Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · March 1, 2026
The article “An Experimental Evaluation of a Comprehensive Employment-Oriented Prisoner Re-entry Program”, written by Philip J. Cook, Songman Kang, Anthony A. Braga, Jens Ludwig and Mallory E. O’Brien, was originally published under exclusive license to Sp ...
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Journal article · January 1, 2026
The harm done by firearms extends far beyond the nearly 50, 000 people killed by gunfire each year. In 2022 alone, over 98, 000 nonfatal firearm-related injuries were treated in emergency departments (Table 1.1). The 2024 US Surgeon General’s Advisory stat ...
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Journal articleJournal of Urban Economics · May 1, 2025
Since the 1970s most state restrictions on carrying handguns in public have been eased or eliminated. Several of the early impact evaluations of these changes tended to support the belief that laws that facilitated gun carrying by private citizens deterred ...
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Journal articleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · January 2025
Justifying a proposed government regulation intended to reduce firearm violence requires a conceptually sound estimate of the monetized value of that impact and how that value is distributed across the population. Some previous estimates do not serve as a ...
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Journal articleSMU Law Review · 2025
For a paper that has not yet been through peer review or even been formally published, William English’s “2021 National Firearms Survey” has been remarkably prominent in gun rights advocacy and scholarship. As of December 2024, it has been cited in ...
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Journal articleJournal of Contemporary Criminal Justice · February 1, 2024
Chicago’s homicide arrest rate dropped from 91% in 1965 to 57% in 1994 and dropped still lower in recent years. This pattern mirrors the trend in the national homicide clearance rate. A plausible explanation for this great decline is the trend in homicide ...
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Journal articleAnnual Review of Criminology · January 26, 2024
In 1962, the FBI reported a national homicide clearance rate of 93%. That rate dropped 29 points by 1994. This Great Decline has been studied and accepted as a real phenomenon but remains mysterious, as does the period of relative stability that followed. ...
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Journal articleAJS; American journal of sociology · March 2023
This paper examines causal sibling spillover effects among students from different family backgrounds in elementary and middle school. Family backgrounds are captured by race, household structure, mothers' educational attainment, and school poverty. Exploi ...
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Journal articleAmerican Economic Review · March 1, 2023
Improving academic outcomes for economically disadvantaged students has proven challenging, particularly for children at older ages. We present two large-scale randomized controlled trials of a high-dosage tutoring program delivered to secondary school stu ...
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Journal articlePreventive medicine · December 2022
For every fatal shooting in the United States, detailed information from reports of coroners or medical examiners, police departments, and other sources is recorded in the National Violent Death Reporting System. There is no such system in place for nonfat ...
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Journal articleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · November 2022
Although the mechanism by which the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) regulates global gene transcription has been intensively studied for decades, new discoveries remain to be made. Here, we report that, during rapid growth, CRP associates with both the w ...
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Journal articleAnnals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · November 1, 2022
The police have the unique capacity to preempt and deter violence and to reduce the use of firearms in violent encounters. But overly aggressive policing tactics have contributed to a fraught relationship with low-income minority communities in which gun v ...
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Journal articleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · February 2022
Early life exposure to environmental lead (Pb) has been linked to decreased IQ, behavior problems, lower lifetime earnings, and increased criminal activity. Beginning in the 1970s, limits on Pb in paint, gasoline, food cans, and regulated water utilities s ...
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Journal articleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · October 2021
New York City (NYC) has experienced large reductions in violent crime over the last two decades, but gun-related violence continues to pose a threat to public safety. Despite strong gun laws, high-risk individuals in NYC neighborhoods are unfortunately sti ...
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Journal articlePreventive medicine · February 2021
Just one in ten nonfatal shootings in Chicago lead to an arrest. Unlike in fatal cases, gunshot victims who survive can often provide information of use in the police investigation. Nonetheless, nonfatal shooting cases in Chicago and elsewhere have much lo ...
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Journal articlePolicing · January 1, 2021
Purpose: Clearance rates for nonfatal shootings, especially cases involving gang- and drug-related violence, are disturbingly low in many US cities. Using data from a previously completed project in Boston, we explore the prospects for improving gang/drug ...
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Journal articlePolicing · January 1, 2021
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the creation, implementation, activities and rationale for the Area Technology Centers (ATCs), an innovation adopted by the Chicago Police Department’s (CPD’s) Bureau of Detectives (BoD) in 2019 for the pur ...
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Journal articleCriminology and Public Policy · November 1, 2020
The Stockholm Prize for 2020 was awarded for research on gun violence and its prevention, and recognizes the growing depth and scope of this field. I am honored to be a co-recipient, together with Franklin E. Zimring. This essay focuses on three of the top ...
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Journal articleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · July 2020
Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposu ...
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Journal articleEconomics of Education Review · June 1, 2020
Most states have moved their public-school-entry cut date forward in recent years. In North Carolina the latest date by which a matriculant must turn 5 was recently changed from October 16th to August 31st. Those born in between the old and new cut dates ( ...
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Journal articleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · October 2019
Guns that are used in crime and recovered by the police typically have changed hands often since first retail sale and are quite old. While there is an extensive literature on "time to crime" for guns, defined as the elapsed time from first retail sale to ...
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Journal articleEmpirical Economics · January 15, 2019
We respond to the new article by Hayo, Neumeier, and Westphal (HNW), which is a critique of our 2006 article. The principal contribution of that article was to use a greatly improved proxy for gun prevalence to estimate the effect of gun prevalence on homi ...
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Journal articleAsian Journal of Criminology · January 1, 2019
This paper provides a summary of our report for the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on proactive policing. We find that there is sufficient scientific evidence to support the adoption of many proactive policing practices if the prim ...
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Journal articleCriminology and Public Policy · January 1, 2019
Research Summary: The prevailing view is that follow-up investigations are of limited value as crimes are primarily cleared by patrol officers making on-scene arrests and through the presence of eyewitnesses and forensic evidence at the initial crime scene ...
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Journal articleJAMA Network Open · July 27, 2018
Importance A foundational issue in firearms policy has been whether the type of weapon used in an assault affects the likelihood of death.Objective To determine whether the likelihood of death from gunshot wounds inflicted in criminal assaults is associate ...
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Journal articleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · June 2018
Some law enforcement officials and other observers have asserted that theft is the primary source of guns to crime. In fact, the role of theft in supplying the guns used in robbery, assault, and murder is unknown, and current evidence provides little guida ...
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Journal articleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · June 2018
Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a critical public health and safety issue in the USA. In this study, we determine the prevalence and correlates of perpetrator suicide and additional homicides following intimate partner homicide (IPH) in a large, diverse ...
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Journal articleCriminology and Public Policy · May 1, 2018
Chapter 10 of The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, titled “Control of Firearms,” is a brief but strong statement in support of regulating gun transactions, possession, and carrying, with several specific recommendations, including the adoption of univ ...
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Journal articleAnnual Review of Criminology · January 1, 2018
The systematic study of how available weapons influence the rates, patterns, and outcomes of criminal violence is new, but it is now a well-established and fast-growing subfield in criminology, legal studies, public health, and economics. This review focus ...
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Journal articleRegulation · 2018
Ethicists who oppose compensating kidney donors claim they do so because kidney donation is risky for the donor’s health, donors may not appreciate the risks and may be cognitively biased in other ways, and donors may come from disadvantaged groups and thu ...
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Journal articleEducational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · December 1, 2017
Prior research and anecdotal evidence from educators suggest that classroom peers play a meaningful role in how students learn. However, the literature has failed to consider the dynamic and context-dependent nature of classroom peer influence. Development ...
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Journal articleChildren and Youth Services Review · November 1, 2017
Frequent absences in the primary grades are associated with school disengagement, academic failure, and eventual dropout. The Early Truancy Prevention Project (ETPP) was designed to improve attendance of primary-grade children by facilitating communication ...
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Journal articleAmerican journal of public health · August 2017
ObjectivesTo investigate the validity of the apparent downward trend in the national case-fatality rate for gunshot wounds from assault.MethodsWe reanalyzed the estimated annual number of nonfatal firearm injuries the National Electronic ...
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Journal articleEpidemiologic reviews · January 2016
Gunfire from assaults, suicides, and unintentional shootings exacts an enormous burden on public health globally. The epidemiologic reviews in this special issue enhance our understanding of various forms of gun violence, inform interventions, and help cha ...
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Journal articlePreventive medicine · October 2015
Gun violence exacts a lethal toll on public health. This paper focuses on reducing access to firearms by dangerous offenders, contributing original empirical data on the gun transactions that arm offenders in Chicago. Conducted in the fall of 2013, analysi ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · September 24, 2015
Objectives: While the economic model of crime suggests that improving post-prison labor market prospects should reduce recidivism, evaluations of previous employment-oriented re-entry programs have mixed results, possibly due to the multi-faceted challenge ...
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Journal articleInjury epidemiology · January 2015
BackgroundResidential sprinkler systems (RSS) are one intervention to prevent fire injury and death, yet there is no literature documenting why RSS homeowners opt to purchase a sprinkler-equipped home. This manuscript describes homeowners' decisio ...
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Journal articleCrime and Justice · December 26, 2013
In this essay I provide an account of how research on gun violence has evolved over the last four decades, intertwined with personal observations and commentary on my contributions. It begins with a sketch of the twentieth century history of gun control in ...
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Journal articleStudies in Microeconomics · December 1, 2013
In recent decades, explosive growth in the salaries of top earners, combined with income stagnation or decline for most others, has formed a renewed challenge to the claim that a free market serves the public interest. These trends lend new urgency to unde ...
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Journal articleJournal of health economics · January 2013
The last time that federal excise taxes on alcoholic beverages were increased was 1991. The changes were larger than the typical state-level changes that have been used to study price effects, but the consequences have not been assessed due to the lack of ...
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Journal articleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · October 2012
Thousands of Americans are killed by gunfire each year, and hundreds of thousands more are injured or threatened with guns in robberies and assaults. The burden of gun violence in urban areas is particularly high. Critics suggest that the results of firear ...
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Journal articleJournal of Experimental Criminology · September 1, 2012
Objectives: Using the case of an on-going work-oriented prisoner-reentry experiment in Milwaukee, describe the challenges of organizing and sustaining a high-quality trial in the field in which only the randomization and data analysis are directly "control ...
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Journal articleGerman Economic Review · January 1, 2012
This paper analyses the 13 business cycles since 1933 to provide evidence on the old question of whether recessions cause crime. Using data from the United States, we find that recessions are consistently associated with an uptick in burglary and robbery, ...
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Journal articleSocial science & medicine (1982) · July 2011
With costs exceeding $5.8 billion per year, violence against women has significant ramifications for victims, their families, the health care systems that treat them, and the employers who depend on their labor. Prior research has found that alcohol abuse ...
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Journal articlePaying the Tab the Costs and Benefits of Alcohol Control · June 27, 2011
What drug provides Americans with the greatest pleasure and the greatest pain? The answer, hands down, is alcohol. The pain comes not only from drunk driving and lost lives but also addiction, family strife, crime, violence, poor health, and squandered hum ...
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Journal articlePaying the Tab the Costs and Benefits of Alcohol Control · June 27, 2011
What drug provides Americans with the greatest pleasure and the greatest pain? The answer, hands down, is alcohol. The pain comes not only from drunk driving and lost lives but also addiction, family strife, crime, violence, poor health, and squandered hum ...
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Journal articleEconomic Journal · May 1, 2011
Private actions to avoid and prevent criminal victimisation and assist public law enforcement are vital inputs into the crime-control process. One form of private action, the business improvement district (BID), appears particularly promising. A BID is a n ...
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Journal articleNeurosurgery · September 2010
BACKGROUND: The benefits of intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke are still limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of double-lumen balloon catheter-based reperfusion therapy with or without intra-arterial thrombolysis for acut ...
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Journal articleCrime and Justice · January 1, 2010
School violence, drug use, vandalism, gang activity, bullying, and theft are costly and interfere with academic achievement. Fortunately, crime victimization in schools for students and teachers followed the downward trend in national crime rates during th ...
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Journal articleAmerican Law and Economics Review · December 11, 2009
Despite the long-term decline in the number of death sentences and the lack of executions, the cost of the death penalty in North Carolina remains high. To document this cost, the empirical analysis here focuses on a recent two-year period, comparing actua ...
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Journal articleCriminology and Criminal Justice · August 1, 2009
Gun violence in North American is the subject of much speculation and debate, often based on limited or incomplete empirical evidence. We summarize the regulatory frameworks in Mexico, the United States and Canada, and provide statistics on gun misuse in t ...
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Journal articleUCLA Law Review · June 1, 2009
What will happen after District of Columbia v. Heller? We know that five justices on the Supreme Court now oppose comprehensive federal prohibitions on home handgun possession by some class of trustworthy homeowners for the purpose of, and maybe only at th ...
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Journal articleAmerican Law and Economics Review · 2009
Despite the long-term decline in the number of death sentences and the lack of executions,
the cost of the death penalty in North Carolina remains high. To document this
cost, the empirical analysis here focuses on a recent two-year period, comparing actua ...
Cite
Journal articleJournal of Policy Analysis and Management · December 1, 2008
Using administrative data on public school students in North Carolina, we find that sixth grade students attending middle schools are much more likely to be cited for discipline problems than those attending elementary school. That difference remains after ...
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Journal articleJournal of health economics · March 2008
Several studies have examined the effects of state cigarette tax increases on youth substance use over the 1990s, with most--but not all--finding that higher taxes reduce youth consumption of tobacco. We advance the literature by using data from the 1991 t ...
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Journal articleReview of Law and Economics · January 1, 2008
In a variety of important domains, there is considerable correlational evidence suggestive of what are variously referred to as social norm effects, contagion effects, information cascades, or peer effects. It is difficult to statistically identify whether ...
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Journal articleEconomic Journal · November 1, 2007
This article provides an economic analysis of underground gun markets, drawing on interviews with gang members, gun dealers, professional thieves, prostitutes, police, public school security guards and teenagers in the city of Chicago, complemented by resu ...
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Journal articleAddiction (Abingdon, England) · August 2007
AimTo reflect on the divergence and overlap between alcohol and illicit drugs with respect to both current policies and policy research.ResultsFor demand reduction, there is considerable overlap in programs and services for prevention and ...
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Journal articleInjury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · December 2006
ObjectiveTo identify gender differences in violent deaths in terms of incidence, circumstances, and methods of death.DesignAnalysis of surveillance data.SettingNorth Carolina, a state of 8.6 million residents on the eastern seabo ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · March 1, 2006
It is a reliable though unexplained feature of national surveys that include items on gun ownership that wives are less likely to report a gun in the home than husbands. In this article we extend the inquiry regarding this gender gap in reporting of house ...
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Journal articleJournal of Public Economics · January 1, 2006
This paper provides new estimates of the effect of household gun prevalence on homicide rates, and infers the marginal external cost of handgun ownership. The estimates utilize a superior proxy for gun prevalence, the percentage of suicides committed with ...
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Journal articleInjury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · December 2005
ObjectiveTo determine the retailer and community level factors associated with frequent and disproportionate sales of handguns that are later used in violent and firearm related crimes (VFC handguns).DesignCross sectional. The authors use ...
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Journal articleJAMA · August 2005
ContextHomicide prevention strategies can be either targeted toward high-risk groups or addressed to the population at large. One high-risk group of particular interest is adults with a criminal record. But the prevalence of a criminal record amon ...
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Journal articleAmerican Economic Review · May 2005
This article combines new estimates on the effect of per capital alcohol consumption on drinking patterns with a summary estimate from the epidemiology literature of relative risks associated with different levels of drinking. It is calculated that a perma ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · March 1, 2004
Of the readily computed proxies for the prevalence of gun ownership, one, the percentage of suicides committed with a gun, is most highly correlated with survey-based estimates. It is the best choice for use in cross-section analysis of the effect of gun p ...
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Journal articleCriminology · January 1, 2004
Previous research suggests that American adolescents usually have ready access to guns, and that the extent of misuse of guns by adolescents is not much affected by local gun prevalence or regulation. This "futility" claim is based on one interpretation of ...
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Journal articleCriminology and Public Policy · July 2003
Cook comments on Manski's essay entitled "Credible Research Practices to Inform Drug Law Enforcement." Although he agrees with Manski that the quality of the statistical evidence is poor, he holds that drug enforcement researchers have made important contr ...
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Journal articleThe Future of children · June 2002
Gun violence imposes significant costs on children, families, and American society as a whole. But these costs can be difficult to quantify, as much of the burden of gun violence results from intangible concerns about injury and death. This article explore ...
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Journal articleHealth affairs (Project Hope) · March 2002
Economic research has contributed to the evaluation of alcohol policy through empirical analysis of the effects of alcohol-control measures on alcohol consumption and its consequences. It has also provided an accounting framework for defining and comparing ...
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Journal articleJournal of Risk and Uncertainty · January 1, 2001
This article presents an estimate of the benefits of reducing crime using the contingent-valuation (CV) method. We focus on gun violence, a crime of growing policy concern in America. Our data come from a national survey in which we ask respondents referen ...
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Journal articleHandbook of Health Economics · December 1, 2000
Excess drinking is associated with lost productivity, accidents, disability, early death, crime, neglect of family responsibilities, and personality deterioration. These and related concerns have justified special restrictions on alcoholic-beverage commerc ...
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Journal articleJAMA · August 2000
ContextIn February 1994, the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act established a nationwide requirement that licensed firearms dealers observe a waiting period and initiate a background check for handgun sales. The effects of this act have not bee ...
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Journal articleJAMA · August 1999
ContextThe cost of treating gunshot injuries imposes a financial burden on society. Estimates of such costs are relevant to evaluation of gun violence reduction programs and may help guide reimbursement policies.ObjectivesTo develop relia ...
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Journal articleJournal of Health Economics · 1999
The appropriations for North Carolina's abortion fund have proven inadequate during five of the years between 1980 and 1994. This on-again, off-again funding pattern provides a natural experiment for estimating the short-run effect of changes in the cost o ...
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Journal articleAmerican journal of public health · November 1998
ObjectivesThis study examined errors in estimating household gun ownership that result from interviewing only 1 adult per household.MethodsData from 2 recent telephone surveys and a series of in-person surveys were used to compare reports ...
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Journal articleThe New England journal of medicine · September 1998
BackgroundNew policy options are emerging in the debate regarding the regulation of firearms in the United States. These options include the treatment of firearms as consumer products, the design of which can be regulated for safety; denial of gun ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · January 1, 1998
The number of civilian defensive gun uses (DGUs) against criminal attackers is regularly invoked in public policy debates as a benefit of widespread private ownership of firearms. Yet there is considerable uncertainty for the prevalence of civilian DGUs, w ...
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Journal articleJournal of Policy Analysis and Management · 1997
Analyzes the `National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988' to answer three questions on race differences in attitudes toward education in the United States. Greater alienation experienced by blacks toward school than non-Hispanic whites; Peer penalties f ...
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Journal articleTobacco Control · December 1995
In the debate on cigarette taxation, both supporters and opponents of higher taxes often appeal to economic theory and analysis. To evaluate the criteria for defining an optimal cigarette excise tax from the perspective of economics, the office on Smoking ...
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Journal articleAlcohol Health & Research World · 1995
Discusses the impact of the article `Alcool, Alcoolisme, Alcoolisation,' by S. Leddermann on the direction of alcohol research. Original publication in the Volume One Number 29 issue of the `Donnees Scientifique de Caractere Physiologique, Economique et So ...
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Journal articleNational Tax Journal · September 1994
Some of the evidence that alcoholic beverages prices influence the prevalence and social costs of alcohol abuse is reviewed. The focus is on youths since it is this group that is most prone to abusing alcohol and that suffers a disproportionate share of th ...
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Journal articleManagement Science · December 1993
The “gambler's fallacy” is the belief that the probability of an event is lowered when that event has recently occurred, even though the probability of the event is objectively known to be independent from one trial to the next. This paper provide ...
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Journal articleManagement Science · December 1993
The "gambler's fallacy" is the belief that the probability of an event is lowered when that event has recently occurred, even though the probability of the event is objectively known to be independent from one trial to the next. This paper provides evidenc ...
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Journal articleJournal of Health Economics · 1993
We employ the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data to explore the effect of youthful drinking on years of schooling and on the likelihood of college graduation. Our instruments for youthful drinking include the state beer tax and the minimum purchase ...
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Journal articleAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine · 1993
Legislators have formulated a variety of state and federal regulations to make obtaining firearms more difficult for dangerous people. Even though this goal may appear hopeless in the face of the 150-200 million guns currently in circulation, both evidenc ...
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Journal articleAlcohol Health & Research World · 1993
It is suggested that the link between alcohol and violence is relevant to evaluating alcohol control policies and that policies that can curtail the use or abuse of alcohol among people who may be prone to violence can reduce the incidence of violent crime ...
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Journal articleAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine · January 1, 1993
Legislators have formulated a variety of state and federal regulations to make obtaining firearms more difficult for dangerous people. Even though this goal may appear hopeless in the face of the 150-200 million guns currently in circulation, both evidence ...
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Journal articleJournal of Risk and Uncertainty · July 1, 1991
Observed patterns of lottery play suggest that many players believe they can improve their chance of winning by adjusting their bets according to which numbers have won in recent drawings, or in response to their dreams or other portents. This skill orient ...
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Journal articleJournal of Economic Perspectives · November 1, 1990
This article examines several aspects of the economics of state lotteries, focusing primarily on the demand for lottery products. We begin by giving a descriptive overview. The succeeding sections examine the motivations for playing lottery games ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · September 1, 1986
Despite the profound demographic and socioeconomic changes characterizing family life in recent years, youth crime rates have remained more or less constant since 1971. This finding is of interest given the intense public concern regarding the welfare of c ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · March 1986
M. Harvey Brenner has produced two influential studies of the social costs of unemployment, economic inequality, and economic growth, both sponsored by the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress. This paper reports the results of an effort to repro ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · March 1, 1986
M. Harvey Brenner has produced two influential studies of the social costs of unemployment, economic inequality, and economic growth, both sponsored by the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress. This paper reports the results of an effort to reprod ...
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Journal articleJournal of Quantitative Criminology · March 1, 1985
National Crime Survey (NCS) data yield an estimate that 171,000 Americans were nonfatally shot in criminal assaults, robberies, and rapes for the period 1973-1979. Comparing this estimate with the number of firearms homicides during this period suggests ei ...
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Journal articleJournal of Criminal Law and Criminology · January 1, 1985
According to the police-generated data, 1973 was a turning point. Robbery murders as a percentage of both total homicides and total robberies were increasing before 1973, but not thereafter. Indeed, a substantial reduction in the robbery murder-robbery rat ...
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Journal articleThe ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · May 1981
Social scientists have started to find answers to some of the questions raised in the ongoing debate over gun control. The basic factual issue in this debate concerns the effect of gun availability on the distribution, seriousness, and number of vi ...
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Journal articleAnnals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · January 1, 1981
Three to five million handguns change hands each year. Almost half the states—including 64 percent of the population—require that buyers be screened by the police, with the objective of preventing certain groups of po tentially dangerous people—felons, fug ...
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Journal articlePolicy Analysis · January 1975
How can men who have been released from prison be deterred from returning to crime? Our present “correctional” system does not correct, and most experiments with innovative rehabilitation techniques have reached negative conclusions. The most promising a ...
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Journal articleThe American Economic Review · March 1972
This article discusses the key features of consumer theory on individual consumers' reaction to changes in the market price of commodities. The discussion presented that market price of a commodity can be broken into vectors of substitution effects and inc ...
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