Scholars@Duke
Randall Kramer

Randall Kramer

Juli Plant Grainger Professor Emeritus of Global Environmental Health
Environmental Social Systems
Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708-0328
9 Circuit Drive, 4115 Environment Hall, Durham, NC 27708

Scholarly Works - Journal articles

Sociodemographic characteristics predict land use patterns by farmers near a protected area in Madagascar.

Journal article Scientific reports · February 2026 Globally, most farms are smaller than 10 hectares. Land use by these smallholder farmers in agricultural frontiers is crucial to conservation, food security, and exposure to infectious diseases. However, solely survey-based land use studies miss the fine s ... Full text Cite

Spreading potential in disease relevant networks: Predicting centralities in rural Northeast Madagascar.

Journal article PLOS global public health · January 2026 Heterogeneity in contact patterns can have marked effects on disease transmission, including through superspreading where few individuals drive most infections. Networks based on different types of human-human contacts quantify individuals' centrality, whi ... Full text Cite

Climate Change Perceptions and Adaptive Behavior Among Smallholder Farmers in Northeast Madagascar

Journal article Plos Climate · March 7, 2025 Climate change is impacting the food security and health of people worldwide, and the risk for smallholder farmers is particularly high. While many studies have forecast changes to food production at regional scales, fewer studies have directly assessed th ... Full text Cite

Impact of price shocks and payments on crop diversification and forest use among Malagasy vanilla farmers

Journal article Biological Conservation · February 1, 2025 Crop diversification can help buffer farmers from market volatility and provide alternatives to unsustainable export-driven cash crop monocultures that are also driving forest clearing. We developed a discrete choice experiment (DCE) and an innovative tabl ... Full text Cite

One Health Disparities and Blastocystis infection among smallholder farmers in northeastern Madagascar.

Journal article PLOS global public health · January 2025 Blastocystis is a globally transmitted gastrointestinal protozoa that commonly infects people living in low- and middle-income countries. Transmission is thought to occur via consumption of contaminated water or food and through contact with infected anima ... Full text Open Access Cite

Disentangling social, environmental, and zoonotic transmission pathways of a gastrointestinal protozoan (Blastocystis spp.) in northeast Madagascar.

Journal article American journal of biological anthropology · November 2024 ObjectivesUnderstanding disease transmission is a fundamental challenge in ecology. We used transmission potential networks to investigate whether a gastrointestinal protozoan (Blastocystis spp.) is spread through social, environmental, and/or zoo ... Full text Cite

Failing septic systems in Lowndes County, Alabama: citizen participation, science, and community knowledge

Journal article Local Environment · January 1, 2024 The United Nations has estimated that 2.8 billion individuals across the world will not have access to safely managed sanitation in 2030. In the accounting of global sanitation access, local inequities often are invisible to those counting, especially give ... Full text Cite

How market integration impacts human disease ecology.

Journal article Evolution, medicine, and public health · January 2024 Market integration (MI), or the shift from subsistence to market-based livelihoods, profoundly influences health, yet its impacts on infectious diseases remain underexplored. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of MI and infectious disease to sti ... Full text Cite

Tiger protection brings carbon benefits.

Journal article Nature ecology & evolution · July 2023 Full text Cite

Ecosystem change, market participation, and human health in villages proximate to Parc National de Marojejy.

Journal article Malagasy Nature · 2023 Human activities, including agricultural practices, have marked impacts on ecosystems that can affect food security, health, and livelihoods. These changes can affect human health by increasing infectious disease transmission between humans and animals. Fu ... Open Access Link to item Cite

Fisher perceptions of Belize's Managed Access program reveal overall support but need for improved enforcement

Journal article Marine Policy · September 1, 2022 A major challenge facing global fisheries is gaining support for sustainable management, which is vital for ensuring the longevity of coastal resources for livelihood and ecosystem benefits. Territorial User Rights for Fishing (TURFs) have emerged as a pos ... Full text Cite

Comparing transmission potential networks based on social network surveys, close contacts and environmental overlap in rural Madagascar.

Journal article Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · January 2022 Social and spatial network analysis is an important approach for investigating infectious disease transmission, especially for pathogens transmitted directly between individuals or via environmental reservoirs. Given the diversity of ways to construct netw ... Full text Open Access Cite

Food insecurity related to agricultural practices and household characteristics in rural communities of northeast Madagascar.

Journal article Food security · January 2021 Ending hunger and alleviating poverty are key goals for a sustainable future. Food security is a constant challenge for agrarian communities in low-income countries, especially in Madagascar. We investigated agricultural practices, household characteristic ... Full text Open Access Cite

Process Evaluation of a Community-Based Microbial Larviciding Intervention for Malaria Control in Rural Tanzania.

Journal article International journal of environmental research and public health · October 2020 Microbial larviciding can be an effective component of integrated vector management malaria control schemes, although it is not commonly implemented. Moreover, quality control and evaluation of intervention activities are essential to evaluate the potentia ... Full text Open Access Cite

Evaluating Response Time in Zanzibar's Malaria Elimination Case-Based Surveillance-Response System.

Journal article The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · February 2019 As countries transition toward malaria elimination, malaria programs rely on surveillance-response systems, which are often supported by web- and mobile phone-based reporting tools. Such surveillance-response systems are interventions for elimination, maki ... Full text Open Access Cite

Valuing a global environmental good: U.S. residents’ willingness to pay to protect tropical rain forests

Journal article · January 1, 2018 Although contingent valuation (CV) is the most common technique for valuing nonmarket environmental resources, rarely has it been applied to global environmental goods. This study uses CV in a national survey to assess the value U.S. residents place on tro ... Open Access Cite

A policy simulation of the wetlands reserve program

Journal article · November 30, 2017 Farmer participation in wetlands restoration practices is explained using land benefits, land attributes, and owner attributes. The probability of participation is estimated using county-level data, and used to calculate the expected acreage restored. Nati ... Open Access Cite

A longitudinal cohort study of malaria exposure and changing serostatus in a malaria endemic area of rural Tanzania.

Journal article Malar J · August 2, 2017 BACKGROUND: Measurements of anti-malarial antibodies are increasingly used as a proxy of transmission intensity. Most serological surveys are based on the use of cross-sectional data that, when age-stratified, approximates historical patterns of transmissi ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Spatial patterns of market participation and resource extraction: Fuelwood collection in Northern Uganda

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · July 1, 2017 While distance to markets is a key determinant of market participation for households that are dependent on natural resources, the distance to the resource stock is also essential. Thus, a household's location with respect to markets and the resource stock ... Full text Open Access Cite

Ecosystem change and human health: implementation economics and policy.

Journal article Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · June 2017 Several recent initiatives such as Planetary Health, EcoHealth and One Health claim that human health depends on flourishing natural ecosystems. However, little has been said about the operational and implementation challenges of health-oriented conservati ... Full text Open Access Cite

Partnership Conference.

Journal article Ann Glob Health · 2017 BACKGROUND: The Duke Global Health Institute (DGHI) was founded in 2006 with a goal to foster interdisciplinary global health education and research across Duke University and Duke Medical Center. Critical to achieving this goal is the need to develop and ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Cost of microbial larviciding for malaria control in rural Tanzania.

Journal article Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · November 2016 ObjectiveMicrobial larviciding may be a potential supplement to conventional malaria vector control measures, but scant information on its relative implementation costs and effectiveness, especially in rural areas, is an impediment to expanding it ... Full text Cite

Household perceptions and subjective valuations of indoor residual spraying programmes to control malaria in northern Uganda.

Journal article Infectious diseases of poverty · October 6, 2016 Insecticide-based tools remain critical for controlling vector-borne diseases in Uganda. Securing public support from targeted populations for such tools is an important component in sustaining their long-run effectiveness. Yet little quantitative evidence ... Cite

Sustaining the gains made in malaria control and elimination.

Journal article Infectious diseases of poverty · January 2015 Significant progress has been made in the last 25 years to reduce the malaria burden, but considerable challenges remain. These gains have resulted from large investments in a range of control measures targeting malaria. Fana and co-authors find a strong r ... Full text Cite

Identifying barriers in the malaria control policymaking process in East Africa: insights from stakeholders and a structured literature review.

Journal article BMC public health · January 2015 The complexity of malaria and public health policy responses presents social, financial, cultural, and institutional barriers to policymaking at multiple stages in the policy process. These barriers reduce the effectiveness of health policy in achieving na ... Full text Cite

Sustaining the gains made in malaria control and elimination

Journal article Infectious Diseases of Poverty · 2015 © 2015 Kramer and Lesser; licensee BioMed Central.Significant progress has been made in the last 25 years to reduce the malaria burden, but considerable challenges remain. These gains have resulted from large investments in a range of control measures targ ... Full text Cite

A randomized longitudinal factorial design to assess malaria vector control and disease management interventions in rural Tanzania.

Journal article International journal of environmental research and public health · May 2014 The optimization of malaria control strategies is complicated by constraints posed by local health systems, infrastructure, limited resources, and the complex interactions between infection, disease, and treatment. The purpose of this paper is to describe ... Full text Cite

Correction: kramer, R.a., et Al. A randomized longitudinal factorial design to assess malaria vector control and disease management interventions in rural Tanzania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public health 2014, 11, 5317-5332.

Journal article International journal of environmental research and public health · 2014 The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [1]:[...]. ... Full text Open Access Cite

Lessons from malaria control to elimination: case study in Hainan and Yunnan provinces.

Journal article Advances in parasitology · January 2014 Reduction patterns of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria transmission and the role of an integrated strategy of case management and vector control are compared between different ecological zones. The epidemiology of malaria in Hainan and Yunnan pro ... Full text Cite

Feasibility and roadmap analysis for malaria elimination in China.

Journal article Advances in parasitology · January 2014 To understand the current status of the malaria control programme at the county level in accordance with the criteria of the World Health Organisation, the gaps and feasibility of malaria elimination at the county and national levels were analysed based on ... Full text Cite

Towards malaria elimination and its implication for vector control, disease management and livelihoods in Tanzania.

Journal article MalariaWorld journal · January 2013 Over the years, malaria has remained the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in Tanzania. Population based studies have indicated a decline in overall malaria prevalence among under-fives from 18.1% in 2008 to 9.7% in 2012. The decline of malaria i ... Full text Cite

Reduction of malaria prevalence by indoor residual spraying: a meta-regression analysis.

Journal article The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · July 2012 Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has become an increasingly popular method of insecticide use for malaria control, and many recent studies have reported on its effectiveness in reducing malaria burden in a single community or region. There is a need for syst ... Full text Open Access Cite

Socio-economic status and malaria-related outcomes in Mvomero District, Tanzania.

Journal article Global public health · January 2012 While policies often target malaria prevention and treatment - proximal causes of malaria and related health outcomes - too little attention has been given to the role of household- and individual-level socio-economic status (SES) as a fundamental cause of ... Full text Open Access Cite

Integrated vector management for malaria control in Uganda: knowledge, perceptions and policy development.

Journal article Malaria journal · January 2012 BackgroundIntegrated vector management (IVM) is increasingly being recommended as an option for sustainable malaria control. However, many malaria-endemic countries lack a policy framework to guide and promote the approach. The objective of the st ... Full text Open Access Cite

Environmental management for malaria control: knowledge and practices in Mvomero, Tanzania.

Journal article EcoHealth · December 2010 Environmental conditions play an important role in the transmission of malaria; therefore, regulating these conditions can help to reduce disease burden. Environmental management practices for disease control can be implemented at the community level to co ... Full text Open Access Cite

Biodiversity Conservation and Child Malaria: Microeconomic Evidence from Flores, Indonesia

Journal article Economic Research Initiatives at Duke Working Paper · November 18, 2010 Cite

Valuing drinking water provision as an ecosystem service in the neuse river basin

Journal article Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management · July 1, 2010 The valuation of ecosystem services such as drinking water provision is of growing national and international interest. The cost of drinking water provision is directly linked to the quality of its raw water input, which is itself affected by upstream land ... Full text Open Access Cite

Valuing ecosystem services from wetlands restoration in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Journal article Ecological Economics · March 15, 2010 This study assesses the value of restoring forested wetlands via the U.S. government's Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley by quantifying and monetizing ecosystem services. The three focal services are greenhouse gas (GHG) mit ... Full text Open Access Cite

Using decision analysis to improve malaria control policy making.

Journal article Health Policy · October 2009 Malaria and other vector-borne diseases represent a significant and growing burden in many tropical countries. Successfully addressing these threats will require policies that expand access to and use of existing control methods, such as insecticide-treate ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Examining conservation attitudes, perspectives, and challenges in India

Journal article Biological Conservation. · September 2008 Biodiversity conservation issues are often contentious and complex. Polarized debates on the effectiveness of protected areas and role of people inside them, charismatic species as conservation foci, and on specific policy initiatives are common among Indi ... Full text Open Access Cite

Open access in a spatially delineated artisanal fishery: The case of Minahasa, Indonesia

Journal article Environment and Development Economics · 2007 The effects of economic development on the exploitation of renewable resources are investigated in settings where property rights are ill defined or not enforced. This paper explores potential conservation implications from labor and product market develop ... Full text Open Access Cite

Do Migrants Degrade Coastal Environments? Migration, Natural Resource Extraction and Poverty in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Journal article Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal · June 2005 Recent literature on migration and the environment has identified key mediating variables such as how migrants extract resources from the environment for their livelihoods, the rate and efficiency of extraction, and the social and economic context within w ... Full text Open Access Cite

Seeing the forest for the fuel

Journal article Environment and Development Economics · January 1, 2004 We demonstrate a new approach to understanding the role of fuelwood in the rural household economy by applying insights from travel cost modeling to author-compiled household survey data and meso-scale environmental statistics from Ruteng Park in Flores, I ... Full text Open Access Cite

Estimating the economic value of water quality protection in the Catawba River basin

Journal article Water Resources Research · September 1, 2002 [1] This study used stated preference methods to estimate the economic value of protecting water quality in the Catawba River basin of North and South Carolina at its current level. Telephone interviews were completed with 1085 randomly selected households ... Full text Open Access Cite

Divers' willingness to pay to visit marine sanctuaries: An exploratory study

Journal article Ocean and Coastal Management · July 30, 2002 Entrance fees paid by divers to enter marine sanctuaries constitute a significant potential revenue source to finance coral reef conservation. An exploratory contingent valuation study was carried out among foreign and local tourists in three major dive de ... Full text Cite

Migration and fishing in Indonesian coastal villages.

Journal article Ambio · June 2002 The coastal ecosystems in Southeast Asia are under increased pressure from local and global change. This paper examines human migration and the use of marine resources in coastal villages in the Minahasa district of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Primary data ... Full text Open Access Cite

A cost-benefit analysis of water quality protection in the Catawba basin

Journal article Journal of the American Water Resources Association · January 1, 2002 The primary objective of this study was to perform a cost-benefit analysis of maintaining the current level of water quality in the Catawba River basin. Economic benefits were estimated using a stated preference survey method designed to value respondents' ... Full text Open Access Cite

Estimating the economic value of water quality protection in the Catawba River basin

Journal article Water Resources Research · 2002 [1] This study used stated preference methods to estimate the economic value of protecting water quality in the Catawba River basin of North and South Carolina at its current level. Telephone interviews were completed with 1085 randomly selected households ... Cite

Worth of watersheds: A producer surplus approach for valuing drought mitigation in Eastern Indonesia

Journal article Environment and Development Economics · February 1, 2001 This study combines hydrological modeling with applied micro-econometric techniques to value a complex ecosystem service: drought mitigation provided by tropical forested watersheds to agrarian communities. Spatial variation in current base-flow allows est ... Full text Open Access Cite

Environmental equity and the conservation of unique ecosystems: An analysis of the distribution of benefits for protecting southern appalachian spruce-fir forests

Journal article Society and Natural Resources · January 1, 1999 Some critics in the environmental equity literature argue that low - income popu lations disproportionately have environmental risks while the wealthy and better educated gain disproportionately from protecting unique ecosystems. We test this hypothesis in ... Full text Cite

Does question format matter? Valuing an endangered species

Journal article Environmental and Resource Economics · January 1, 1999 A three-way treatment design is used to compare contingent valuation response formats. Respondents are asked to value an endangered species (the red-cockaded woodpecker) and the restoration of its habitat following a natural disaster. For three question fo ... Full text Cite

Biodiversity conservation - At what cost? A study of households in the vicinity of Madagascar's Mantadia National Park

Journal article Ambio · May 1, 1997 An important subset of the vast number of issues associated with the conservation of tropical forests are the costs and benefits incurred by local peoples. This paper presents the results of a study of the costs borne by households living near the Mantadia ... Cite

Valuing a global environmental good: U.S. residents' willingness to pay to protect tropical rain forests

Journal article Land Economics · January 1, 1997 Although contingent valuation (CV) is the most common technique for valuing nonmarket environmental resources, rarely has it been applied to global environmental goods. This study uses CV in a national survey to assess the value U.S. residents place on tro ... Full text Cite

Ecological and economic analysis of watershed protection in Eastern Madagascar

Journal article Journal of Environmental Management · January 1, 1997 Watershed protection is one of the many goods and services provided by the world's fast disappearing tropical forests. Among the variety of watershed protection benefits, flood damage alleviation is crucial, particularly in upland watersheds. This study is ... Full text Cite

Contingent valuation of ecosystem health

Journal article Ecosystem Health · March 1, 1996 Ecosystem health values represent compressed information about the status or condition of an ecosystem. The valuation process reduces multidimensional information about ecosystems to an assessment endpoint or metric. This paper utilizes a money metric to e ... Cite

Tropical forest protection: An empirical analysis of the costs borne by local people

Journal article Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · January 1, 1996 Contingent valuation is used to value tropical forest resources for a rural population in Africa. Welfare losses from land-use restrictions associated with a newly established national park in Madagascar are estimated with a willingness-to-accept format. B ... Full text Cite

An independent sample test of yea-saying and starting point bias in dichotomous-choice contingent valuation

Journal article Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · January 1, 1995 We developed several diagnostic tools to test the convergent validity of two common contingent valuation elicitation procedures. Data were collected from independent samples receiving dichotomous choice and payment card questions. We compared actual with c ... Full text Cite

Simulating cost-effective wetlands reserves: a comparison of positive and normative approaches

Journal article Natural Resource Modeling · January 1, 1995 A conceptual model of farmer behavior is used to develop analytical expressions for the costs of wetland policies in the US. An empirical study based on the model compares normative and positive cost estimates for accomplishing a specific policy and shows ... Full text Cite

Valuing tropical forests: methodology and case study of Madagascar

Journal article World Bank Environment Paper · January 1, 1995 This volume examines some causes of tropical deforestation and explores forest valuation issues in the context of a protected area project. Part A (chapters 1 and 2) sets out the context of tropical deforestation and loss of biodiversity and provides a fra ... Cite

Rain forest tourism - estimating the benefits of tourism development in a new national park in Madagascar

Journal article Journal of Forest Economics · January 1, 1995 Travel cost and contingent valuation methods are applied to the problem of estimating the potential consumer surplus available to international nature tourists from a rain forest conservation project in Madagascar. Data are derived from surveys of nature t ... Cite

A policy simulation of the wetlands reserve program

Journal article Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · January 1, 1995 Farmer participation in wetlands restoration practices is explained using land benefits, land attributes, and owner attributes. The probability of participation is estimated using county-level data, and used to calculate the expected acreage restored. Nati ... Full text Cite

The effects of agricultural and tax policy reform on the economic return to wetland drainage in the Mississippi Delta region

Journal article Land Economics · January 1, 1993 The conversion of wetlands to cropland has been a common land use activity in many parts of the US. Two major policy reforms occurred in the 1980s to reduce Federal incentives to drain and clear wetlands: the denial of farm program benefits to those who cl ... Full text Cite

Choice of utility function form: its effect on classification of risk preferences and the prediction of farmer decisions

Journal article Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1992 In applications of expected utility analysis, researchers are confronted with a choice among several utility functional forms. Subjective utility values and probability distributions for price and yield were elicited from Sri Lankan producers of minor expo ... Full text Cite

Logit Analysis of Information in Animal Waste Management

Journal article Journal of Production Agriculture · October 1990 Recent evidence indicates that many farmers apply two to three times as much N fertilizer as their crops require. One of the reasons for these high applications is a lack of consideration of the nutrient values of animal manure supplied to cropland ... Full text Cite

An analysis of US farm income policies: historical, market- determined, and sector-wide stabilization

Journal article Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1989 This paper provides an economic analysis of the historical agricultural price and income support policy, a policy of market-determined prices and income, and a policy linking market-determined prices with sector-wide farm income stabilization in years of e ... Full text Cite

Toward an Appropriate Measure of Uncertainty in a Risk Programming Model

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1987 The measure of uncertainty in a risk-programming problem has long posed a dilemma. The use of the variance of realized returns assumes that the distribution of realized returns is the same as the distribution anticipated by the decision maker prior to the ... Full text Cite

Soil conservation with uncertain revenues and input supplies: Reply

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1986 Full text Cite

Reexamining agricultural policy: Selected issues and alternatives

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1986 Full text Cite

Participation in farm commodity programs: A stochastic dominance analysis: Reply

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1986 Full text Cite

The integration of farm programs for achieving soil conservation and nonpoint pollution control objectives.

Journal article Land Economics · January 1, 1986 A specific objective is to examine the impact of two cross-compliance scenarios on farm level decision making. The first strategy would permit acecss to program benefits as long as a total farm soil loss limit is not exceeded. The second strategy would req ... Full text Cite

Shifting foundations of agricultural policy analysis when risk markets are incomplete: Discussion

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1985 Full text Cite

Analysis of food stamp participation using qualitative choice models

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1985 Food stamp program participation at the household level was analyzed using a nationwide sample of households as well as refined measures of residential location, source of income, and household age distribution. Additionally, an empirical comparison of pro ... Full text Cite

FARMERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL AND PARTICIPATION IN COST‐SHARE PROGRAMS

Journal article Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association · January 1, 1985 The success of government programs to control nonpoint source pollution depends upon attitudes toward those programs and the availability of technical and financial assistance. Applicants for the Rural Clean Water Program cost‐share funding in Virginia pos ... Full text Cite

Cross compliance concepts in agricultural programs: the New Deal to the present ( soil conservation).

Journal article Agricultural History · January 1, 1985 Examines the origins of cross compliance as an approach to soil conservation policy during the New Deal era to determine reasons for its consideration and subsequent dilution. Explores the evolution of cross compliance over time. Specific attention is give ... Cite

A stochastic programming analysis of the farm level implications of soil erosion control.

Journal article Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1985 A disaggregated approach was used because of an interest in examining the impact of probabilistic soil loss constraints on farm level decisionmaking. A stochastic programming model was used to consider different levels of probability of soil loss. Traditio ... Full text Cite

An economic analysis of soybean integrated pest management

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1985 The type ofpest management strategy a farmer chooses is influenced by the amount of risk associated with alternative strategies. This paper examines the attractiveness of alternative pest management strategies used on a representative Virginia soybean farm ... Full text Cite

ATTITUDES TOWARD CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT POLLUTION AND PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION.

Journal article undefined · December 1, 1984 Successful implementation of nonpoint pollution management strategies depends upon attitudes toward those strategies and the avialability of technical and financial assistance. In the Nansemond River-Chuckatuck Creek watershed in Virginia, applicants for R ... Cite

AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE POLICIES FOR CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Journal article Jawra Journal of the American Water Resources Association · January 1, 1984 An economic analysis of nonpoint source pollution management was conducted for the Nansemond River and Chuckatuck Creek watersheds in Southeast Virginia. The potential effects of alternative public policies on farm income, land use, and pollution loadings ... Full text Cite

Crop insurance as a strategy for agricultural development.

Journal article Rural Development Growth and Inequity Papers from 18th Iaae Conference · January 1, 1983 Reviews the operation and performance of existing crop insurance programmes in selected developed and developing countries, and presents a procedure for evaluating the attractiveness to farmers of such programmes. Demonstrates the ease with which some rece ... Cite

Soil conservation with uncertain revenues and input supplies

Journal article American Journal of Agricultural Economics · January 1, 1983 The influence of risk on farm level soil conservation decisions is examined. A symmetric quadratic risk–programming model is used which allows the simultaneous consideration of uncertainty in revenues and input supplies. It is demonstrated that risk aversi ... Full text Cite