Scholars@Duke
Elizabeth Gresham Livingston

Elizabeth Gresham Livingston

Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine
elizabeth.livingston@duke.edu
Box 3967 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710
2608 Erwin Road Suite 200, Durham, NC 27705

Scholarly Works - Journal articles

Clinical Nuances of Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: A Literature Review.

Journal article Obstet Gynecol Surv · July 1, 2026 IMPORTANCE: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) presents significant challenges in obstetric care, particularly due to its association with both maternal and neonatal morbidity. Management becomes even more complex when PPROM occurs in the conte ... Full text Link to item Cite

Antiretroviral Therapy at Conception Leads to Lower Peripheral CD49a+ NK Cells and Higher SERPINB2.

Journal article J Immunol Res · 2025 Problem: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy is essential to prevent vertical HIV transmission and preserve the health of the mother and child. However, ART in pregnancy has been associated with adverse birth outcomes linked to poor placental dev ... Full text Link to item Cite

Racial and Rural-Urban Disparities in Maternal Cardiac Disease Care in North Carolina: A Call to Action

Journal article North Carolina Medical Journal · July 5, 2023 BackgroundCardiac disease is a leading cause of severe maternal morbidity (SMM). We sought to estimate the effects of race and rural-urban status on cardia ... Full text Cite

Screening for Chagas Disease during Pregnancy in the United States-A Literature Review.

Journal article Trop Med Infect Dis · November 26, 2021 Obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States have little clinical experience with the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Chagas disease. The number of US parturients born in Central and South America has continued to increase ove ... Full text Link to item Cite

Profile of Chronic Comorbid Conditions and Obstetrical Complications Among Pregnant Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in the United States.

Journal article Clin Infect Dis · September 15, 2021 BACKGROUND: To evaluate the frequency and associated characteristics of chronic comorbid conditions and obstetrical complications among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in comparison to those ... Full text Link to item Cite

Recognition and screening for Chagas disease in the USA.

Journal article Ther Adv Infect Dis · 2021 Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a public health concern, mainly among countries in South and Central America. However, despite the large number of immigrants from endemic countries living in the USA, awareness of CD is po ... Full text Link to item Cite

Understanding Sexual Complaints and History Taking: A Standardized Patient Case on Dyspareunia for Obstetrics and Gynecology Clerkship Students.

Journal article MedEdPORTAL · October 29, 2020 INTRODUCTION: Learning to elicit a sexual history and counsel patients on sexual pain aligns with the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics clerkship objectives. This topic can be challenging to cover due to lack of exposure in clinical en ... Full text Link to item Cite

Changing Patterns and Factors Associated With Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the United States.

Journal article Obstet Gynecol · May 2018 OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns and factors associated with mode of delivery among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States in relation to evolving HIV-in-pregnancy guidelines. METHODS: We conducted an analysis ... Full text Link to item Cite

Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy: A Review of Diagnosis and Management.

Journal article Obstet Gynecol Surv · February 2018 IMPORTANCE: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) complicates approximately 0.2% to 2% of pregnancies and can lead to increased fetal risks in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to increase the knowledge of women's health care providers regarding ... Full text Link to item Cite

Complications and Route of Delivery in a Large Cohort Study of HIV-1-Infected Women-IMPAACT P1025.

Journal article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · September 1, 2016 OBJECTIVE: To investigate complications of cesarean section in a cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women. METHODS: IMPAACT P1025 is a prospective cohort study of HIV-1-infected women and infants, enrolled 2002-2013, at clinical sites in the United States and ... Full text Link to item Cite

Integrase inhibitors in late pregnancy and rapid HIV viral load reduction.

Journal article Am J Obstet Gynecol · March 2016 BACKGROUND: Minimizing time to HIV viral suppression is critical in pregnancy. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), like raltegravir, are known to rapidly suppress plasma HIV RNA in nonpregnant adults. There are limited data in pregnant women. OB ... Full text Link to item Cite

Effect of Depot Medoxyprogesterone Acetate on Immune Functions and Inflammatory Markers of HIV-Infected Women.

Journal article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · February 1, 2016 OBJECTIVES: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was associated with increased HIV transmission and accelerated disease progression in untreated women. The potential underlying mechanisms include immune modulation. We evaluated the effect of a single D ... Full text Link to item Cite

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in combination with a twice-daily lopinavir-ritonavir-based regimen in HIV-infected women showed effective contraception and a lack of clinically significant interactions, with good safety and tolerability: results of the ACTG 5283 study.

Journal article Antimicrob Agents Chemother · April 2015 We conducted an open-label, steady-state pharmacokinetic (PK) study of drug-drug interactions between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and twice-daily lopinavir (LPV) plus low-dose ritonavir (RTV) (LPV/r) among 24 HIV-infected women and compared th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Factors associated with lack of viral suppression at delivery among highly active antiretroviral therapy-naive women with HIV: a cohort study.

Journal article Ann Intern Med · January 20, 2015 BACKGROUND: A high delivery maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA level (viral load [VL]) is a risk factor for mother-to-child transmission and poor maternal health. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with detectable VL at delivery despite initiation of highly ... Full text Link to item Cite

Evaluating a preceptor-based clerkship model

Journal article Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics & Gynecology (CREOG) and Association of Professors of Gynecology & Obstetrics (APGO) Annual Meeting: Signs of Progress in Women's Health Education. Atlanta, GA · 2014 We are pleased to inform you that your abstract entitled, #314 Evaluating a Preceptor-Based Clerkship Model, has been accepted for a poster presentation at the 2014 CREOG and APGO Annual Meeting, which will be held at the Hyatt Regency Atlanta, February 26 ... Cite

Abstract 514LB: PK Study of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in HIV+ Women On Lopinavir/Ritonavir: ACTG 5283

Journal article Topics in Antiviral Medicine · 2014 Background: Little is known about use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with boosted-protease inhibitors (PIs), a commonly used antiretroviral treatment regimen. Interactions with boosted PIs could lead to changes in efficacy or toxicity of any of ... Link to item Cite

Infant growth outcomes after maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate use during pregnancy.

Journal article J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr · December 1, 2013 OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maternal use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for treatment of HIV in pregnancy predicts fetal and infant growth. METHODS: The study population included HIV-uninfected live-born singleton infants of mothers enrolled in the I ... Full text Link to item Cite

Use of a Centering Pregnancy© approach to teach obstetric care in a longitudinal integrated clerkship model

Journal article Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics & Gynecology (CREOG) and Association of Professors of Gynecology & Obstetrics (APGO) Annual Meeting: Extending Your Reach in Women’s Health Education: Up, Out, Across, and Around. Phoenix, AZ · 2013 Objective: To assess the utility of a Centering model of obstetric care for teaching in a longitudinal integrated clerkship year and compare with traditional students’ experiences. Background: In 2010, Duke University School of Medicine offered a longitudi ... Link to item Cite

Association of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with neonatal growth

Journal article 19th International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC · 2012 Background: The use of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) for the treatment of HIV in pregnancy is increasing. The effects of exposure to TDF in utero on fetal and infant growth are unclear. Methods: The study population included live born singleton infan ... Link to item Cite

Poster: Factors associated with lack of viral suppression at delivery in the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Group (IMPAACT) P1025.

Journal article Program and Abstracts of the 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Seattle, WA · 2012 Cite

Mode of delivery and infant respiratory morbidity among infants born to HIV-1-infected women.

Journal article Obstet Gynecol · August 2010 OBJECTIVE: To estimate risk of infant respiratory morbidity associated with cesarean delivery before labor and ruptured membranes among HIV-1-infected women. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study of HIV-1-infected women and their infants, mode of delivery ... Full text Link to item Cite

Prenatal protease inhibitor use and risk of preterm birth among HIV-infected women initiating antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy.

Journal article J Infect Dis · April 1, 2010 BACKGROUND: Conflicting results have been reported among studies of protease inhibitor (PI) use during pregnancy and preterm birth. Uncontrolled confounding by indication may explain some of the differences among studies. METHODS: In total, 777 human immun ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Opt-out HIV testing improves testing rates among pregnant women

Journal article 137th American Public Health Association Meeting, Philadelphia · 2010 Cite

Mode of delivery and infant respiratory morbidity: IMPAACT Protocol 1025

Journal article 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Montreal, Canada · 2009 Cite

Increased mtDNA levels without change in mitochondrial enzymes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infants born to HIV-infected mothers on antiretroviral therapy.

Journal article HIV Clin Trials · 2008 BACKGROUND: The effects of gestational nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are controversial. The effects of mtDNA depletion on mitochondrial function have not been assessed. METHOD: In peripheral blood mononucl ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cord blood lipids in infants born to HIV-1-infected women treated with combination antiretroviral therapy.

Journal article Antivir Ther · 2008 BACKGROUND: To investigate the effect of exposure to protease inhibitor (PI) therapy in utero on cord blood lipids in infants born to mothers enrolled in AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 5084, a prospective, multicentre, observational study of antiretro ... Link to item Cite

Lipids and lactate in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected pregnancies with or without protease inhibitor-based therapy.

Journal article Obstet Gynecol · August 2007 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of protease inhibitors on lipid and lactate levels and gastrointestinal symptoms in pregnancy. METHODS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) A5084 was an observational cohort study of huma ... Full text Link to item Cite

Protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy and glucose tolerance in pregnancy: AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5084.

Journal article Am J Obstet Gynecol · April 2007 OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether protease inhibitors increase glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: In this multicenter, prospective, observational study, 149 human immunodeficiency virus-1-inf ... Full text Link to item Cite

Cord blood lipids in infants exposed to protease inhibitor (PI) therapy in utero versus those not exposed to PIs

Journal article Pediatric Academic Society Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada. · 2007 Cite

Elevated frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes in infants exposed to zidovudine in utero and postpartum to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

Journal article Environ Mol Mutagen · 2007 Zidovudine-based antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) for treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women have markedly reduced mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) from approximately 25% to <1%. However, zidovudine (ZDV; AZT), a nu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Beyond the first year: Focused anatomy instruction during the clinical years of medical school

Journal article 23rd Annual meeting of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists, Milwaukee, WI · 2006 Cite

Poster: Tubal sterilization (BTL) during cesarean section (CS) for prevention of MTCT in HIV infected (HIV+) pregnant women

Journal article International Aids Society Meeting. Toronto, Canada · 2006 Poster - International Aids Society Meeting. Toronto Canada August 15, 2006. ... Link to item Cite

Erosion of a B-Lynch suture through the uterine wall: a case report.

Journal article J Reprod Med · October 2004 BACKGROUND: The B-Lynch uterine suture brace has been used for the surgical treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. To date, no complications of this procedure have been reported. We describe B-Lynch suture erosion through the uterine wall identified at a 6-we ... Link to item Cite

Management of HIV in pregnancy.

Journal article Curr Womens Health Rep · August 2002 In the US, transmission of HIV infection from pregnant women to their infants is now highly preventable. HIV infection is sufficiently common to justify extension of HIV screening to all pregnant women. Once HIV infection is identified, the degree of immun ... Link to item Cite

Development of resistance mutations in women receiving standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum nevirapine to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission: a substudy of pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 316.

Journal article J Infect Dis · July 15, 2002 Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 316 was an international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial comparing single-dose oral nevirapine (200 mg to mother and 2 mg/kg to infant) with placebo in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnan ... Full text Link to item Cite

Management of prolonged pregnancy.

Journal article Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) · March 2002 Link to item Cite

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the cervix: transperineal versus endovaginal imaging.

Journal article J Ultrasound Med · October 2001 OBJECTIVE: This study compares transperineal and endovaginal ultrasonography of the gravid cervix to evaluate image quality and assess for a systematic difference in cervical lengths measured by the 2 techniques. METHODS: Transperineal and endovaginal ultr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Factors influencing suboptimal level II ultrasounds in a tertiary care center

Journal article American Journal Of Obstetrics & Gynecology · 2000 Cite

Species and genotypic diversities and similarities of pathogenic yeasts colonizing women.

Journal article J Clin Microbiol · December 1999 We examined the patterns of strain relatedness among pathogenic yeasts from within and among groups of women to determine whether there were significant associations between genotype and host condition or body site. A total of 80 yeast strains were isolate ... Full text Link to item Cite

Pharmacokinetics of didanosine in antepartum and postpartum human immunodeficiency virus--infected pregnant women and their neonates: an AIDS clinical trials group study.

Journal article J Infect Dis · November 1999 Didanosine (ddI) pharmacokinetics in antepartum and postpartum human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women and their neonates were studied. HIV-infected pregnant women received an intravenous (iv) ddI infusion (1.6 mg/kg/h) or an oral dose (200 mg bi ... Full text Link to item Cite

AIDS-related malignancies.

Journal article Ann Med · August 1998 In the US over one million persons are currently infected with the HIV, over half a million have had AIDS, and over 300,000 have died from AIDS. Worldwide, it is estimated that more than 17 million people are currently infected with HIV, and over 1,200,000 ... Full text Link to item Cite

Normal saline for the intrapartum management of the insulin-dependent diabetic patient

Journal article Prenatal and Neonatal Medicine · August 1, 1998 Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of saline alone for the intrapartum management of insulin-requiring diabetic patients and their infants. Methods: This was a retrospective evaluation of 77 insulin-requiring diabetic patients, over a 12-year ... Cite

Familial supernumerary marker chromosome evolution through three generations.

Journal article Prenat Diagn · February 1998 A mosaic chromosome complement, 46,XY/47,XY,+r(15), was detected at prenatal diagnosis. Family studies showed the mother and one of her two children to have a bisatellited supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC) in all lymphocytes examined. The maternal gran ... Full text Link to item Cite

Initial multicenter experience with double nucleoside therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy.

Journal article Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol · 1998 OBJECTIVE: To study maternal and neonatal effects of combination nucleoside analog therapy administered to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women for maternal indications. METHODS: A multicenter, prospective observational study was unde ... Full text Link to item Cite

Does pregnancy affect the pharmacokinetics of didanosine (ddI) in HIV-1 infected women?

Journal article 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections · 1998 Link to item Cite

Initial multicenter experience with double nucleoside therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection during pregnancy

Journal article Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 1998 Objective: To study maternal and neonatal effects of combination nucleoside analog therapy administered to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected pregnant women for maternal indications. Methods: A multicenter, prospective observational study was und ... Full text Cite

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women in a southeastern US population.

Journal article South Med J · September 1997 The objectives of our study were to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in a southeastern human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive population relative to an HIV-negative control group and to compare these findings with p ... Full text Link to item Cite

Hepatitis C in pregnancy.

Journal article Obstet Gynecol · May 1997 OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiology and clinical course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, to examine current data on the vertical transmission of HCV to neonates, and to develop recommendations for intrapartum and postpartum follow-up of neonates bor ... Full text Link to item Cite

Universal Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women?

Journal article Medscape Womens Health · January 1997 The fact that zidovudine therapy can prevent perinatal transmission of HIV infection strongly supports the need to screen for HIV during pregnancy. Controversy continues to revolve around which testing strategy offers the benefits of zidovudine to the grea ... Link to item Cite

Nonvisualization of the fetal gallbladder: frequency and prognostic importance.

Journal article Radiology · June 1996 PURPOSE: To assess the frequency of fetal gallbladder visualization through gestation and to determine the prognostic importance of nonvisualization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demonstration of the gallbladder was prospectively attempted in 578 consecutive sec ... Full text Link to item Cite

Marker chromosome evolution in a 3 generation family

Journal article American Journal of Human Genetics · 1995 Cite

A new preparation of nitroglycerin for uterine relaxation.

Journal article Int J Obstet Anesth · January 1995 Emergent attainment of uterine relaxation is an occasional need in obstetric practice. Various agents, from amyl nitrate through volatile anesthetics have been used to relax the uterus, with varying degrees of success and side-effects. Recent publications ... Full text Link to item Cite

Adverse effects of high fat, high simple carbohydrate diet on fetal outcome in C57BL/6J and A/J mice

Journal article Southeastern Conference on Perinatal Research · 1993 Cite

Clinical characteristics of HIV infected women in North Carolina

Journal article 9th International Conference on AIDS · 1993 Link to item Cite

Diffuse adenomatoid tumor of the uterus with a serosal papillary cystic component.

Journal article Int J Gynecol Pathol · October 1992 A 39-year-old woman undergoing immunosuppressive therapy following kidney transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus presented with a uterine adenomatoid tumor that diffusely infiltrated the entire myometrium and contained a serosal papillary cystic ... Full text Link to item Cite

A survey of zidovudine use in pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Journal article N Engl J Med · March 26, 1992 BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The expanding indications for zidovudine treatment make it important to elucidate the safety and toxicity of this drug for pregnant women and their fetuses. We asked pediatricians and obstetricians at the AIDS (acquired immunodefici ... Full text Link to item Cite

Use of Motrin for tocolysis

Journal article 12th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 1992 Cite

The C57BL/6J mouse as an animal model of gestational diabetes

Journal article 11th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 1991 Cite

What is fetal distress?

Journal article Am J Obstet Gynecol · June 1990 Fetal distress is a widely used but poorly defined term. This confusion of definition compounds the difficulty of making an accurate diagnosis and initiating appropriate treatment. The fetus reacts at the onset of asphyxia with a remarkable series of respo ... Full text Link to item Cite

Isolation of mycoplasmas, aerobes and anaerobes from amniotic fluid in women with intact membranes

Journal article 10th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 1990 Cite

The incidence of constriction of the ductus arteriosus during tocolytic therapy with ibuprofen

Journal article 10th Annual Meeting of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 1990 Cite

Classically conditioned hyperglycemia in the obese mouse.

Journal article Psychosom Med · 1985 The obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mouse is a commonly used animal model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It has recently been demonstrated that this mouse is not consistently hyperglycemic, however, unless it is subjected to environmental stress. In th ... Full text Link to item Cite

Behavioral manipulation of the diabetic phenotype in ob/ob mice.

Journal article Diabetes · July 1984 The genetically obese mouse (C57BL/6J ob/ob) is a commonly used model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. However, our studies demonstrate that, while the animal is significantly hyperinsulinemic, it in fact does not show consistent hyperglycemia i ... Full text Link to item Cite

Possible effectors of anomatization and 5-alpha reduction in hypothalamic cell cultures

Journal article Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society · 1980 Cite