Scholars@Duke
Kent James Weinhold

Kent James Weinhold

Joseph W. and Dorothy W. Beard Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Experimental Surgery
Surgery, Surgical Sciences
kent.weinhold@duke.edu
Box 2926 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
204 Surg Oncol Res Fac, Durham, NC 27710

Scholarly Works - Journal articles

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Immune Landscape Dynamics in Metastatic Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Treated with Abemaciclib and Endocrine Therapy.

Journal article Clin Cancer Res · August 3, 2026 PURPOSE: In advanced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer, the combination of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) with endocrine therapy (ET) is the standard of care for tre ... Full text Link to item Cite

Tumor-infiltrating plasma cell profiling after PD-1 blockade reveals tumor-specific antibodies.

Journal article Cancer Cell · July 27, 2026 The role of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIL-Bs) in shaping anti-tumor responses in the context of immune checkpoint blockade remains incompletely understood. Here, we interrogate the humoral response in resected lung tumors from patients with non-small cel ... Full text Link to item Cite

Distinct Sarcoma Microenvironments Predict Benefit from Addition of Pembrolizumab to Preoperative Radiotherapy and Surgery in SU2C-SARC032.

Journal article medRxiv · November 4, 2025 The addition of pembrolizumab to preoperative radiotherapy (RT) improved disease-free survival (DFS) for patients with stage III undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) and dedifferentiated/pleomorphic liposarcoma (LPS) in the randomized SU2C-SARC032 tr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Perioperative pembrolizumab in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): conventional and distribution-based immune profiling of the tumor microenvironment and peripheral circulation.

Journal article J Immunother Cancer · October 31, 2025 PURPOSE: A recently published phase 2 neoadjuvant trial in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (NCT02818920) evaluated the potential efficacy of pembrolizumab administration in the absence of chemotherapy. This communication report ... Full text Link to item Cite

Perioperative pembrolizumab in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): safety, efficacy, and exploratory biomarker analysis.

Journal article J Immunother Cancer · February 4, 2025 BACKGROUND: Our study was designed to determine the safety, efficacy, and immunological effects of perioperative pembrolizumab in early-stage NSCLC. METHODS: This is a single-arm phase II study of perioperative pembrolizumab in patients with untreated, cli ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab, radiation therapy, and surgery versus radiation therapy and surgery for stage III soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity (SU2C-SARC032): an open-label, randomised clinical trial.

Journal article Lancet · November 23, 2024 BACKGROUND: Approximately half of patients with localised, high-risk soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity develop metastases. We aimed to assess whether the addition of pembrolizumab to preoperative radiotherapy and surgery would improve disease-free survi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Differences in microenvironment of lung cancer and pleural effusions by single-cell RNA sequencing.

Journal article Lung Cancer · July 2024 BACKGROUND: Direct comparison of tumor microenvironment of matched lung cancer biopsies and pleural effusions (PE) from the same patients is critical in understanding tumor biology but has not been performed. This is the first study to compare the lung can ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluation of host cellular responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in adult lung transplant patients with EBV-associated diseases.

Journal article J Med Virol · April 2023 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation is commonly observed in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). However, cellular immune responses to EBV in adult LTRs have not been well described. We aimed to study CD4/CD8 ratio, EBV-specific T cells polyfunctional resp ... Full text Link to item Cite

JAK-STAT activation contributes to cytotoxic T cell-mediated basal cell death in human chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

Journal article JCI Insight · March 22, 2023 Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the leading cause of death in lung transplant recipients. CLAD is characterized clinically by a persistent decline in pulmonary function and histologically by the development of airway-centered fibrosis known as ... Full text Link to item Cite

Coupling Hematoma Evacuation with Immune Profiling for Analysis of Neuroinflammation After Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study.

Journal article World Neurosurg · May 2022 OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore the use and feasibility of an integrated hematoma evacuation/tissue preservation system coupled with immune profiling to assess human ex vivo immune cell populations from brain hematoma samples after intracerebral hemorrhage ... Full text Link to item Cite

A phase 2 trial of avelumab in men with aggressive-variant or neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

Journal article Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis · April 2022 BACKGROUND: Men with progressive neuroendocrine or aggressive-variant metastatic prostate cancer (NEPC/AVPC) have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options, and immunotherapy has not been tested in such patients. METHODS: We conducted an open label si ... Full text Link to item Cite

Wnt activation promotes memory T cell polyfunctionality via epigenetic regulator PRMT1.

Journal article J Clin Invest · January 18, 2022 T cell polyfunctionality is a hallmark of protective immunity against pathogens and cancer, yet the molecular mechanism governing it remains mostly elusive. We found that canonical Wnt agonists inhibited human memory CD8+ T cell differentiation while simul ... Full text Link to item Cite

Physiological Fitness and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

Journal article Cells · May 11, 2021 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with physical dysfunction and low overall fitness that predicts poor survival following the commencement of treatment. However, it remains unknown whether higher fitness provides antioncogenic effects. We id ... Full text Link to item Cite

Normative dataset for plasma cytokines in healthy human adults.

Journal article Data Brief · April 2021 We determined normative data for plasma cytokines established from a cohort of 126 carefully screened healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years. Participants were enrolled to ensure an even age and sex distribution and to include at least 30% non-Caucasians. Plas ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Ipilimumab and Radiation in Patients with High-risk Resected or Regionally Advanced Melanoma.

Journal article Clin Cancer Res · March 1, 2021 PURPOSE: In this prospective trial, we sought to assess the feasibility of concurrent administration of ipilimumab and radiation as adjuvant, neoadjuvant, or definitive therapy in patients with regionally advanced melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-fou ... Full text Link to item Cite

FlowKit: A Python Toolkit for Integrated Manual and Automated Cytometry Analysis Workflows.

Journal article Front Immunol · 2021 An important challenge for primary or secondary analysis of cytometry data is how to facilitate productive collaboration between domain and quantitative experts. Domain experts in cytometry laboratories and core facilities increasingly recognize the need f ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

A randomized phase 2 trial of pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab and acalabrutinib in patients with platinum-resistant metastatic urothelial cancer.

Journal article Cancer · October 15, 2020 BACKGROUND: Inhibition of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway has demonstrated clinical benefit in metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC); however, response rates of 15% to 26% highlight the need for more effective therapies. Bruton tyrosine kin ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Transcriptional Profiling of CD8+ CMV-Specific T Cell Functional Subsets Obtained Using a Modified Method for Isolating High-Quality RNA From Fixed and Permeabilized Cells.

Journal article Front Immunol · 2020 Previous studies suggest that the presence of antigen-specific polyfunctional T cells is correlated with improved pathogen clearance, disease control, and clinical outcomes; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the generation, function, and su ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Flow Cytometry Characterization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Monocytes in Patients With Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction: A Pilot Study.

Journal article Anesth Analg · November 2019 Animal models suggest postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be caused by brain monocyte influx. To study this in humans, we developed a flow cytometry panel to profile cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected before and after major noncardiac surgery ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

HLA class II-Restricted CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 Virus Controllers.

Journal article Sci Rep · July 15, 2019 A paradigm shifting study demonstrated that induction of MHC class E and II-restricted CD8+ T cells was associated with the clearance of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Another recent study highlighted the presence of HIV-1-specific class II-restricted C ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

The INTUIT Study: Investigating Neuroinflammation Underlying Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction.

Journal article J Am Geriatr Soc · April 2019 BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Every year, up to 40% of the more than 16 million older Americans who undergo anesthesia/surgery develop postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) or delirium. Each of these distinct syndromes is associated with decreased quality of ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Establishment of normative ranges of the healthy human immune system with comprehensive polychromatic flow cytometry profiling.

Journal article PLoS One · 2019 Existing normative flow cytometry data have several limitations including small sample sizes, incompletely described study populations, variable flow cytometry methodology, and limited depth for defining lymphocyte subpopulations. To overcome these issues, ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

T-Cell Exhaustion Signatures Vary with Tumor Type and Are Severe in Glioblastoma.

Journal article Clin Cancer Res · September 1, 2018 Purpose: T-cell dysfunction is a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM). Although anergy and tolerance have been well characterized, T-cell exhaustion remains relatively unexplored. Exhaustion, characterized in part by the upregulation of multiple immune checkpoin ... Full text Link to item Cite

Reversibility of peripheral blood leukocyte phenotypic and functional changes after exposure to and withdrawal from tofacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, in healthy volunteers.

Journal article Clin Immunol · June 2018 This study evaluated the short-term effects of tofacitinib treatment on peripheral blood leukocyte phenotype and function, and the reversibility of any such effects following treatment withdrawal in healthy volunteers. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive su ... Full text Link to item Cite

Dendritic Cells Enhance Polyfunctionality of Adoptively Transferred T Cells That Target Cytomegalovirus in Glioblastoma.

Journal article Cancer Res · January 1, 2018 Median survival for glioblastoma (GBM) remains <15 months. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens have been identified in GBM but not normal brain, providing an unparalleled opportunity to subvert CMV antigens as tumor-specific immunotherapy targets. A recen ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immune Activation in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Plus Ipilimumab.

Journal article Clin Cancer Res · December 15, 2017 Purpose: To determine the immunologic effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus ipilimumab in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.Experimental Design: This is a single-arm chemotherapy plus phased ipilimumab phase II study of 24 treatmen ... Full text Link to item Cite

B10 Cell Frequencies and Suppressive Capacity in Myasthenia Gravis Are Associated with Disease Severity.

Journal article Front Neurol · 2017 Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a T cell-dependent, B cell-mediated disease. The mechanisms for loss of self-tolerance in this disease are not well understood, and recently described regulatory B cell (Breg) subsets have not been thoroughly investigated. B10 cel ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Altered Maturation Status and Possible Immune Exhaustion of CD8 T Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood of Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndromes.

Journal article Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol · February 2016 OBJECTIVE: Inflammation in response to oxidized lipoproteins is thought to play a key role in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), but the pattern of immune activation has not been fully characterized. We sought to perform detailed phenotypic and functional ana ... Full text Link to item Cite

Polyfunctional T-Cell Signatures to Predict Protection from Cytomegalovirus after Lung Transplantation.

Journal article Am J Respir Crit Care Med · January 1, 2016 RATIONALE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is one of the most common infections after lung transplantation, is associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction and worse post-transplantation survival. Current approaches for at-risk patients include a fixed ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characterization of B cells in muscle-specific kinase antibody myasthenia gravis.

Journal article Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm · April 2015 OBJECTIVE: To characterize B-cell subsets in patients with muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: In accordance with Human Immunology Project Consortium guidelines, we performed polychromatic flow cytometry and ELISA assays ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Quantitative proteomics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Journal article J Proteome Res · February 6, 2015 The proteomic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) can give insight into pulmonary disease pathology and response to therapy. Here, we describe the first gel-free quantitative analysis of BALF in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic an ... Full text Link to item Cite

Recognition and killing of autologous, primary glioblastoma tumor cells by human cytomegalovirus pp65-specific cytotoxic T cells.

Journal article Clin Cancer Res · May 15, 2014 PURPOSE: Despite aggressive conventional therapy, glioblastoma (GBM) remains uniformly lethal. Immunotherapy, in which the immune system is harnessed to specifically attack malignant cells, offers a treatment option with less toxicity. The expression of cy ... Full text Link to item Cite

High-throughput identification and dendritic cell-based functional validation of MHC class I-restricted Mycobacterium tuberculosis epitopes.

Journal article Sci Rep · April 23, 2014 Emergence of drug-resistant strains of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the ineffectiveness of BCG in curtailing Mtb infection makes vaccine development for tuberculosis an important objective. Identifying immunogenic CD8+ T cell peptide e ... Full text Link to item Cite

Managing Multi-center Flow Cytometry Data for Immune Monitoring.

Journal article Cancer Inform · 2014 With the recent results of promising cancer vaccines and immunotherapy1-5, immune monitoring has become increasingly relevant for measuring treatment-induced effects on T cells, and an essential tool for shedding light on the mechanisms responsible for a s ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 gp41 envelope IgA is frequently elicited after transmission but has an initial short response half-life.

Journal article Mucosal Immunol · July 2013 Prevention of HIV-1 transmission at mucosal surfaces will likely require durable pre-existing mucosal anti-HIV-1 antibodies (Abs). Defining the ontogeny, specificities and potentially protective nature of the initial mucosal virus-specific B-cell response ... Full text Link to item Cite

Upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL-2 by a novel mouse model of pancreatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Journal article Transplantation · April 27, 2013 BACKGROUND: Little is known about the immunologic events surrounding pancreatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) because of a lack of established experimental models. The purpose of this study was to develop a mouse model for pancreatic IRI to serve as a ... Full text Link to item Cite

Plasma cytokine analysis in patients with advanced extremity melanoma undergoing isolated limb infusion.

Journal article Ann Surg Oncol · April 2013 BACKGROUND: Preprocedure clinical and pathologic factors have failed to consistently differentiate complete response (CR) from progressive disease (PD) in patients after isolated limb infusion (ILI) with melphalan for unresectable in-transit extremity mela ... Full text Link to item Cite

Control of SIV infection and subsequent induction of pandemic H1N1 immunity in rhesus macaques using an Ad5 [E1-, E2b-] vector platform.

Journal article Vaccine · November 26, 2012 Anti-vector immunity mitigates immune responses induced by recombinant adenovirus vector vaccines, limiting their prime-boost capabilities. We have developed a novel gene delivery and expression platform (Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]) that induces immune responses desp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initial HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in acute HIV-1 infection inhibit transmitted/founder virus replication.

Journal article J Virol · June 2012 CD8-mediated virus inhibition can be detected in HIV-1-positive subjects who naturally control virus replication. Characterizing the inhibitory function of CD8(+) T cells during acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) can elucidate the nature of the CD8(+) responses t ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

OMIP-006: phenotypic subset analysis of human T regulatory cells via polychromatic flow cytometry.

Journal article Cytometry A · April 2012 This panel was optimized for the enumeration and phenotypic characterization of T regulatory cells (Tregs) within the CD4⁺ T-cell pool using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using intranuclear and intracellular staining methods. The panel wa ... Full text Link to item Cite

High-throughput quantitative analysis of HIV-1 and SIV-specific ADCC-mediating antibody responses.

Journal article Cytometry A · August 2011 We have developed a high-throughput platform to detect the presence of HIV-1 and SIV-specific ADCC-mediating antibody responses. The assay is based on the hydrolysis of a cell-permeable fluorogenic peptide substrate containing a sequence recognized by the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Polyfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific immunity in lung transplant recipients receiving valganciclovir prophylaxis.

Journal article Am J Transplant · March 2011 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common opportunistic infection after lung transplant. Despite effective antiviral medications to treat CMV, invasive CMV disease contributes to lung allograft dysfunction and worse survival. Efforts to prevent CMV have led to the ... Full text Link to item Cite

Relationship between functional profile of HIV-1 specific CD8 T cells and epitope variability with the selection of escape mutants in acute HIV-1 infection.

Journal article PLoS Pathog · February 10, 2011 In the present study, we analyzed the functional profile of CD8+ T-cell responses directed against autologous transmitted/founder HIV-1 isolates during acute and early infection, and examined whether multifunctionality is required for selection of virus es ... Full text Link to item Cite

Optimization of a highly standardized carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester flow cytometry panel and gating strategy design using discriminative information measure evaluation.

Journal article Cytometry A · December 2010 The design of a panel to identify target cell subsets in flow cytometry can be difficult when specific markers unique to each cell subset do not exist, and a combination of parameters must be used to identify target cells of interest and exclude irrelevant ... Full text Link to item Cite

A model for harmonizing flow cytometry in clinical trials.

Journal article Nat Immunol · November 2010 Complexities in sample handling, instrument setup and data analysis are barriers to the effective use of flow cytometry to monitor immunological parameters in clinical trials. The novel use of a central laboratory may help mitigate these issues. ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Immunization with cocktail of HIV-derived peptides in montanide ISA-51 is immunogenic, but causes sterile abscesses and unacceptable reactogenicity.

Journal article PLoS One · August 10, 2010 BACKGROUND: A peptide vaccine was produced containing B and T cell epitopes from the V3 and C4 Envelope domains of 4 subtype B HIV-1 isolates (MN, RF, CanO, & Ev91). The peptide mixture was formulated as an emulsion in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). M ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Phenotypic and functional profile of HIV-inhibitory CD8 T cells elicited by natural infection and heterologous prime/boost vaccination.

Journal article J Virol · May 2010 Featured Publication Control of HIV-1 replication following nonsterilizing HIV-1 vaccination could be achieved by vaccine-elicited CD8(+) T-cell-mediated antiviral activity. To date, neither the functional nor the phenotypic profiles of CD8(+) T cells capable of this activity ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Polychromatic immunophenotypic characterization of T cell profiles among HIV-infected patients experiencing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).

Journal article AIDS Res Ther · July 16, 2009 Featured Publication OBJECTIVE: To immunophenotype CD4+ and CD8+ T cell sub-populations in HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). DESIGN: Nested case-control immunological study. METHODS: ART-naïve HIV-infected patients were prospectively observed f ... Full text Link to item Cite

The first T cell response to transmitted/founder virus contributes to the control of acute viremia in HIV-1 infection.

Journal article J Exp Med · June 8, 2009 Featured Publication Identification of the transmitted/founder virus makes possible, for the first time, a genome-wide analysis of host immune responses against the infecting HIV-1 proteome. A complete dissection was made of the primary HIV-1-specific T cell response induced i ... Full text Link to item Cite

In vivo gp41 antibodies targeting the 2F5 monoclonal antibody epitope mediate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization breadth.

Journal article J Virol · April 2009 Featured Publication The broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 2F5 and 4E10, both targeting the highly conserved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope membrane proximal external region (MPER), are among the MAbs with the broadest heterologous n ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of a CTL multiepitope peptide vaccine for HIV with or without GM-CSF in a phase I trial.

Journal article Vaccine · January 7, 2009 Featured Publication There is an urgent need for a vaccine capable of preventing HIV infection or the development of HIV-related disease. A number of approaches designed to stimulate HIV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses together with helper responses are presently unde ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initial B-cell responses to transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1: virion-binding immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies followed by plasma anti-gp41 antibodies with ineffective control of initial viremia.

Journal article J Virol · December 2008 A window of opportunity for immune responses to extinguish human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exists from the moment of transmission through establishment of the latent pool of HIV-1-infected cells. A critical time to study the initial immune resp ... Full text Link to item Cite

Induction of plasma (TRAIL), TNFR-2, Fas ligand, and plasma microparticles after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission: implications for HIV-1 vaccine design.

Journal article J Virol · August 2008 Featured Publication The death of CD4(+) CCR5(+) T cells is a hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We studied the plasma levels of cell death mediators and products--tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), Fas ligand, TNF rec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte poly-epitope, DNA plasmid (EP HIV-1090) vaccine in healthy, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-uninfected adults.

Journal article Vaccine · January 10, 2008 Featured Publication We evaluated EP HIV-1090 vaccine, a DNA plasmid encoding 21 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the pan-DR helper T-lymphocyte epitope (PADRE), in a dose escalation, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-c ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 antibodies that mask membrane proximal region epitopes: antibody binding kinetics, induction, and potential for regulation in acute infection.

Journal article J Virol · January 2008 Featured Publication Two human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (2F5 and 4E10) against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope g41 cluster II membrane proximal external region (MPER) broadly neutralize HIV-1 primary isolates. However, these antibody specificities ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phase 2 study of an HIV-1 canarypox vaccine (vCP1452) alone and in combination with rgp120: negative results fail to trigger a phase 3 correlates trial.

Journal article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · February 1, 2007 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: A goal of T-cell HIV vaccines is to define the correlation between a vaccine-induced immune response and protection from HIV infection. We conducted a phase 2 trial to determine if a canarypox vaccine candidate (vCP1452) administered with rgp12 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Excellent safety and tolerability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pGA2/JS2 plasmid DNA priming vector vaccine in HIV type 1 uninfected adults.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · July 2006 Featured Publication A vaccine consisting of DNA priming followed by recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) boosting has achieved long-term control of a pathogenic challenge with a chimera of simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV-89.6P) in rhesus macaques. Based ... Full text Link to item Cite

Standardization of cytokine flow cytometry assays.

Journal article BMC Immunol · June 24, 2005 BACKGROUND: Cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) or intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) can quantitate antigen-specific T cell responses in settings such as experimental vaccination. Standardization of ICS among laboratories performing vaccine studies would pro ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characterization of functional and phenotypic changes in anti-Gag vaccine-induced T cell responses and their role in protection after HIV-1 infection.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 22, 2005 Featured Publication Worldwide HIV-1 vaccine efforts are guided by the principle that HIV-specific T cell responses may provide protection from infection or delay overt disease. However, no clear correlates of T cell-mediated immune protection have been identified. Here, we ex ... Full text Link to item Cite

Longitudinal assessment of immune response and viral characteristics in HIV-infected patients with prolonged CD4(+)/viral load discordance.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · January 2005 Featured Publication Although suppression of HIV-1 RNA below the limit of detection is associated with optimal outcomes, many patients can maintain or increase their CD4(+) count for prolonged time periods in the presence of persistent low-level viremia. We followed seven pati ... Full text Link to item Cite

Demographic factors that influence the neutralizing antibody response in recipients of recombinant HIV-1 gp120 vaccines.

Journal article J Infect Dis · December 1, 2004 Featured Publication We compared neutralizing antibody responses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 gp120 vaccine recipients by age, sex, and race. Four phase 1 or 2 trials involving 505 vaccinated subjects were analyzed. Age and sex had no detectable effect on neutr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Correlation between interferon- gamma secretion and cytotoxicity, in virus-specific memory T cells.

Journal article J Infect Dis · November 1, 2004 ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining are replacing the traditional cytolytic ((51)Cr release) assay method in vaccine trials using human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, and it is widely assumed that the number of interferon (IFN)- gamma -secreting T ... Full text Link to item Cite

Absence of immunodominant anti-Gag p17 (SL9) responses among Gag CTL-positive, HIV-uninfected vaccine recipients expressing the HLA-A*0201 allele.

Journal article J Immunol · August 1, 2004 Featured Publication According to a number of previous reports, control of HIV replication in humans appears to be linked to the presence of anti-HIV-1 Gag-specific CD8 responses. During the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection, up to 75% of the HIV-infected individuals who expres ... Full text Link to item Cite

HLA-A and -B allele expression and ability to develop anti-Gag cross-clade responses in subtype C HIV-1-infected Ethiopians.

Journal article Hum Immunol · June 2004 Featured Publication A cohort of 35 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C-infected Ethiopians was studied to define the HLA phenotype in all 35 subjects and highly conserved Gag protein regions involved in cross-clade cell-mediated immunity. Full-length Gag vir ... Full text Link to item Cite

Rapid clearance of virus after acute HIV-1 infection: correlates of risk of AIDS.

Journal article J Infect Dis · May 15, 2004 OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to define early virologic and immunologic determinants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 disease progression among 22 case subjects with acute infection from the Trinidad Seroconvertor Cohort. METHODS: A linear segme ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of systemic and mucosal delivery of 2 canarypox virus vaccines expressing either HIV-1 genes or the gene for rabies virus G protein.

Journal article J Infect Dis · April 1, 2004 Featured Publication BACKGROUND: Since the primary routes of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infection are across mucosal barriers, a randomized trial of canarypox virus-based vectors was conducted in 84 individuals, with delivery of vaccine by mucosal routes, and was ac ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prolonged CD4+ cell/virus load discordance during treatment with protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy: immune response and viral control.

Journal article J Infect Dis · April 1, 2003 Featured Publication Mechanisms that underly discordant CD4+ cell/virus load (VL) responses in patients who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were studied in 30 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, in 3 groups. Discordant responders maintain ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of a high-titered canarypox vaccine in combination with rgp120 in a diverse population of HIV-1-uninfected adults: AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group Protocol 022A.

Journal article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · March 1, 2002 To test the safety and immunogenicity of a high-titered preparation of ALVAC-HIV vCP205 in both high-risk and low-risk persons and to evaluate variations in dosing schedule, we conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial of this vector in combi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Thymopoiesis in HIV-infected adults after highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · November 20, 2001 The thymus of HIV-seropositive patients can enlarge as CD4+ T cell counts increase on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). This may indicate development of new T cells or represent mature peripheral T cells recirculating to the thymus. To define ... Full text Link to item Cite

CD8 CTL responses in vaccines: emerging patterns of HLA restriction and epitope recognition.

Journal article Immunol Lett · November 1, 2001 We evaluated MHC-class I-restricted CTL responses induced by HIV-1 clade B-based vaccines in nine HIV-1 seronegative vaccine recipients with regard to their patterns of HLA restriction and epitope recognition. We found that seven of nine volunteers develop ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immune reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a cohort study.

Journal article Pediatr Infect Dis J · October 2001 BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has brought about rapid declines in HIV-1 RNA concentrations and an increase in CD4+ counts in HIV-1-infected children. These changes are often accompanied by clinical improvement; however, the exten ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunologic and virologic analyses of an acutely HIV type 1-infected patient with extremely rapid disease progression.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · September 20, 2001 Featured Publication The immunologic and virologic factors that impact on the rate of disease progression after acute infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 are poorly understood. A patient with an extraordinarily rapid disease course leading to AIDS-associat ... Full text Link to item Cite

Polymorphisms in HLA class I genes associated with both favorable prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection and positive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses to ALVAC-HIV recombinant canarypox vaccines.

Journal article J Virol · September 2001 Carriers of certain human leukocyte antigen class I alleles show favorable prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, presumably due to effective CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, but close relationships between class I vari ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunologic profile of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients during viral remission and relapse on antiretroviral therapy.

Journal article J Infect Dis · May 15, 2001 A dissociation between plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels and CD4(+) cell counts has been reported in patients experiencing viral relapse while receiving antiretroviral therapy. This study compared patients with stable CD4(+) lymphocytes ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of a canarypox-vectored human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 vaccine with or without gp120: a phase 2 study in higher- and lower-risk volunteers.

Journal article J Infect Dis · May 1, 2001 Live attenuated viral vectors that express human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens are being developed as potential vaccines to prevent HIV infection. The first phase 2 trial with a canarypox vector (vCP205, which expresses gp120, p55, and protease) wa ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Phase I safety and immunogenicity trial of UBI microparticulate monovalent HIV-1 MN oral peptide immunogen with parenteral boost in HIV-1 seronegative human subjects.

Journal article Vaccine · April 30, 2001 Thirty-three HIV-seronegative adults were recruited into a Phase I safety and immunogenicity HIV-1 vaccine trial. The immunogens were as follows: a synthetic, monovalent, octameric HIV-1 MN V3 peptide in aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant administered by i ... Full text Link to item Cite

QS-21 promotes an adjuvant effect allowing for reduced antigen dose during HIV-1 envelope subunit immunization in humans.

Journal article Vaccine · February 28, 2001 Three separate studies were undertaken in HIV-1 uninfected persons to determine if the adjuvant QS-21 improves the magnitude or kinetics of immune responses induced by recombinant soluble gp120 HIV-1(MN) protein (rsgp120) immunization. The QS-21 was admini ... Full text Link to item Cite

Identification of highly conserved and broadly cross-reactive HIV type 1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes as candidate immunogens for inclusion in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vectored HIV vaccines.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · September 20, 2000 One of the fundamental goals of current strategies to develop an efficacious vaccine for AIDS is the elicitation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) reactivities capable of recognizing cells infected with different subtypes of the human immunodeficiency virus ... Full text Link to item Cite

A distinctive clade B HIV type 1 is heterosexually transmitted in Trinidad and Tobago.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · September 12, 2000 HIV-1 transmission worldwide is predominantly associated with heterosexual activity, and non-clade B viruses account for the most spread. The HIV-1 epidemic in Trinidad/Tobago and the Caribbean shares many features with such heterosexual epidemics, includi ... Full text Link to item Cite

CD8+ T cell-mediated suppressive activity inhibits HIV-1 after virus entry with kinetics indicating effects on virus gene expression.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 28, 2000 Individuals infected with HIV-1 have varying rates of progression to AIDS. Cellular immune responses, comprised of cytolytic and noncytolytic CD8(+) T cell effector functions, are considered important for controlling viremia and maintaining the clinically ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy and thymic transplantation on immunoreconstitution in HIV infection.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · March 20, 2000 The purpose of this study was to determine whether thymic transplantation in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) will restore T cell function in HIV infection. Eight treatment-naive HIV-infected patients with CD4+ T cell counts of 200- ... Full text Link to item Cite

Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro as a surrogate of vaccine-induced protective immunity.

Journal article J Infect Dis · March 2000 An in vitro assay developed as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was validated in populations with relative resistance to HIV-1 as well as in HIV vaccine recipients. Cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear c ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV vaccine development at Duke University Medical Center.

Journal article Immunol Res · 2000 With the AIDS epidemic continuing to spread throughout the world, development of a safe, practical, and effective HIV vaccine is a national priority. HIV vaccine research efforts are currently targeted towards design of HIV immunogens that induce both cell ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunization with envelope MN rgp120 vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women.

Journal article J Infect Dis · October 1999 Twenty-six human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women participated in a placebo-controlled study of immunogenicity and safety of multiple doses of MN rgp120 vaccine over the last half of pregnancy. The women had CD4 lymphocyte counts>400/mm ... Full text Link to item Cite

Deficient antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-expressing target cells in perinatal HIV infection.

Journal article Clin Diagn Lab Immunol · September 1999 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children, age-matched HIV-seronegative controls, and HIV-infected asymptomatic and symptomatic adults were compared for their ability to mediate antibody-dependent cel ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immune responses in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients after HIV-DNA immunization followed by highly active antiretroviral treatment.

Journal article J Immunol · August 15, 1999 Intensive chemotherapy is capable of reducing the viral load in HIV-1-infected individuals while infected cells are still present. A special property of DNA immunization is to induce both new CTL and Ab responses. We evaluated the possibility of inducing n ... Link to item Cite

A canarypox vaccine expressing multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genes given alone or with rgp120 elicits broad and durable CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in seronegative volunteers.

Journal article J Infect Dis · August 1999 Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells is considered one of the important correlates for the protective efficacy of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines. To induce CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) along with neutralizing antibody ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lack of infection in HIV-exposed individuals is associated with a strong CD8(+) cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV response.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · February 2, 1999 Individuals repeatedly exposed to HIV, but who remain uninfected, form a population enriched for persons likely to have either natural or acquired resistance to the virus. We have studied four such exposed uninfected cohorts, representing 60 individuals, f ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of the adult thymus in reconstitution of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection.

Journal article J Clin Invest · February 1999 A key question in understanding the status of the immune system in HIV-1 infection is whether the adult thymus contributes to reconstitution of peripheral T lymphocytes. We analyzed the thymus in adult patients who died of HIV-1 infection. In addition, we ... Full text Link to item Cite

Coadministration of zidovudine and interleukin-2 increases absolute CD4 cells in subjects with Walter Reed stage 2 human immunodeficiency virus infection: results of ACTG protocol 042.

Journal article J Infect Dis · October 1998 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can increase numbers of absolute CD4 cells in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. Twenty-five subjects with > 400/mm3 absolute CD4 cells received zidovudine and low-dose intr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell anti-HIV-1 ADCC reactivity: a potential strategy for reduction of virus-infected cellular reservoirs.

Journal article J Surg Res · October 1998 Lymphocytes from HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative individuals were examined to determine whether HIV-1 infection interfered with the ability to generate a lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell response. Following a 3-day ex vivo incubation in the pres ... Full text Link to item Cite

Direct and indirect estimates of HIV-1 incidence in a high-prevalence population.

Journal article Am J Epidemiol · May 1, 1998 While the worldwide AIDS epidemic continues to expand, directly measured incidence data are difficult to obtain. Methods to reliably estimate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) incidence from more easily available data are particularly relevant in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 induced by canarypox expressing HIV-1MN gp120, HIV-1SF2 recombinant gp120, or both vaccines in seronegative adults. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group.

Journal article J Infect Dis · May 1998 A safety and immunogenicity trial was conducted in vaccinia-immune and vaccinia-naive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected adults who were randomized to receive 10(6) or 10(7) TCID50 of canarypox (ALVAC) vector expressing HIV-1MN gp160 or 10(5.5) ... Full text Link to item Cite

Herpesvirus saimiri transformation of HIV type 1 suppressive CD8+ lymphocytes from an HIV type 1-infected asymptomatic individual.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · April 10, 1998 CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV+ individuals can potently suppress HIV-1 replication in a noncytolytic manner. This suppression appears to be multifactorial and the molecules contributing have not been fully elucidated. As an approach to this question we used ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cytotoxic T cell and neutralizing antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope with a combination vaccine regimen. AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group.

Journal article J Infect Dis · February 1998 Effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccination may require induction of neutralizing antibodies (NAs) and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to prevent transmission and control early infection. Recombinant envelope proteins induce NAs but rarely ... Full text Link to item Cite

Replication-defective canarypox (ALVAC) vectors effectively activate anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 cytotoxic T lymphocytes present in infected patients: implications for antigen-specific immunotherapy.

Journal article Blood · September 15, 1997 In the attempt to develop immunotherapeutic strategies for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome capable of activating effector cells in an antigen-specific manner while maintaining the broadest possible T-cell repertoire, we evaluated two canarypox (ALVAC)-b ... Link to item Cite

Clade B-based HIV-1 vaccines elicit cross-clade cytotoxic T lymphocyte reactivities in uninfected volunteers.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · February 18, 1997 A fundamental goal of current strategies to develop an efficacious vaccine for AIDS is the elicitation of broadly reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) reactivities capable of destroying virally infected targets. Recent application of recombinant canarypox ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV infection--induced posttranslational modification of T cell signaling molecules associated with disease progression.

Journal article J Clin Invest · September 15, 1996 In attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the HIV infection induced T cell unresponsiveness, we studied signal-transducing molecules proximal to the T cell receptor (TCR) in T lymphocytes of HIV-infected individuals. Total amounts of protein tyrosine kinase ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate HIV-1 vaccine in healthy adults: recombinant glycoprotein (rgp) 120. A randomized, double-blind trial. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group.

Journal article Ann Intern Med · August 15, 1996 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of recombinant glycoprotein (rgp) 120, a candidate vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), formulated with a novel adjuvant, MF59, with or without a biological response modifier, MTP-PE. DESI ... Full text Link to item Cite

Safety and immunogenicity of Env 2-3, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 candidate vaccine, in combination with a novel adjuvant, MTP-PE/MF59. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · May 20, 1996 We investigated the safety and immunogenicity of a candidate HIV-1 vaccine, Env 2-3 (Chiron Biocine Co.), in combination with an adjuvant emulsion, MF59, with or without an additional immune modulator, MTP-PE 78 healthy HIV-1-seronegative adults. Sixteen s ... Full text Link to item Cite

MAGE-1-specific precursor cytotoxic T-lymphocytes present among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from a patient with breast cancer: characterization and antigen-specific activation.

Journal article Cancer Res · January 1, 1996 A potential target for development of tumor-specific immunotherapeutic strategies is the MAGE-1 gene. We have utilized a recently developed recombinant canarypox (ALVAC) virus vector containing the MAGE-1 gene (vCP235) to activate CTLs from a breast cancer ... Link to item Cite

Oligoclonal CD8 lymphocytes from persons with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection inhibit HIV-1 replication.

Journal article J Infect Dis · October 1995 CD8 lymphocytes from asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected patients can suppress virus production from infected CD4 cells. Suppressive activity is separate and distinct from cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) reactivities and is likely ... Full text Link to item Cite

Vaccine-induced protection of chimpanzees against infection by a heterologous human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

Journal article J Virol · October 1995 The extraordinary genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a major problem to overcome in the development of an effective vaccine. In the most reliable animal model of HIV-1 infection, chimpanzees were immunized with various comb ... Full text Link to item Cite

IL-7 enhancement of antigen-driven activation/expansion of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp).

Journal article Clin Exp Immunol · August 1995 CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are an important component in the immunologic control of human viral diseases. IL-7, a stromal cell-derived cytokine, has been demonstrated to enhance both anti-tumour and anti-viral CTL as well as lymphokine-activated killer ( ... Full text Link to item Cite

Induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte responses in seronegative adults by a nonreplicating, host-range-restricted canarypox vector (ALVAC) carrying the HIV-1MN env gene.

Journal article J Infect Dis · June 1995 CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) are likely to be an important component of effective vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). CTL can be induced most effectively with live virus vectors. However, because of concerns about the safety ... Full text Link to item Cite

Multiple CTL specificities against autologous HIV-1-infected BLCLs.

Journal article Cell Immunol · March 1995 The cellular immune response to HIV-1 has been well studied but, in many respects, remains incompletely defined. Although CTL specificities against highly conserved HIV-1 determinants as dictated by vaccinia/HIV-1 vector constructs have been described, muc ... Full text Link to item Cite

Absence of recoverable infectious virus and unique immune responses in an asymptomatic HIV+ long-term survivor.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · December 1994 We have studied a woman with transfusion-acquired HIV who appears to have contained infectious virus to consistently undetectable levels over a 13-year period without antiviral treatment. She received the infected transfusion for intra- and postpartum bloo ... Full text Link to item Cite

A novel method for detection and ex vivo expansion of HIV type 1-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · November 1994 Studies have shown that cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses may be critical to the clearance of the early viremia in acute HIV-1 infection. It is likely that these cells play an important role in prolonging the asymptomatic phase of the infection. Altho ... Full text Link to item Cite

Neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 in seronegative volunteers immunized with recombinant gp120 from the MN strain of HIV-1. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trials Network.

Journal article JAMA · August 10, 1994 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the MN strain of recombinant gp120 (MN rgp120) as a vaccine prototype to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with subjects vaccinated ... Full text Link to item Cite

Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests are an independent predictor of human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group.

Journal article J Infect Dis · April 1994 Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing was evaluated as a predictor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression in 336 symptomatic patients with baseline CD4 cell counts of 200-500/mm3 who were participating in a randomized trial of earl ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of anti-HIV-1 ADCC reactivities in infected humans and chimpanzees.

Journal article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988) · April 1994 Despite its shortcomings as a disease model, the chimpanzee is still the most relevant animal model for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Previous studies have revealed qualitative differences between human and chimpanzee anti-HIV-1 re ... Link to item Cite

CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcription: a novel antiviral mechanism.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · November 1993 HIV-1 infection evokes a vigorous antiviral response that may participate in resolving the initial peak of plasma viremia and maintenance of the asymptomatic state. CD8+ T lymphocytes of HIV-1-infected individuals play a critical role in the cellular anti- ... Full text Link to item Cite

The impact of HIV-1 infection on phenotypic and functional parameters of cellular immunity in chimpanzees.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · July 1993 As a means of assessing the immunological impact of HIV infection in the chimpanzee, as well as the participation of the cellular components in the control of HIV infection in these animals, various aspects of cellular immunity were investigated in chronic ... Full text Link to item Cite

Conversion of an immunogenic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope synthetic peptide to a tolerogen in chimpanzees by the fusogenic domain of HIV gp41 envelope protein.

Journal article J Exp Med · March 1, 1993 The fusogenic (F) domain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp41 envelope (env) protein has sequence similarities to many virus and mediates the fusion of HIV-infected cells. During a survey of the immunogenicity of HIV env peptides in chimpanzees, we h ... Full text Link to item Cite

Detection of anti-human cell antibodies in sera from macaques immunized with whole inactivated virus.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · September 1992 More than 200 sera from macaques immunized with several different vaccine preparations were tested in various assays with cells of human and macaque origin. Only in instances where whole inactivated SIV preparations were used for immunization, were reactiv ... Full text Link to item Cite

CTL cross reactivity between HIV strains.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 1992 Full text Link to item Cite

Priming of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in vivo by carrier-free HIV synthetic peptides.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · November 1, 1991 The generation of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a critical component of the immune response to viral infections. A safe and nontoxic vaccine for AIDS would optimally use a carrier-free synthetic peptide immunogen containing only components of ... Full text Link to item Cite

Analysis of clones derived from human CD7+CD4-CD8-CD3- thymocytes.

Journal article Int Immunol · October 1991 The differentiation of human thymocyte precursors was studied by analysis of clonal progeny of CD4-CD8-CD3- (triple negative or TN) thymocytes. Using a culture system of phytohemagglutinin, IL-2, and irradiated allogeneic lymphoid feeder cells, we found th ... Full text Link to item Cite

The effect of AZT on in vitro lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals.

Journal article Cell Immunol · August 1991 Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals exhibit functional impairment in various forms of cell-mediated cytotoxicities (CMC) at all stages of disease. The purpose of this study was to determine (i) if peripheral blood mononuclear c ... Full text Link to item Cite

In vitro assays for detecting neutralizing and fusion-inhibiting antibodies to SIVMAC251.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 1991 Sensitive and reproducible assays for SIV infection and syncytium formation have been developed in which high titers of neutralizing and fusion-inhibiting antibodies can be recorded. These assays will contribute toward our understanding of the role of humo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Preparation and characterization of an intravenous solution of IgG from human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive donors.

Journal article Blood · March 1, 1991 An intravenous solution of 99% pure globulin (hyperimmune IgG, HIVIG) was obtained from pooled plasma of selected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-seropositive asymptomatic donors with greater than 400 CD4+/microliters cells per microliter and a high t ... Link to item Cite

Anti-HIV-1 ADCC: clinical and therapeutic implications.

Journal article Biotechnol Ther · 1991 The predominant antienvelope cell-mediated cytotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients is a direct form of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in which circulating NK/K cells armed with cytophilic antibodies comprise a cytolytic effector cell compl ... Link to item Cite

Identification of sites within gp41 that serve as targets for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by using human monoclonal antibodies.

Journal article J Immunol · November 15, 1990 In an effort to determine the functional activity of anti-HIV-1 human mAb and to define the epitopes against which they are directed, supernatants from 10 EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines producing mAb to HIV were tested. Five clones producing mAb ... Link to item Cite

Human monoclonal antibody that recognizes the V3 region of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 and neutralizes the human T-lymphotropic virus type IIIMN strain.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · November 1990 We describe a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (N701.9b) derived by Epstein-Barr virus transformation of B cells from a human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive asymptomatic donor. This antibody was shown to recognize the principal neutralizing domain conta ... Full text Link to item Cite

HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies induced by a synthetic peptide.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · September 1990 We have developed a series of murine monoclonal antibodies to a region of the 120 kD envelope glycoprotein (gp120) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This region has previously been implicated as a site for virus neutralization by antisera rai ... Full text Link to item Cite

Conserved sequence and structural elements in the HIV-1 principal neutralizing determinant.

Journal article Science · August 24, 1990 The principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 is part of a disulfide bridged loop in the third variable region of the external envelope protein, gp120. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of this domain from 245 differ ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 disease progression in hemophiliacs.

Journal article Am J Hematol · July 1990 A retrospective study of 153 hemophiliacs infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) was performed to determine the clinical and immunological consequences of HIV-1 infection and the markers and cofactors associated with these changes. Nearly 80% ... Full text Link to item Cite

Alterations in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity during the course of HIV-1 infection. Humoral and cellular defects.

Journal article J Immunol · May 1, 1990 HIV-1-specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) is a form of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in which HIV-1-specific antibodies arm NK cells directly to become cytotoxic for targets bearing HIV-1 antigenic determinants. This non-MHC-restric ... Link to item Cite

Safety and tolerance of intermittent intravenous and oral zidovudine therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Pediatric Zidovudine Phase I Study Group.

Journal article J Pediatr · April 1990 Thirty-five children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection were enrolled in a 12-week, three-center phase I study of intravenous and oral zidovudine therapy. At enrollment the children ranged in age from 5 months to 13 years, with a media ... Full text Link to item Cite

Measurement of direct and indirect forms of anti-HIV-1 ADCC: implications for other retroviral disease.

Journal article Dev Biol Stand · 1990 Among the varied cytotoxic immune reactivities elicited as a result of HIV-1 infection are two forms of non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity--namely, indirect and direct ADCC. Since these reactivities are directed at both HIV-1 infected as well as gp120 coated ... Link to item Cite

Cytokine augmentation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120-specific cellular cytotoxicity.

Journal article J Biol Response Mod · October 1989 Currently available anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) agents such as azidothymidine can prevent de novo virus infection in vitro but lack significant activity against chronically infected cells. Our laboratory has recently described glycopro ... Link to item Cite

HIV-1 GP120-mediated immune suppression and lymphocyte destruction in the absence of viral infection.

Journal article J Immunol · May 1, 1989 The magnitude of immunologic defects observed in HIV-1-infected individuals before the development of overt AIDS is disproportionately high in comparison to the levels of infectious virus in these patients--suggesting that factors other than direct virus-i ... Link to item Cite

GP120 specific cellular cytotoxicity in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Evidence for circulating CD16+ effector cells armed in vivo with cytophilic antibody.

Journal article J Immunol · February 15, 1989 Fresh circulating PBMC from HIV-1 seropositive individuals have been found to mediate specific, non-MHC restricted lysis of targets expressing the major envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, gp120, in 6-h 51Cr release assays. This gp120 specific cell-mediated cy ... Link to item Cite

The role of bone marrow and thymic elements in the initiation and spread of virus production in the AKR thymus.

Journal article Virology · October 1988 Passive anti-viral immunotherapy greatly suppresses the incidence of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice, rendering the thymus of successfully treated animals devoid of infectious ecotropic retrovirus. Reconstitution assays have determined that the thymic and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cellular immune response to viral peptides in patients exposed to HIV.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · August 1988 In efforts to identify B cell and T cell epitopes of HIV-1 structural components, serum as well as lymphocytes from HIV-1-seropositive individuals were reacted with several recombinant and native peptides representing defined viral gag and env determinants ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phenotypic variation in the response to the human immunodeficiency virus among derivatives of the CEM T and WIL-2 B cell lines.

Journal article J Exp Med · August 1, 1988 Derivatives of the CEM T and WIL-2 B cell lines showed striking diversity in their responses to the HTLV-IIIB strain of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several stable phenotypic patterns could be defined, based on whether cells were permissive (P+, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Characteristics of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to the HIV envelope glycoprotein.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · June 1988 We have studied the biologic and physical properties of a monoclonal antibody that binds to gp120, the exterior envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strain HTLV-IIIB. Designated 9284, the antibody possesses viral neutralizing act ... Full text Link to item Cite

Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs.

Journal article Am J Hematol · May 1988 To examine the variables associated with heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), we studied 32 couples in our hemophilia center who had steady sexual relationships for periods more than 1 year. Of the 32 sexual partners of the hemo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cellular anti-GP120 cytolytic reactivities in HIV-1 seropositive individuals.

Journal article Lancet · April 23, 1988 Forty-one patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were assessed for cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against autologous target cells bearing the major envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1, gp120. Effector lymphocytes from over 85% o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Type-specific neutralization of the human immunodeficiency virus with antibodies to env-encoded synthetic peptides.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · March 1988 A synthetic peptide (SP-10-IIIB) with an amino acid sequence [Cys-Thr-Arg-Pro-Asn-Asn-Asn-Thr-Arg-Lys-Ser-Ile-Arg-Ile-Gln-Arg-Gly-Pro -Pro-Gly-(Tyr); amino acids 303-321] from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isolate human T-cell lymphotropic virus t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Detection of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies by a simple, rapid, colorimetric assay.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · February 1988 A rapid, simple, reproducible and semi-quantitative assay to measure neutralizing antibodies has been developed. It employs a unique cell line which is exquisitively sensitive to infection with all HIV isolates tested. The assay is amenable to microtiter f ... Full text Link to item Cite

The coenrichment of stem cells, prothymocytes, and stromal elements with ecotropic retrovirus-producing cells from the bone marrow of leukemia-prone AKR mice.

Journal article Virology · February 1988 Ecotropic virus-producing cells in the bone marrow of the leukemia-prone AKR strain of mice were significantly enriched by fractionation on discontinuous density gradients of Percoll and were found in a low-density population of cells comprised predominant ... Full text Link to item Cite

Loss of tumorigenicity following in vitro MuLV infection is associated with induction of peritoneal natural killer cell activity.

Journal article Adv Exp Med Biol · 1988 Infection by an attenuated replication-competent murine retrovirus (Friend leukemia virus-FLV4), but not other non-transforming retroviruses, stimulated rejection of transplantable thymomas (RL-cell line) and subsequent tumor immunity in syngeneic mouse re ... Full text Link to item Cite

The effects of leukemosuppressive immunotherapy on thymic infectious cell centers in AKR mice.

Journal article Thymus · 1988 Although cortical thymocytes were found to be the predominant ecotropic and MCF-virus producers in the thymus of leukemia prone AKR mice the initial ecotropic retrovirus producing cells have been detected among a low density subpopulation of thymocytes inc ... Link to item Cite

3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine triphosphate as an inhibitor and substrate of purified human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase.

Journal article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · December 1987 Reverse transcriptase was purified from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It utilized the artificial primer-template poly(rA)-oligo(dT)12-18 more efficiently than activated calf thymus DNA, poly(rI)-oligo(dC)12-18, poly(rC)-oligo(dG)12-18, or poly(rCm)-o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Interaction between the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type IIIB envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the surface antigen CD4: role of carbohydrate in binding and cell fusion.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · August 1987 Interactions between retroviruses associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and their receptors on lymphocytes represent the initial steps in the process of infection and are also involved in multinucleated giant cell formation, which is one form ... Full text Link to item Cite

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus IIIB glycoprotein (gp120) bound to CD4 determinants on normal lymphocytes and expressed by infected cells serves as target for immune attack.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · July 1987 The lymphocyte differentiation antigen CD4 serves as a receptor for human retroviruses associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through its interaction with the major envelope virion glycoprotein, gp120, which is also expressed on the surf ... Full text Link to item Cite

The effects of leukemosuppressive immunotherapy on bone marrow infectious cell centers in AKR mice.

Journal article Virology · April 1987 The bone marrow of AKR mice is the richest source of infectious ecotropic cell centers (ICCs) during the neonatal period. The bone marrow ICCs reside in a low-density population expressing high levels of viral glycoprotein (gp71) and Class I histocompatibi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Management of human immunodeficiency virus-associated thrombocytopenia with intravenous gamma globulin.

Journal article Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol · 1987 A 17-month-old boy in whom immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) was the presenting manifestation of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is being successfully managed with intermittent high-dose intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) allowing mai ... Full text Link to item Cite

Transmission of HIV by antigen presenting cells during T-cell activation: prevention by 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · 1987 Tetanus toxoid (TT) reactive CD4+ cells were infected with HTLV-IIIB and exposed to TT at various times throughout a 7-day interval. Acute infection per se failed to produce overt cytopathology. However, exposure of infected cells to TT resulted in a rapid ... Full text Link to item Cite

Anti-GP 120 antibodies from HIV seropositive individuals mediate broadly reactive anti-HIV ADCC.

Journal article AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses · 1987 Cytophilic antibodies which mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against envelope antigens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be found in seropositive individuals. In these experiments, sera from a wide spectrum of HIV infected pa ... Full text Link to item Cite

Augmentation of anti-HIV ADCC with interleukin-2

Journal article Surgical Forum · January 1, 1987 Cite

HTLV-III/LAV-neutralizing antibodies to an E. coli-produced fragment of the virus envelope.

Journal article Science · December 12, 1986 Immunization with either an Escherichia coli recombinant segment of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III/LAV) envelope protein (gp 120) or with deglycosylated gp 120 envelope protein produced antibodies that neutralize HTLV-III/LAV infection in vi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · November 1986 The thymidine analog 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U, azidothymidine) can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication effectively in the 50-500 nM range [Mitsuya, H., Weinhold, K. J., Furman, P. A., St. Clair, M. H., Nusinoff-Lehrman, S., G ... Full text Link to item Cite

Properties of mouse leukemia viruses: XX. Variation of AKR Substrains in response to antibody therapy.

Journal article Virology · April 15, 1986 In previous reports in this series, we have demonstrated that treatment of young AKR mice with IgG prepared against the viral envelope glycoprotein suppresses the development of spontaneous leukemia. Moreover, animals exhibiting high anti-viral antibody ti ... Full text Link to item Cite

Administration of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex.

Journal article Lancet · March 15, 1986 In a 6-week clinical trial 4 dose regimens of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), a thymidine analogue with potent anti-viral activity against HTLV-III in vitro, were examined in 19 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related ... Full text Link to item Cite

Immunologic control of a retrovirus-associated murine adenocarcinoma. VII. Tumor cell destruction by macrophages and IgG2A.

Journal article J Natl Cancer Inst · October 1985 The mechanism by which IgG2A from a syngeneic antitumor hyperimmune serum mediates destruction of target cells in the presence of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages was investigated by using an in vitro assay system. Labeled tumor cells were fo ... Link to item Cite

Immunologic control of a retrovirus-associated murine adenocarcinoma. VI. Augmentation of antibody-dependent killing following quantitative and qualitative changes in host peritoneal cells.

Journal article J Natl Cancer Inst · October 1985 Attempts were made to augment the antibody-dependent killing of the ascitic AD755a tumor in vivo to protect C57BL/6J mice against the outgrowth of larger tumor burdens. The lethal dose for this tumor is less than 100 cells, and antibodies contained in a hy ... Link to item Cite

Immunologic control of a retrovirus-associated murine adenocarcinoma. VIII. Corynebacterium parvum-activated natural killer cells as potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity effectors.

Journal article J Natl Cancer Inst · October 1985 The antibody-dependent lytic activity of Corynebacterium parvum-induced peritoneal exudate cells was examined in vitro by utilizing AD755a tumor targets and a homologous anti-AD755a hyperimmune serum. Maximum antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADC ... Link to item Cite

3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro.

Journal article Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · October 1985 The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is thought to result from infection of T cells by a pathogenic human retrovirus, human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) or lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV). In this report, we describe the antivi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Murine in vitro antigenic modification of tumor cells: effect on susceptibility to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Journal article J Natl Cancer Inst · March 1985 A 3-methylcholanthrene [(MCA) CAS: 56-49-5]-induced fibrosarcoma cell line and its Friend murine leukemia virus-infected counterpart were assessed for their susceptibility to lysis by so-called "natural" effector cells in a series of 51Cr release assays. D ... Link to item Cite

Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. XIX. Effective antibody therapy of AKR leukemia occurs independently of virus neutralization and produces long-term changes in the virus status of the thymus.

Journal article Virology · May 1984 Administration of high-titered goat anti-FLV gp71 IgG to AKR mice during a narrow neonatal therapy "window" suppresses the early development of MuLV infectious cell centers (ICC) in spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. By 4-5 weeks of age ICC appear in spleen ... Full text Link to item Cite

[Stimulation of immunoreactivity against endogenous retroviruses and protection against leukemia in aged AKR mice after vaccination with antibodies to viral surface components. The role of antibodies to p15(E)].

Journal article Z Naturforsch C Biosci · 1984 Antibody against viral gp71 is effective therapeutically for high leukemic AKR mice if injected immediately after birth. No corresponding effect could be observed after inoculation later in life when the endogenous virus burden is already high. However, if ... Link to item Cite

Cross-reacting antigens on L5178Y cells which serve as targets for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte lysis during establishment of the tumor dormant state.

Journal article Cancer Res · September 1982 We have attempted to identify the antigen on L5178Y cells that is the target for peritoneal cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) generated in L5178Y-O (original) immunized and challenged DBA/2 mice during establishment of the L5178Y cell tumor dormant state. Thes ... Link to item Cite

Immunotherapy of a murine leukemia virus-infected, chemically induced murine sarcoma with antiviral antibodies.

Journal article J Natl Cancer Inst · August 1982 Many murine tumor models associated with murine leukemia virus(es) (MuLV) have been successfully treated by passive administration of antiviral antibodies. There is a large body of virus-negative tumors, however, which are lowly antigenic and thus refracto ... Link to item Cite

In vivo antigenic modification of tumor cells. III. Metastatic thymic lymphoma specifically infected by thymotropic retrovirus.

Journal article J Natl Cancer Inst · July 1981 Tissue distribution of radiation leukemia virus (RadLV) was examined after its inoculation into normal C57BL/6J (B6) mice, B6 mice bearing a transplantable, non-virus-producing thymic lymphoma (RL12-NP), and B6 mice bearing a transplanted non-virus produci ... Link to item Cite

The tumor dormant state.

Journal article Adv Cancer Res · 1981 Full text Link to item Cite

Infection of artificial air pouches in the connective tissue of mice with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Journal article J Med Microbiol · May 1979 Artificial air pouches in the connective tissue of mice were evaluated as a means of studying Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Animals inoculated with type-1 N. gonorrhoeae cells developed an infection characterised by infiltration of polymorphonuclear le ... Full text Link to item Cite

The tumor dormant state. Comparison of L5178Y cells used to establish dormancy with those that emerge after its termination.

Journal article J Exp Med · March 1, 1979 The tumor dormant state established in L5178Y immunized and challenged mice is characterized by a prolonged period of clinical normalcy followed by rapid tumor outgrowth. The tumor cells which emerged after termination of the tumor dormant state had abnorm ... Full text Link to item Cite

The tumor dormant state. Quantitation of L5178Y cells and host immune responses during the establishment and course of dormancy in syngeneic DBA/2 mice.

Journal article J Exp Med · March 1, 1979 Subcutaneous implantation of DBA/2-derived L5178Y cells into DBA/2 mice followed 10 d later by nodule excision protected 100% of mice from the rapid outgrowth of an intraperitoneal challenge of L5178Y cells given 7 d postexcision. Challenged mice remained ... Full text Link to item Cite