably novel to most psychologists an ...
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Journal articleBehavioural processes · December 1989
We show that simple, contiguity-based, nonassociative response-selection process provides a qualitative account for both anomalous and nonanomalous properties of operant conditioning. The process can easily be extended to permit associative effects; it may ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · July 1989
Horner and Staddon (1987) argued that a class of reward-following processes defined by a property they termed ratio invariance is a better model for the probabilistic choice performance of pigeons than competing molecular accounts such as momentary maximiz ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1988
Pigeons and other animals soon learn to wait (pause) after food delivery on periodic-food schedules before resuming the food-rewarded response. Under most conditions the steady-state duration of the average waiting time, t, is a linear function of the typi ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1988
There is continuing controversy about the behavioral process or processes that underlie the major regularities of free-operant choice such as molar matching and systematic deviations therefrom. A recent interchange between Vaughan and Silberberg and Ziriax ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1987
As a control for the effects of session duration and hunger on the relation between food magnitude and induced drinking, four food-deprived rats were exposed to a variable-time 50-s schedule of food delivery in which the size of each food delivery varied r ...
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Journal articleBehavioural processes · August 1987
When subjects must choose repeatedly between two or more alternatives, each of which dispenses reward on a probabilistic basis (two-armed bandit ), their behavior is guided by the two possible outcomes, reward and nonreward. The simplest stochastic choice ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · January 1, 1987
Molar optimality models assume that any reward schedule can be described by a molar feedback function, which is the relation between average response rates and average reinforcement rates enforced by that particular schedule. This molar feedback function i ...
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Journal articlePhysiology & behavior · January 1986
Rats ate less food than normal on cyclic-ratio schedules following cholecystokinin and lithium chloride injections. Nevertheless, they defended this lower eating rate in the same way as under control conditions. The pattern of effects produced by cholecyst ...
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Journal articlePsychological Review · October 1, 1984
The recent controversy between A. Bandura (see record 1983-22326-001) and D. C. Phillips and R. Orton (see record 1983-22341-001) about the causal relations involved in social interactions prompted a discussion of the proper role for formal models in the a ...
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Journal articleAmerican Naturalist · January 1, 1984
Human subjects searched for a target character ("prey') among an array of background characters displayed on the screen of a small computer. The search rate was controlled by changing the display duration while prey crypticity was varied by changing the ba ...
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Journal articleAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences · January 1984
Standard animal memory tasks require judgments of event recency: Delayed matching to sample (DMTS) requires that the animal identify the stimulus seen most recently; radial-maze-type (RM) tasks require that the animal identify the place visited least recen ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · November 1983
In simple situations, animals consistently choose the better of two alternatives. On concurrent variable-interval variable-interval and variable-interval variable-ratio schedules, they approximately match aggregate choice and reinforcement ratios. The matc ...
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Journal articleBehavioral neuroscience · August 1983
Cyclic-ratio schedules are a rapid method for studying the operant regulation of feeding rate. The cyclic method produces results comparable to traditional but time-consuming parametric methods. Performance on cyclic-ratio schedules is well described by a ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1983
Pigeons were exposed to fixed-time schedules of food presentation ranging from five to 300 seconds. Although consistent, stereotyped response patterns developed during interfood intervals on all schedules, there were distinct differences in the behavior ob ...
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Journal articleAmerican Naturalist · January 1, 1983
Developed a model, based on Holling's disc equation, of a predator searching for cryptic prey, assuming that the probability of a predator detecting an encountered prey item is inversely related to both prey crypticity and search rate. The optimal search r ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 1983
Pigeons were exposed to two types of concurrent operant-reinforcement schedules in order to determine what choice rules determine behavior on these schedules. In the first set of experiments, concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules, key-p ...
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Journal articlePhysiology & behavior · September 1982
Rats obtained less food than normal on a cyclic-ratio schedule during brief, 1-hr exposure to either moderate hypobaric hypoxia (BP = 435 Torr, PO2 approximately equal to 91 Torr) or to hypoxic hypoxia (BP = 750 Torr, PO2, approximately equal to 90 Torr), ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · July 1982
We carried out five experiments with rats on fixed-time schedules in order to define the relation between drinking and individual food-pellet presentations. In Experiment 1, unsignaled extra food occurred at the end of occasional fixed intervals, and we co ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1982
Pigeons were exposed to multiple schedules in which an irregular repeating sequence of five stimulus components was correlated with the same reinforcement schedule throughout. Stable, idiosyncratic, response-rate differences developed across components. Co ...
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Journal articleBehaviour Analysis Letters · January 1, 1982
Four pigeons pecked keys on multiple variable - interval variable-interval schedules of food reinforcement. When the duration of each component was varied independently, response rates during the rich component of a multiple VI 60-sec VI 240-sec schedule w ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · May 1981
We present a classification and theoretical analysis of discrete-trial and free-operant choice procedures in which reinforcement is assigned to one alternative only, or independently to both, is either always available or conditionally available, and is ei ...
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Journal articleBehaviour Analysis Letters · January 1, 1981
Pigeons received variable-interval food reinforcement for key pecking during one line-orientation stimulus while key pecking during another line orientation was extinguished (mult VI EXT); the duration of the extinction component was either fixed or variab ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance · May 1, 1980
In absolute judgment experiments with feedback, the events on a given trial, n, exert a biphasic effect on succeeding responses: The response on trial n + 1 is displaced toward the stimulus (or feedback) on trial n (assimilation), and the response on each ...
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Journal articleBulletin of the Psychonomic Society · January 1, 1980
Four pigeons were exposed to a fixed-time (FT) 27-sec schedule of food presentation in a large chamber partitioned into several areas. Each area provided different environmental support stimuli, such as water, nesting material, or the opportunity to observ ...
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Journal articlePsychological Review · September 1, 1979
G. Heyman's (see record 1980-00325-001) major criticism of the present authors' (see record 1979-22914-001) reinforcement maximization model is that it does not consider "local" and "interchangeover" interresponse times separately. The present authors show ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology General · March 1, 1979
Comments on an article by J. Allison et al (see record 1980-27214-001). Conservation theory in either its 1- or 2-parameter form predicts a linear relation with negative slope between measures of the instrumental and contingent response. Empirical results ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology General · March 1, 1979
Reinforcement schedules restrict an organism's access to 1 activity (the contingent response, or reinforcer) by requiring it to engage in a 2nd activity (the instrumental response) for access to the 1st one. Behavior is also constrained by limitations of t ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology General · March 1, 1979
Introduces a group of articles on related topics in operant conditioning research: (a) the relativity of reinforcement, (b) choice, (c) the quantitative law of effect, and (d) optimal behavior. The focus is on the functional relations between response and ...
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Journal articleJournal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · February 1, 1979
In 2 experiments, captive female cowbirds, both isolation reared and wild caught, were exposed during the breeding season to experimentally manipulated versions of isolate male song. Data show that a single song element, a brief note between the song phras ...
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Journal articleScience (New York, N.Y.) · October 1978
Rats pressing a lever for food reinforcement showed large positive-contrast effects when provided with the opportunity for a competing wheel-running response. Positive and negative behavioral contrast may reflect reallocation of competing interim and termi ...
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Journal articlePsychological Review · July 1, 1978
Data in operant conditioning and psychophysics are often well fitted by functions of the form y = qxs. A simple theory derives these power functions from the simultaneous equations dx/x = a1f(z)dz and dy/y = a2f(z)dz, where ...
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Journal articleZeitschrift Fur Tierpsychologie · January 1, 1978
A simple, real‐time method for displaying the information contained in the zero‐crossings of acoustic signals is described. The method can be used even with many signals that have harmonics, and reveals a wealth of fine structure in bird song. Some of this ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · September 1977
In 1970, Herrnstein proposed a simple equation to describe the relation between response and reinforcement rates on interval schedules. Its empirical basis is firm, but its theoretical foundation is still uncertain. Two approaches to the derivation of Herr ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Psychology General · September 1, 1975
Comments on the article by H. Davis (see record 1975-20006-001) which proposed the concept of "autocontingencies" to describe the unscheduled and unintended relations that exist between important experimental events. The need for the term "autocontingency" ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · March 1975
The effects of presenting a different ("eccentric") stimulus for one interval during either or both components of a cyclic multiple fixed-interval fixed-interval schedule, with 12 short and four long intervals per cycle, were studied in three experiments. ...
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Journal article · 1975
The temporal pattern of the terminal response on periodic schedules depends on when responding begins. Pigeons pecking on fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules of food reinforcement responded, or accelerated, faster the later in an interval they began re ...
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Journal articleBulletin of the Psychonomic Society · January 1, 1975
The temporal pattern of the terminal response on periodic schedules depends on when responding begins. Pigeons pecking on fixed-interval and fixed-time schedules of food reinforcement responded, or accelerated, faster the later in an interval they began re ...
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Journal articleJournal of the experimental analysis of behavior · January 1975
Pigeons were trained to peck on a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement and then exposed to three schedules in which there was either no, or an indirect, relation between pecking and food delivery: (a) a conjunctive schedule in which food was deliv ...
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Journal articleBehaviour · January 1, 1975
1. Five hungry rats were exposed to a schedule of periodic food presentation, receiving a single pellet every 30 sec., in an apparatus that permitted drinking, running, and other activities. The development, extinction, and structure of behavior sequences ...
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Journal articleBritish Journal of Psychology · January 1, 1975
On fixed‐interval reinforcement schedules, the time‐marker initiating each interval produces a pause before the terminal response begins (inhibitory temporal control). In four experiments on temporal control, two kinds of interaction in intercalated stimul ...
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