Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell

Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell
Associate Research Professor of Global Health

Rae Jean Proeschold-Bell is interested in the interplay between mental and physical well-being and has designed and tested interventions that integrate care for people with obesity and depression; HIV/AIDS and substance use; and hepatitis C and alcohol use.

Most recently, Rae Jean has been studying positive mental health as a way to prevent depression and promote caring for one's physical health. Her work currently focuses on caregivers, including clergy in North Carolina and caregivers of orphaned and vulnerable children in Kenya, Ethiopia, India, and Cambodia.

Soon, she will be testing four interventions to reduce stress symptoms.

As someone trained in both clinical and community psychology, Rae Jean is interested in the impact of systems and environmental contexts on individuals.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Associate Research Professor of Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, University Institutes and Centers 2015

Contact Information

310 Trent Drive, Room 310, Trent, Durham, NC 27708
Box 90392, Durham, NC 27708
rae.jean@duke.edu (919) 613-5442
Center for Health Policy & Inequalities Research
Clergy Health Initiative
DGHI

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Arizona State University 2003
- M.A., Arizona State University 1998
Duke Appointment History
- Assistant Research Professor, Duke Global Health Institute, University Institutes and Centers 2009 - 2015
Recognition
In the News
- AUG 27, 2018 Faith & Leadership
  
  What's the Good News About Clergy Health?
- JUN 19, 2017
  
  Clergy Intervention Program Reduces Health Risk Factors
- APR 28, 2016
  
  Divinity School Initiative on Helping Clergy Achieve Positive Mental Health
- FEB 20, 2015
  
  DGHI’s Evidence Lab to Develop Evaluation Tools for Global Health Innovators
- MAY 21, 2014
  
  DGHI Launches Evidence Lab to Evaluate Global Health Technologies, Programs Under Real-world Conditions
- AUG 27, 2013
  
  Clergy More Likely to Suffer From Depression, Anxiety
- JUL 12, 2013 WUNC Radio
  
  Duke Clergy Health Initiative: Helping clergy help themselves
- JUN 3, 2013
  
  The Duke Endowment Gives $5.74 Million for Clergy Health Research at Duke
Expertise
Subject Headings
Global Scholarship
- Research
Research
Selected Grants
- Novel see and treat strategies for cervical cancer prevention in low-resource settings awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
- Evaluate stress Innoculation and Intervention Programs for UM Clergy in NC awarded by Duke Endowment 2018 - 2022
- Sabbath Living Evaluation awarded by Blessed Earth 2017 - 2020
- mHealth-supported telecolposcopy for cervical cancer programs in low-resource settings. awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2020
- RCT of an Integrated Treatment of Persons with Co-Occurring HCV and Alcohol Abuse awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2019
- Stress Inoculation Training awarded by Duke Endowment 2017 - 2018
- Caregiving and Flourishing Mental Health awarded by St. Louis University 2016 - 2018
- Speculum-free gynecology with applications to primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer awarded by North Carolina Biotechnology Center 2017 - 2018
- The Casual Effect of Effective Depression Treatment on HIV Outcomes in CINICS awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2013 - 2015
- Carolina Alcohol and Drug Expansion Team (CADET) awarded by Department of Health and Human Services 2007 - 2013
- Integrated Treatment of Persons with Co-Occurring HCV and Alcohol Use/Abuse awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2011
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Books
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, and Byassee, J. Faithful and Fractured: Responding to the Clergy Health Crisis. Baker Academic, May 1, 2018.
- Academic Articles
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Molokwu, NJ, Keyes, CLM, Sohail, MM, Eagle, DE, Parnell, HE, Kinghorn, WA, Amanya, C, Vann, V, Madan, I, Biru, BM, Lewis, D, Dubie, ME, and Whetten, K. "Caring and thriving: An international qualitative study of caregivers of orphaned and vulnerable children and strategies to sustain positive mental health(Accepted)." Children and Youth Services Review 98 (March 2019): 143-153. Full Text
  - Hybels, CF, Blazer, DG, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Persistent Depressive Symptoms in a Population With High Levels of Occupational Stress: Trajectories Offer Insights Into Both Chronicity and Resilience." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 24, no. 6 (November 2018): 399-409. Full Text
  - Case, AD, Eagle, DE, Yao, J, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Disentangling Race and Socioeconomic Status in HealthDisparities Research: an Examination of Black and White Clergy." Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 5, no. 5 (October 2018): 1014-1022. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Evon, DM, Makarushka, C, Wong, JB, Datta, SK, Yao, J, Patkar, AA, Mannelli, P, Hodge, T, Naggie, S, Wilder, JM, Fried, MW, Niedzwiecki, D, and Muir, AJ. "The Hepatitis C-Alcohol Reduction Treatment (Hep ART) intervention: Study protocol of a multi-center randomized controlled trial." Contemporary Clinical Trials 72 (September 2018): 73-85. Full Text
  - Khatiwoda, P, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Meade, CS, Park, LP, and Proescholdbell, S. "Facilitators and Barriers to Naloxone Kit Use Among Opioid-Dependent Patients Enrolled in Medication Assisted Therapy Clinics in North Carolina." North Carolina Medical Journal 79, no. 3 (May 2018): 149-155. Full Text
  - McGarrity, LA, Huebner, DM, Nemeroff, CJ, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Longitudinal Predictors of Behavioral Intentions and HIV Service Use Among Men Who Have Sex with Men. (Accepted)" Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research 19, no. 4 (May 2018): 507-515. Full Text
  - Eagle, DE, Hybels, CF, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Perceived social support, received social support, and depression among clergy(Accepted)." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (January 1, 2018). Full Text
  - Hough, H, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Liu, X, Weisner, C, Turner, EL, and Yao, J. "Relationships between Sabbath Observance and Mental, Physical, and Spiritual Health in Clergy(Accepted)." Pastoral Psychology (January 1, 2018). Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Turner, EL, Bennett, GG, Yao, J, Li, X-F, Eagle, DE, Meyer, RA, Williams, RB, Swift, RY, Moore, HE, Kolkin, MA, Weisner, CC, Rugani, KM, Hough, HJ, Williams, VP, and Toole, DC. "A 2-Year Holistic Health and Stress Intervention: Results of an RCT in Clergy." American journal of preventive medicine 53, no. 3 (September 2017): 290-299. Full Text
  - Smith, TW, Eagle, DE, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Prospective Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and the Metabolic Syndrome: the Spirited Life Study of Methodist Pastors in North Carolina." Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine 51, no. 4 (August 2017): 610-619. Full Text
  - Adams, CJ, Hough, H, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Yao, J, and Kolkin, M. "Clergy Burnout: A Comparison Study with Other Helping Professions." Pastoral Psychology 66, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 147-175. Full Text
  - Eagle, DE, Miles, AA, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "The Honeymoon is Over: Occupational Relocation and Changes in Mental Health Among United Methodist Clergy." Review of Religious Research 59, no. 1 (March 2017): 31-45. Full Text
  - Asiedu, MN, Agudogo, J, Krieger, MS, Miros, R, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Schmitt, JW, and Ramanujam, N. "Design and preliminary analysis of a vaginal inserter for speculum-free cervical cancer screening." Plos One 12, no. 5 (January 2017): e0177782-null. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Eisenberg, A, Adams, C, Smith, B, Legrand, S, and Wilk, A. "The Glory of God is a Human Being Fully Alive: Predictors of Positive Versus Negative Mental Health Among Clergy." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54, no. 4 (December 2015): 702-721. Full Text
  - Walther, NG, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Benjamin-Neelon, S, Adipo, S, and Kamaara, E. ""We Hide Under the Scriptures": Conceptualization of Health Among United Methodist Church Clergy in Kenya." Journal of religion and health 54, no. 6 (December 2015): 2235-2248. Full Text
  - Skalski, LM, Watt, MH, MacFarlane, JC, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Stout, JE, and Sikkema, KJ. "Mental Health and Substance Use Among Patients in a North Carolina HIV Clinic." N C Med J 76, no. 3 (July 2015): 148-155. Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Blouin, R, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Measuring stress in a clergy population: Lessons learned from cognitive interview testing of the perceived stress scale with clergy." Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 26 (January 1, 2015): 141-154. (Review) Full Text
  - Eagle, DE, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Methodological considerations in the use of name generators and interpreters." Social Networks 40 (January 1, 2015): 75-83. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Yao, J, Gorthala, S, and Muir, A. "Development of a Measure of Hepatitis C-alcohol Knowledge." Journal of alcohol and drug education 58, no. 3 (December 2014): 7-18.
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Reif, S, Taylor, B, Patkar, A, Mannelli, P, Yao, J, and Quinlivan, EB. "Substance Use Outcomes of an Integrated HIV-Substance Use Treatment Model Implemented by Social Workers and HIV Medical Providers." Health and Social Work 41, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): e1-e10. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Yang, C, Toth, M, Corbitt Rivers, M, and Carder, K. "Closeness to God Among Those Doing God's Work: A Spiritual Well-Being Measure for Clergy." Journal of Religion and Health 53, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 878-894. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Miles, A, Toth, M, Adams, C, Smith, BW, and Toole, D. "Using effort-reward imbalance theory to understand high rates of depression and anxiety among clergy." J Prim Prev 34, no. 6 (December 2013): 439-453. Full Text Link to Item
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Swift, R, Moore, HE, Bennett, G, Li, X-F, Blouin, R, Williams, VP, Williams, RB, and Toole, D. "Use of a randomized multiple baseline design: rationale and design of the spirited life holistic health intervention study." Contemporary Clinical Trials 35, no. 2 (July 2013): 138-152. Full Text
  - Miles, A, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Overcoming the Challenges of Pastoral Work? Peer Support Groups and Psychological Distress among United Methodist Church Clergy." Sociology of Religion 74, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 199-226. Full Text
  - Legrand, S, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, James, J, and Wallace, A. "Healthy Leaders: Multilevel Health Promotion Considerations For Diverse United Methodist Church Pastors." Journal of Community Psychology 41, no. 3 (April 1, 2013): 303-321. Full Text
  - Reif, S, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Yao, J, Legrand, S, Uehara, A, Asiimwe, E, and Quinlivan, EB. "Three types of self-efficacy associated with medication adherence in patients with co-occurring HIV and substance use disorders, but only when mood disorders are present." Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 6 (January 2013): 229-237. Full Text
  - Cutts, TF, Gunderson, GR, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, and Swift, R. "The life of leaders: an intensive health program for clergy." J Relig Health 51, no. 4 (December 2012): 1317-1324. Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Norton, BL, Park, L, McGrath, LJ, Proeschold Bell, RJ, Muir, AJ, and Naggie, S. "Health care utilization in HIV-infected patients: assessing the burden of hepatitis C virus coinfection." Aids Patient Care and Stds 26, no. 9 (September 2012): 541-545. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, and LeGrand, S. "Physical health functioning among United Methodist clergy." J Relig Health 51, no. 3 (September 2012): 734-742. Full Text Link to Item
  - Hoyt, MA, Rubin, LR, Nemeroff, CJ, Lee, J, Huebner, DM, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "HIV/AIDS-related institutional mistrust among multiethnic men who have sex with men: effects on HIV testing and risk behaviors." Health Psychol 31, no. 3 (May 2012): 269-277. Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Pence, BW, Mugavero, MJ, Carter, TJ, Leserman, J, Thielman, NM, Raper, JL, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Reif, S, and Whetten, K. "Childhood trauma and health outcomes in HIV-infected patients: an exploration of causal pathways." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999) 59, no. 4 (April 2012): 409-416. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Patkar, AA, Naggie, S, Coward, L, Mannelli, P, Yao, J, Bixby, P, and Muir, AJ. "An integrated alcohol abuse and medical treatment model for patients with hepatitis C." Dig Dis Sci 57, no. 4 (April 2012): 1083-1091. Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Miles, A, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Are rural clergy worse off?: An examination of occupational conditions and pastoral experiences in a sample of united methodist clergy." Sociology of Religion: a Quarterly Review 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 23-45. (Review) Full Text
  - Wallace, AC, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, LeGrand, S, James, J, Swift, R, Toole, D, and Toth, M. "Health Programming for Clergy: An Overview of Protestant Programs in the United States." Pastoral Psychology 61, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 113-143. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Asiimwe, E, Proeschold Bell, RJ, Page, K, Nankunda, A, and Boyd, D. "Young men’s willingness to undergo Safe Male Circumcision (SMC) decreases with increased educational attainment in some rural areas of central Uganda." Journal of Global Health 2, no. 1 (2012): 17-21. (Academic Article)
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, LeGrand, S, Wallace, A, James, J, Moore, HE, Swift, R, and Toole, D. "Tailoring health programming to clergy: findings from a study of United Methodist clergy in North Carolina." Journal of prevention & intervention in the community 40, no. 3 (January 2012): 246-261. Full Text
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, and McDevitt, PJ. "An overview of the history and current status of clergy health." J Prev Interv Community 40, no. 3 (2012): 177-179. Full Text Link to Item
  - Miles, A, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Exploring rural/non-rural differences among united methodist churches and clergy in north Carolina." Review of Religious Research 53, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 371-372. (Review) Full Text
  - Kolman, M, DeCoster, M, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Hunter, GA, Bartlett, J, and Seña, AC. "The increasing impact of human immunodeficiency virus infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and viral hepatitis in Durham County, North Carolina: a call for coordinated and integrated services." N C Med J 72, no. 6 (November 2011): 439-446. Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Hoeppner, B, Taylor, B, Cohen, S, Blouin, R, Stringfield, B, and Muir, AJ. "An interrupted time series evaluation of a hepatitis C intervention for persons with HIV." Aids Behav 15, no. 8 (November 2011): 1721-1731. Full Text Link to Item
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Legrand, S, James, J, Wallace, A, Adams, C, and Toole, D. "A theoretical model of the holistic health of United Methodist clergy." J Relig Health 50, no. 3 (September 2011): 700-720. Full Text Link to Item
  - Miles, A, Proescholdbell, RJ, and Puffer, E. "Explaining rural/non-rural disparities in physical health-related quality of life: A study of United Methodist clergy in North Carolina." Quality of Life Research 20, no. 6 (2011): 807-815. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Belden, CM, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "A comparison of the adoption of electronic health records in North Carolina and South Carolina HIV systems." South Med J 103, no. 11 (November 2010): 1115-1118. Full Text Link to Item
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Belden, CM, Parnell, H, Cohen, S, Cromwell, M, and Lombard, F. "A randomized controlled trial of health information exchange between human immunodeficiency virus institutions." J Public Health Manag Pract 16, no. 6 (November 2010): 521-528. Full Text Link to Item
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Heine, A, Pence, BW, McAdam, K, and Quinlivan, EB. "A cross-site, comparative effectiveness study of an integrated HIV and substance use treatment program." Aids Patient Care and Stds 24, no. 10 (October 2010): 651-658. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, and LeGrand, SH. "High rates of obesity and chronic disease among United Methodist clergy." Obesity (Silver Spring) 18, no. 9 (September 2010): 1867-1870. Full Text Link to Item
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Blouin, R, Reif, S, Amana, A, Rowland, BJ, Lombard, F, Stringfield, B, and Muir, AJ. "Hepatitis C transmission, prevention, and treatment knowledge among patients with HIV." South Med J 103, no. 7 (July 2010): 635-641. Full Text Link to Item
  - Flores, B, Proeschold Bell, RJ, Barton, B, Belden, M, and Lombard, F. "Provider reports on changes and barriers to changes in HIV-HCV co-infection practices." Journal of HIV/AIDS and Social Services 9, no. 1 (2010): 27-44. (Academic Article)
  - Lombard, F, Proescholdbell, RJ, Cooper, K, Musselwhite, L, and Quinlivan, EB. "Adaptations across clinical sites of an integrated treatment model for persons with HIV and substance abuse." Aids Patient Care and Stds 23, no. 8 (August 2009): 631-638. Full Text
  - Weaver, MR, Conover, CJ, Proescholdbell, RJ, Arno, PS, Ang, A, Uldall, KK, and Ettner, SL. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of integrated care for people with HIV, chronic mental illness and substance abuse disorders." Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics 12, no. 1 (2009): 33-46.
  - Ettner, SL, Conover, CJ, Proescholdbell, RJ, Weaver, MR, Ang, A, Arno, PS, HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence, and Health Outcomes and Cost Study Group, . "Triply-diagnosed patients in the HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence, Health Outcomes and Cost Study: patterns of home care use." Aids Care 20, no. 10 (November 2008): 1177-1189. Full Text
  - Weaver, MR, Conover, CJ, Proescholdbell, RJ, Arno, PS, Ang, A, Ettner, SL, Cost Subcommittee of the HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence, Health Outcomes, and and Cost Study Group, . "Utilization of mental health and substance abuse care for people living with HIV/AIDS, chronic mental illness, and substance abuse disorders." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 449-458. Full Text Link to Item
  - Nemeroff, CJ, Hoyt, MA, Huebner, DM, and Proescholdbell, RJ. "The Cognitive Escape Scale: measuring HIV-related thought avoidance." AIDS Behav 12, no. 2 (March 2008): 305-320. Full Text Link to Item
  - Magnus, M, Herwehe, J, Proescholdbell, RJ, Lombard, F, Cajina, A, Dastur, Z, Millery, M, and Sabundayo, BP. "Guidelines for effective integration of information technology in the care of HIV-infected populations." J Public Health Manag Pract 13, no. 1 (January 2007): 39-48. Link to Item
  - Huebner, DM, Proescholdbell, RJ, and Nemeroff, CJ. "Do gay and bisexual men share researchers' definitions of barebacking?." Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 67-77. Full Text
  - Proescholdbell, RJ, Roosa, MW, and Nemeroff, CJ. "Component measures of Psychological Sense of Community among gay men." Journal of Community Psychology 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 9-24. (Review) Full Text
  - Proescholdbell, RJ, Chassin, L, and MacKinnon, DP. "Home smoking restrictions and adolescent smoking." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2, no. 2 (May 2000): 159-167. Full Text
  - Case, A, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Keyes, CLM, Huffman, K, Sittser, K, Wallace, A, Khatiwoda, P, and Parnell, H. "Attitudes and behaviors that differentiate clergy with positive mental health from those with burnout." Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community .
- Book Sections
  - Hoeppner, B, and Proeschold-Bell, RJ. "Time series analysis in community-oriented research." In Methodological Approaches to Community-based Research, edited by LA Jason and DS Glenwick. Amer Psychological Assn, 2012. (Chapter)
  - Castro, FG, Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Abeita, L, and Rodriguez, D. "Ethnic and cultural minority groups." In Addictions A Comprehensive Guidebook, edited by BS McCrady and B Epstein, 499-526. Oxford University Press, April 15, 1999. (Chapter)
- Conference Papers
  - Proeschold-Bell, RJ, Swift, R, Moore, E, Toole, D, and Blouin, R. "A HOLISTIC HEALTH INTERVENTION FOR CLERGY: RATIONALE AND DESIGN OF THE SPIRITED LIFE STUDY." March 2013. Link to Item
Scholarly, Clinical, & Service Activities
Outreach & Engaged Scholarship

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Education, Training, & Certifications

Duke Appointment History

In the News

Subject Headings

Global Scholarship

Research

Selected Grants

Selected Publications

Books

Academic Articles

Book Sections

Conference Papers

Outreach & Engaged Scholarship