Marc A. Sommer
Professor of Biomedical Engineering
We study circuits for cognition. Using a combination of neurophysiology and biomedical engineering, we focus on the interaction between brain areas during visual perception, decision-making, and motor planning. Specific projects include the role of frontal cortex in metacognition, the role of cerebellar-frontal circuits in action timing, the neural basis of "good enough" decision-making (satisficing), and the neural mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Current Research Interests
Neuronal circuits of the brain, including recording from single neurons and studying the effects of inactivating or stimulating well-defined brain areas. His goals are to understand how individual areas process signals and how multiple areas interact to cause cognition and behavior. Results from the work are guiding the design of vision-based models and robots.
Current Appointments & Affiliations
- Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2023
- Associate Professor in Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2011
- Associate Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2018
- Investigator in the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2010
- Member of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences 2010
- Associate of the Duke Initiative for Science & Society, Duke Science & Society, Initiatives 2017
Contact Information
- 1427 Ciemas, Box 90281, 101 Science Dr., Durham, NC 27708
- Duke Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708-0281
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marc.sommer@duke.edu
(919) 684-7015
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Google Scholar
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Sommer Lab
- Background
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Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1995
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Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2017 - 2023
- W. H. Gardner, Jr. Associate Professor, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2017 - 2022
- Director of Undergraduate Studies, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2014 - 2017
- Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2010 - 2016
- Recognition
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In the News
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Awards & Honors
- Capers and Marion McDonald Award for Excellence in Teaching and Research. Pratt School of Engineering. 2021
- Bass Fellow. Duke University. 2017
- Capers and Marion McDonald Award for Excellence in Mentoring and Advising. Pratt School of Engineering. 2017
- Research Fellowship-Neuroscience. Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. 2005
- Expertise
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Subject Headings
- Action Potentials
- Animals
- Artifacts
- Behavior
- Brain
- Cerebellum
- Cognition
- Electrodes
- Equipment Design
- Interneurons
- Language
- Learning
- Motor Skills Disorders
- Muser Mentor
- Neural Pathways
- Neurons
- Performance
- Reaction Time
- Simulator sickness
- Superior colliculus
- Thalamus
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- Vision
- Visual Perception
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Global Scholarship
- Research
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Selected Grants
- Enhancement, mapping, and validation of viral vectors for primate optogenetics awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2026
- Probing D2 and 5HT-2A mechanisms in early visual processing in V1 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2023 - 2025
- Circuit-Specific Interrogation of the Primate Claustrum awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2025
- Duke Research in Engineering Program awarded by Burroughs Wellcome Fund 2022 - 2025
- Rational Design of TMS for Neuromodulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2025
- RNA-programmable cell type targeting and manipulation across vertebrate nervous systems awarded by National Institutes of Health 2021 - 2024
- Optogenetic dissection of inter-hemispheric frontal eye field circuits for eye movements awarded by University of Pittsburgh 2022 - 2024
- Neurobiology Training Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
- Theoretical and Physiological Basis of Priority Maps in the Frontal Eye Field awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2024
- Impact of Timing, Targeting, and Brain State on rTMS of Human and Non-Human Primates awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
- Psychophysics-Guided Signal Processing for Retinal Prosthetics awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2021
- Neuromuscular Control of Primate Eye Movements awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2021
- Rational Design of TMS for Neuromodulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2021
- Neuronal Control of Eye Alignment awarded by Hartwell Foundation 2017 - 2019
- The Role of Frontal Cortex in Primate Metacognition awarded by National Science Foundation 2015 - 2019
- Thrust 1: Biophysical Modeling of Satisficing Control Strategies as Derived from Quantification of Primate Brain Activity and Psychophysics awarded by Office of Naval Research 2013 - 2018
- Basic predoctoral training in neuroscience awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 2018
- Visual Continuity Across Saccades awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016
- Student Design Projects for People with Disabilities at Duke University awarded by National Science Foundation 2010 - 2016
- Training in Fundamental &Translational Neuroscience awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2016
- Functions of Saccadic Circuits in Lateral Cerebellar Cortex awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2014
- Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Neurons in Behaving Primates awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2014
- Visuomotor Functions of Ascending Pathways to Frontal Cortex awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2012
- Publications & Artistic Works
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Selected Publications
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Academic Articles
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Daw, Tierney B., Hala G. El-Nahal, Michele A. Basso, Elizabeth J. Jun, Alex R. Bautista, R Jude Samulski, Marc A. Sommer, and Martin O. Bohlen. “Direct Comparison of Epifluorescence and Immunostaining for Assessing Viral Mediated Gene Expression in the Primate Brain.” Human Gene Therapy 34, no. 5–6 (March 2023): 228–46. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2022.194.Full Text
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Goetz, Stefan M., Bryan Howell, Boshuo Wang, Zhongxi Li, Marc A. Sommer, Angel V. Peterchev, and Warren M. Grill. “Isolating two sources of variability of subcortical stimulation to quantify fluctuations of corticospinal tract excitability.” Clin Neurophysiol 138 (June 2022): 134–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2022.02.009.Full Text Link to Item
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Caruso, Valeria C., Daniel S. Pages, Marc A. Sommer, and Jennifer M. Groh. “Compensating for a shifting world: evolving reference frames of visual and auditory signals across three multimodal brain areas.” Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 1 (July 2021): 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00385.2020.Full Text
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Liu, Sicong, Jillian M. Clements, Elayna P. Kirsch, Hrishikesh M. Rao, David J. Zielinski, Yvonne Lu, Boyla O. Mainsah, et al. “Psychophysiological Markers of Performance and Learning during Simulated Marksmanship in Immersive Virtual Reality.” J Cogn Neurosci 33, no. 7 (June 1, 2021): 1253–70. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01713.Full Text Link to Item
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Tremblay, Sébastien, Leah Acker, Arash Afraz, Daniel L. Albaugh, Hidetoshi Amita, Ariana R. Andrei, Alessandra Angelucci, et al. “An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Optogenetics.” Neuron 108, no. 6 (December 23, 2020): 1075-1090.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.027.Full Text Link to Item
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Cushnie, Adriana K., Hala G. El-Nahal, Martin O. Bohlen, Paul J. May, Michele A. Basso, Piercesare Grimaldi, Maya Zhe Wang, Marron Fernandez de Velasco Ezequiel, Marc A. Sommer, and Sarah R. Heilbronner. “Using rAAV2-retro in rhesus macaques: Promise and caveats for circuit manipulation.” Journal of Neuroscience Methods 345 (November 2020): 108859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108859.Full Text
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Bohlen, Martin O., Thomas J. McCown, Sara K. Powell, Hala G. El-Nahal, Tierney Daw, Michele A. Basso, Marc A. Sommer, and R Jude Samulski. “Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid-Promoter Interactions in the Brain Translate from Rat to the Nonhuman Primate.” Human Gene Therapy 31, no. 21–22 (November 2020): 1155–68. https://doi.org/10.1089/hum.2020.196.Full Text
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Gamboa Arana, Olga Lucia, Hannah Palmer, Moritz Dannhauer, Connor Hile, Sicong Liu, Rena Hamdan, Alexandra Brito, et al. “Intensity- and timing-dependent modulation of motion perception with transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual cortex.” Neuropsychologia 147 (October 2020): 107581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107581.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Gamboa, Olga Lucia, Alexandra Brito, Zachary Abzug, Tracy D’Arbeloff, Lysianne Beynel, Erik A. Wing, Moritz Dannhauer, et al. “Application of long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to motion-sensitive visual cortex does not lead to changes in motion discrimination.” Neurosci Lett 730 (June 21, 2020): 135022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135022.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Gamboa Arana, Olga Lucia, Hannah Palmer, Moritz Dannhauer, Connor Hile, Sicong Liu, Rena Hamdan, Alexandra Brito, et al. “Dose-dependent enhancement of motion direction discrimination with transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual cortex,” 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.14.151118.Full Text
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Abzug, Zachary M., Marc A. Sommer, and Jeffrey M. Beck. “Properties of decision-making tasks govern the tradeoff between model-based and model-free learning,” August 14, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/730663.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Toader, Andrew C., Hrishikesh M. Rao, Minyoung Ryoo, Martin O. Bohlen, Jessi S. Cruger, Hanna Oh-Descher, Silvia Ferrari, Tobias Egner, Jeff Beck, and Marc A. Sommer. “Probabilistic inferential decision-making under time pressure in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).” J Comp Psychol 133, no. 3 (August 2019): 380–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000168.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Caruso, Valeria C., Daniel S. Pages, Marc A. Sommer, and Jennifer M. Groh. “Compensating for a shifting world: evolving reference frames of visual and auditory signals across three multimodal brain areas,” June 13, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1101/669333.Full Text
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Subramanian, Divya, Anthony Alers, and Marc Sommer. “Corollary discharge for action and cognition (Accepted).” Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, May 30, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.010.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Abzug, Zachary M., and Marc A. Sommer. “Neuronal correlates of serial decision-making in the supplementary eye field.” Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 33 (August 15, 2018): 7280–92.Open Access Copy
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Abzug, Z. M., and M. A. Sommer. “Serial decision-making in monkeys during an oculomotor task.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 44, no. 1 (January 2018): 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000154.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Rao, Hrishikesh M., Rajan Khanna, David J. Zielinski, Yvonne Lu, Jillian M. Clements, Nicholas D. Potter, Marc A. Sommer, Regis Kopper, and Lawrence G. Appelbaum. “Sensorimotor Learning during a Marksmanship Task in Immersive Virtual Reality.” Front Psychol 9 (2018): 58. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00058.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Caruso, valeria, daniel Pages, M. A. Sommer, and jennifer Groh. “Beyond the labeled line: variation in visual reference frames from intraparietal cortex to frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus.” Journal of Neurophysiology In Press (December 20, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00584.2017.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Oh-Descher, Hanna, Jeffrey M. Beck, Silvia Ferrari, Marc A. Sommer, and Tobias Egner. “Probabilistic inference under time pressure leads to a cortical-to-subcortical shift in decision evidence integration.” Neuroimage 162 (November 15, 2017): 138–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.069.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Oh, Hanna, Jeffrey M. Beck, Pingping Zhu, Marc A. Sommer, Silvia Ferrari, and Tobias Egner. “Satisficing in split-second decision making is characterized by strategic cue discounting.” J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 42, no. 12 (December 2016): 1937–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000284.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Rao, Hrishikesh M., J Patrick Mayo, and Marc A. Sommer. “Circuits for presaccadic visual remapping.” J Neurophysiol 116, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2624–36. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00182.2016.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Rao, H. M., J. San Juan, F. Y. Shen, J. E. Villa, K. S. Rafie, and M. A. Sommer. “Neural network evidence for the coupling of presaccadic visual remapping to predictive eye position updating.” Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 10 (June 2, 2016). https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2016.00052.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Raghavan, R. T., V. Prevosto, and M. A. Sommer. “Contribution of cerebellar loops to action timing.” Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 8 (March 9, 2016): 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.01.008.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Caruso, V. C., D. S. Pages, M. A. Sommer, and J. M. Groh. “Similar prevalence and magnitude of auditory-evoked and visually-evoked activity in the frontal eye fields: Implications for multisensory motor control.” Journal of Neurophysiology in press (March 2, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00935.2015.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Rao, Hrishikesh M., Zachary M. Abzug, and Marc A. Sommer. “Visual continuity across saccades is influenced by expectations.” Journal of Vision 16, no. 5 (January 2016): 7. https://doi.org/10.1167/16.5.7.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Zielinski, David J., Hrishikesh M. Rao, Nicholas D. Potter, Marc A. Sommer, Lawrence G. Appelbaum, and Regis Kopper. “Evaluating the Effects of Image Persistence on Dynamic Target Acquisition in Low Frame Rate Virtual Environments.” 3d User Interfaces (3dui), 2016 Ieee Symposium On, 2016.Open Access Copy
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Mayo, J Patrick, Amie R. DiTomasso, Marc A. Sommer, and Matthew A. Smith. “Dynamics of visual receptive fields in the macaque frontal eye field.” J Neurophysiol 114, no. 6 (December 2015): 3201–10. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00746.2015.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Grigsby, E. M., M. J. Koval, M. V. Smith, J. K. Mueller, Z. D. Deng, A. Peterchev, W. M. Grill, and M. A. Sommer. “Neural Effects of rTMS: Single Neuron Recordings From a Rhesus Macaque.” Journal of Ect 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): E33–E33.Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Zielinski, David J., Hrishikesh M. Rao, Marc A. Sommer, and Regis Kopper. “Exploring the Effects of Image Persistence in Low Frame Rate Virtual Environments.” Proceedings of the Ieee Virtual Reality Conference, 2015.Open Access Copy
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Matthews, W. J., D. B. Terhune, H. van Rijn, D. M. Eagleman, M. A. Sommer, and W. A. Meck. “Subjective duration as a signature of coding efficiency: Emerging links among stimulus repetition, predictive coding, and cortical GABA levels.” Timing & Time Perception Reviews 1 (December 1, 2014).Open Access Copy
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Mitchell, Anna S., S Murray Sherman, Marc A. Sommer, Robert G. Mair, Robert P. Vertes, and Yogita Chudasama. “Advances in understanding mechanisms of thalamic relays in cognition and behavior.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 34, no. 46 (November 2014): 15340–46. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3289-14.2014.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Mueller, Jerel K., Erinn M. Grigsby, Vincent Prevosto, Frank W. Petraglia, Hrishikesh Rao, Zhi-De Deng, Angel V. Peterchev, et al. “Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and single-neuron recording in alert non-human primates.” Nat Neurosci 17, no. 8 (August 2014): 1130–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3751.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Prevosto, Vincent, and Marc A. Sommer. “Cognitive control of movement via the cerebellar-recipient thalamus.” Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 7 (October 2013): 56. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2013.00056.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Ashmore, Robin C., and Marc A. Sommer. “Delay activity of saccade-related neurons in the caudal dentate nucleus of the macaque cerebellum.” Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 8 (April 2013): 2129–44. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00906.2011.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Smith, Matthew A., and Marc A. Sommer. “Spatial and temporal scales of neuronal correlation in visual area V4.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 33, no. 12 (March 2013): 5422–32. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4782-12.2013.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Mayo, J Patrick, and Marc A. Sommer. “Neuronal correlates of visual time perception at brief timescales.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110, no. 4 (January 22, 2013): 1506–11. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217177110.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Shin, Sooyoon, and Marc A. Sommer. “Division of labor in frontal eye field neurons during presaccadic remapping of visual receptive fields.” Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 8 (October 2012): 2144–59. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00204.2012.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Mayo, J. P., A. DiTomasso, M. Sommer, and M. A. Smith. “An improved method for mapping neuronal receptive fields in prefrontal cortex.” Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 81–81. https://doi.org/10.1167/12.9.81.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Middlebrooks, Paul G., and Marc A. Sommer. “Neuronal correlates of metacognition in primate frontal cortex.” Neuron 75, no. 3 (August 2012): 517–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.028.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Crapse, Trinity B., and Marc A. Sommer. “Frontal eye field neurons assess visual stability across saccades.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 32, no. 8 (February 2012): 2835–45. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1320-11.2012.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Basso, M. A., and M. A. Sommer. “Exploring the role of the substantia nigra pars reticulata in eye movements.” Neuroscience 198 (December 2011): 205–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.026.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Middlebrooks, Paul G., and Marc A. Sommer. “Metacognition in monkeys during an oculomotor task.” Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 37, no. 2 (March 2011): 325–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021611.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Mayo, J Patrick, and Marc A. Sommer. “Shifting attention to neurons.” Trends Cogn Sci 14, no. 9 (September 2010): 389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.06.003.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Crapse, T., and M. Sommer. “Translation of a visual stimulus during a saccade is more detectable if it moves perpendicular, rather than parallel, to the saccade.” Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 6, 2010): 521–521. https://doi.org/10.1167/10.7.521.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Shin, SooYoon, and Marc A. Sommer. “Activity of neurons in monkey globus pallidus during oculomotor behavior compared with that in substantia nigra pars reticulata.” Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 4 (April 2010): 1874–87. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00101.2009.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A. “How the visual system monitors where the eyes will move.” Journal of Vision 9, no. 14 (December 1, 2009): 13–13. https://doi.org/10.1167/9.14.13.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A. “Corollary discharge circuits for stabilizing visual perception.” Psychophysiology 46 (September 2009): S9–S9.Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Mayo, J. P., and M. A. Sommer. “Monkey and human performance in a chronostasis task suitable for neurophysiology.” Journal of Vision 9, no. 8 (August 2009): 406–406. https://doi.org/10.1167/9.8.406.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Crapse, Trinity B., and Marc A. Sommer. “Frontal eye field neurons with spatial representations predicted by their subcortical input.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 29, no. 16 (April 2009): 5308–18. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4906-08.2009.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Crapse, Trinity B., and Marc A. Sommer. “Corollary discharge circuits in the primate brain.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 18, no. 6 (December 2008): 552–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.09.017.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Mayo, J Patrick, and Marc A. Sommer. “Neuronal adaptation caused by sequential visual stimulation in the frontal eye field.” J Neurophysiol 100, no. 4 (October 2008): 1923–35. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.90549.2008.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Crapse, Trinity B., and Marc A. Sommer. “Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom.” Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 9, no. 8 (August 2008): 587–600. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2457.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Mayo, J. P., and M. A. Sommer. “Neuronal adaptation: Delay compensation at the level of single neurons?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 210–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X08003944.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Crapse, Trinity B., and Marc A. Sommer. “The frontal eye field as a prediction map.” Progress in Brain Research 171 (January 2008): 383–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)00656-0.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. “Brain circuits for the internal monitoring of movements.” Annual Review of Neuroscience 31 (January 2008): 317–38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125627.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. “Visual perception and corollary discharge.” Perception 37, no. 3 (January 2008): 408–18. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5873.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A. “Microcircuits for attention.” Neuron 55, no. 1 (July 2007): 6–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.022.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A. “The feeling of looking.” Nature Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (May 2007): 538–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn0507-538.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. “Influence of the thalamus on spatial visual processing in frontal cortex.” Nature 444, no. 7117 (November 2006): 374–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05279.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Wurtz, R. H., and M. A. Sommer. “A corollary discharge for perceptual stability.” Perception 35 (January 1, 2006): 10–11.Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Wurtz, Robert H., Marc A. Sommer, and James Cavanaugh. “Drivers from the deep: the contribution of collicular input to thalamocortical processing.” Progress in Brain Research 149 (January 2005): 207–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(05)49015-9.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. “What the brain stem tells the frontal cortex. II. Role of the SC-MD-FEF pathway in corollary discharge.” Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1403–23. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00740.2003.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. “What the brain stem tells the frontal cortex. I. Oculomotor signals sent from superior colliculus to frontal eye field via mediodorsal thalamus.” Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1381–1402. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00738.2003.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Wurtz, Robert H., and Marc A. Sommer. “Identifying corollary discharges for movement in the primate brain.” Progress in Brain Research 144 (January 2004): 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(03)14403-2.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A. “The role of the thalamus in motor control.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13, no. 6 (December 2003): 663–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.014.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., and R. H. Wurtz. “The frontal eye field sends predictively remapped visual signals to the superior colliculus.” Journal of Vision 3, no. 9 (2003): 146–146. https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.146.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, Marc A., and Robert H. Wurtz. “A pathway in primate brain for internal monitoring of movements.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 296, no. 5572 (May 2002): 1480–82. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069590.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., and R. H. Wurtz. “Frontal eye field sends delay activity related to movement, memory, and vision to the superior colliculus.” Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 4 (April 2001): 1673–85. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1673.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M., and R. Wurtz. “A subcortical source of visual input to the frontal eye field.” Journal of Vision 1, no. 3 (2001): 259–259. https://doi.org/10.1167/1.3.259.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Wurtz, R. H., M. A. Sommer, M. Paré, and S. Ferraina. “Signal transformations from cerebral cortex to superior colliculus for the generation of saccades.” Vision Research 41, no. 25–26 (January 2001): 3399–3412. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00066-9.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Port, N. L., M. A. Sommer, and R. H. Wurtz. “Multielectrode evidence for spreading activity across the superior colliculus movement map.” Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 1 (July 2000): 344–57. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.1.344.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., and R. H. Wurtz. “Composition and topographic organization of signals sent from the frontal eye field to the superior colliculus.” Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 4 (April 2000): 1979–2001. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.1979.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Tehovnik, E. J., M. A. Sommer, I. H. Chou, W. M. Slocum, and P. H. Schiller. “Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates.” Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews 32, no. 2–3 (April 2000): 413–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00092-2.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., and E. J. Tehovnik. “Reversible inactivation of macaque dorsomedial frontal cortex: effects on saccades and fixations.” Experimental Brain Research 124, no. 4 (February 1999): 429–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050639.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Chou, I. H., M. A. Sommer, and P. H. Schiller. “Express averaging saccades in monkeys.” Vision Research 39, no. 25 (January 1999): 4200–4216. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(99)00133-9.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., and R. H. Wurtz. “Frontal eye field neurons orthodromically activated from the superior colliculus.” Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 6 (December 1998): 3331–35. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.3331.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Nichols, A. M., T. W. Ruffner, M. A. Sommer, and R. H. Wurtz. “A screw microdrive for adjustable chronic unit recording in monkeys.” Journal of Neuroscience Methods 81, no. 1–2 (June 1998): 185–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(98)00036-3.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Tehovnik, E. J., and M. A. Sommer. “Electrically evoked saccades from the dorsomedial frontal cortex and frontal eye fields: a parametric evaluation reveals differences between areas.” Experimental Brain Research 117, no. 3 (December 1997): 369–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050231.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A. “The spatial relationship between scanning saccades and express saccades.” Vision Research 37, no. 19 (October 1997): 2745–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00078-3.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., and E. J. Tehovnik. “Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field.” Experimental Brain Research 116, no. 2 (September 1997): 229–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00005752.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Tehovnik, E. J., and M. A. Sommer. “Effective spread and timecourse of neural inactivation caused by lidocaine injection in monkey cerebral cortex.” Journal of Neuroscience Methods 74, no. 1 (June 1997): 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(97)02229-2.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Tehovnik, E. J., and M. A. Sommer. “Compensatory saccades made to remembered targets following orbital displacement by electrically stimulating the dorsomedial frontal cortex or frontal eye fields of primates.” Brain Research 727, no. 1–2 (July 1996): 221–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(96)00475-1.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A. “Express saccades elicited during visual scan in the monkey.” Vision Research 34, no. 15 (August 1994): 2023–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)90030-2.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Richards, W., H. R. Wilson, and M. A. Sommer. “Chaos in percepts?” Biological Cybernetics 70, no. 4 (January 1994): 345–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00200331.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., P. H. Schiller, and R. M. McPeek. “What neural pathways mediate express saccades?” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 1993): 589–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00031824.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Sommer, M. A., L. S. Forno, and M. E. Smith. “EAE cerebrospinal fluid augments in vitro phagocytosis and metabolism of CNS myelin by macrophages.” Journal of Neuroscience Research 32, no. 3 (July 1992): 384–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490320310.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Smith, M. E., and M. A. Sommer. “Association between cell-mediated demyelination and astrocyte stimulation.” Progress in Brain Research 94 (January 1992): 411–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61768-9.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sadler, R. H., M. A. Sommer, L. S. Forno, and M. E. Smith. “Induction of anti-myelin antibodies in EAE and their possible role in demyelination.” Journal of Neuroscience Research 30, no. 4 (December 1991): 616–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490300404.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Hrushesky, W. J., D. J. Fader, J. S. Berestka, M. Sommer, J. Hayes, and F. O. Cope. “Diminishment of respiratory sinus arrhythmia foreshadows doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.” Circulation 84, no. 2 (August 1991): 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.84.2.697.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer Marc, A., and B. Berestka John. “RSA -- Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: A new measure of cardiac health.” Medical Electronics, April 1987, 112–14.Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Bohlen, Martin, Hala El-Nahal, and Marc Sommer. “Transduction of Craniofacial Motoneurons Following Intramuscular Injections of Canine Adenovirus Type-2 (CAV-2) in Rhesus Macaques (Accepted).” Frontiers in Neuroanatomy In Press (n.d.). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2019.00084.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Book Sections
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Abzug, Z. M., and M. A. Sommer. “Supplementary Eye Fields.” In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elevier, 2017.Open Access Copy
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Middlebrooks, P. G., Z. Abzug, and M. A. Sommer. “Studying metacognitive processes at the single-neuron level.” In The Cognitive Neuroscience of Metacognition, edited by S. M. Fleming and C. D. Frith, 225–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-45190-4_10.Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
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Sommer, Marc A., and R. H. Wurtz. “The Dialogue between Cerebral Cortex and Superior Colliculus: Multiple Ascending Pathways for Corollary Discharge.” MIT Press, 2014.Open Access Copy
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Crapse, T. B., and M. A. Sommer. “Corollary Discharge.” In Encyclopedia of Perception, edited by R. B. Goldstein, 325–27. London, UK: SAGE Publications, 2009.Open Access Copy
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Shin, S. Y., T. B. Crapse, J. P. Mayo, and M. A. Sommer. “Visuomotor Integration.” In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, edited by M. D. Binder, N. Hirokawa, and U. Windhorst, 4354–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009.Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A. “Supplementary eye fields.” In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, edited by L. R. Squire, 635–43. Oxford: Academic Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.01122-0.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Sommer, M. A., and R. H. Wurtz. “Single Neurons and Primate Behavior.” In Methods in Mind, edited by C. Senior, T. Russell, and M. Gazzaniga, 123–39. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.Open Access Copy
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Wurtz, Robert H., and Marc A. Sommer. “Identifying corollary discharges for movement in the primate brain.” In Progress in Brain Research, 47–60. Elsevier, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(03)14403-2.Full Text
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Wurtz, R. H., M. A. Basso, M. Paré, and M. A. Sommer. “The Superior Colliculus and the Cognitive Control of Movement.” In The New Cognitive Neurosciences, edited by M. S. Gazzaniga, 573–87. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.Open Access Copy
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Smith, M. A., R. H. Sadler, and M. A. Sommer. “The Macrophage as the Demyelinative Agent: A Role for Antimyelin Antibodies.” In Multiple Sclerosis: Current Status of Research and Treatment, edited by R. M. Herndon and F. J. Seil, 51–66. New York: Demos Publications, 1994.
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Conference Papers
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Akbar, Navid, Mathew Yarossi, Marc Martinez-Gost, Marc A. Sommer, Moritz Dannhauer, Sumientra Rampersad, Dana Brooks, Eugene Tunik, and Deniz Erdoğmuş. “Mapping Motor Cortex Stimulation to Muscle Responses: A Deep Neural Network Modeling Approach.” In The ... International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments : Petra ... International Conference on Pervasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments, 2020:15, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3389189.3389203.Full Text
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Yeung, Andrew Ho-Fai, Divya Subramanian, Arjun Divyang Desai, Somayyeh Soltanian-Zadeh, Arup Roy, Lejla Vajzovic, Marc Sommer, and Sina Farsiu. “Spatio-temporal image modulation for enhancing the quality of vision with potential application in patients with retinal prostheses.” In Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 60. ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC, 2019.Link to Item
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Yarossi, M., F. Quivira, M. Dannhauer, M. A. Sommer, D. H. Brooks, D. Erdoǧmuş, and E. Tunik. “An experimental and computational framework for modeling multi-muscle responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex.” In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner, 2019-March:1122–25, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2019.8717159.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Clements, J. M., R. Kopper, D. J. Zielinski, H. Rao, M. A. Sommer, E. Kirsch, B. O. Mainsah, L. M. Collins, and L. G. Appelbaum. “Neurophysiology of Visual-Motor Learning during a Simulated Marksmanship Task in Immersive Virtual Reality.” In 25th Ieee Conference on Virtual Reality and 3d User Interfaces, Vr 2018 Proceedings, 451–58, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR.2018.8446068.Full Text Open Access Copy
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Preprints
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Daw, Tierney B., Hala G. El-Nahal, Michele A. Basso, Elizabeth J. Jun, Alex R. Bautista, R Jude Samulski, Marc A. Sommer, and Martin O. Bohlen. “Direct comparison of epifluorescence and immunostaining for assessing viral mediated gene expression in the primate brain.” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, October 7, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.04.510807.Full Text
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Subramanian, Divya, John Pearson, and Marc Sommer. “Contributions of Bayesian and Discriminative Models to Active Visual Perception across Saccades.” BioRxiv, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.22.497244.Full Text
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- Teaching & Mentoring
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Recent Courses
- BME 493: Projects in Biomedical Engineering (GE) 2023
- BME 517: Neuronal Control of Movement (GE, EL) 2023
- BME 601L: Introduction to Neural Engineering 2023
- BME 791: Graduate Independent Study 2023
- BME 792: Continuation of Graduate Independent Study 2023
- NEUROSCI 517: Neuronal Control of Movement (GE, EL) 2023
- BME 494: Projects in Biomedical Engineering (GE) 2022
- BME 601L: Introduction to Neural Engineering 2022
- BME 791: Graduate Independent Study 2022
- BME 792: Continuation of Graduate Independent Study 2022
- BME 493-1: Projects in Biomedical Engineering (GE) 2021
- BME 493: Projects in Biomedical Engineering (GE) 2021
- BME 494: Projects in Biomedical Engineering (GE) 2021
- BME 517: Neuronal Control of Movement (GE, EL) 2021
- BME 601L: Introduction to Neural Engineering 2021
- BME 792: Continuation of Graduate Independent Study 2021
- EGR 393: Research Projects in Engineering 2021
- NEUROBIO 393: Research Independent Study 2021
- NEUROBIO 793: Research in Neurobiology 2021
- NEUROSCI 507: Neuronal Control of Movement (GE, EL) 2021
- Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
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Outreach & Engaged Scholarship
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Service to the Profession
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Service to Duke
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