Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Ph.D., University of Illinois 1965
  • M.S., University of Illinois 1962
  • B.S., University of Texas, Austin 1957
• 

  Previous Appointments & Affiliations

  • Director, Focus Program, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 2008 - 2010
  • Professor with Tenure, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1978 - 2008
  • Associate Professor with Tenure, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1971 - 1978
  • Assistant Professor, Chemistry, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences 1966 - 1971
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • History of Application to Fine Art Conservation awarded by Mary Duke Biddle Foundation 2006 - 2008
  • Support/Collaborative Work with Adele DeCruz/Erbium: Yag Laser Project awarded by Mary Duke Biddle Foundation 2005 - 2006
  • Dynamic Infrared Opto-Rheological and Ultrasound Studies of Polymeric and Biopolymeric Materials awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 2002 - 2005
  • Acquisition of a Time-Resolved Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer awarded by  National Science Foundation 2001 - 2004
  • Dynamic Infrared Opto-Rheology of Block Copolymers awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 1998 - 1999
  • An Investigation of the Rheological and Structural Properties of Block Co-Polymers awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 1996 - 1997
  • An Investigation of the Rheological and Structural Properties of Block Co-Polymers by Use of Dynamic Mechanical... awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 1996 - 1997
  • Submolecular Dynamics of Liquid Crystal Polymers by Time-resolved and Phase-resolved FT-IR Spectroscopy awarded by  National Science Foundation 1994 - 1995
  • Spectroscopic Measurements awarded by Army Research Office 1987 - 1988
  • Development of Infrared Methods for Characterization of Inorganic Sulphur Species Related to Limestone Injection Desulphurization Processes awarded by Environmental Protection Agency 1986 - 1987
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Wang, Liqun, Jessica Chapman, Richard A. Palmer, Olaf van Ramm, and Boris Mizaikoff. “Classification of atherosclerotic rabbit aorta samples by mid-infrared spectroscopy using multivariate data analysis.” Journal of Biomedical Optics 12, no. 2 (March 2007): 024006. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2714030.
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    • Schoonover, J. R., W. P. Steckle Jr, C. T. Johnston, Y. Wang, A. M. Gillikin, and R. A. Palmer. ““Humidity-Dependent Dynamic Infrared Linear Dichroism of a Poly(Ester Urethane)”.” Spectrochemica Acta Part A. Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 67 (2007): 208–13.
    • Wang, L., J. Chapman, R. A. Palmer, T. M. Alter, B. A. Hooper, O. V. Ramm, and B. Mizaikoff. “Classification of Atherosclerotic Rabbit Aorta Samples with an Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Catheter and Multivariate Data Analysis (Submitted).” Appl. Spectrosc., 2005.
    • Wang, Y., J. R. Schoonover, S. R. Aubuchon, and R. A. Palmer. “Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Dynamic Infrared Linear Dichroism Study of the Frequency - Dependent Viscoelastic Behavior of a Poly (ester urethane) (Submitted).” Vibrational Spectrosc., 2005.
    • Wang, Y., S. R. Aubuchon, J. R. Schoonover, and R. A. Palmer. “"Relative Quantification of Dynamic Infrared Linear Dichroism Signals and their Relative Thermo-Mechanical Properties" (Submitted).” Spectroscopy Ltrs., 2004.
    • Wang, Y., S. R. Aubuchon, M. E. Smith, J. R. Schoonover, and R. A. Palmer. “"Dynamic Infrared Linear Dichroism Study of the Temperature-Dependent, Viscoelastic Behavior of a Poly(ester urethane)" (Submitted).” Applied Spectroscopy, 2004.
    • Faubel, W., S. Heissler, and R. A. Palmer. “Quantitative analysis of corroded copper patina by step scan and rapid scan photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.” Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 1 II (January 1, 2003): 331–33. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1517740.
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    • Wang, Y., Y. Kawano, S. R. Aubuchon, and R. A. Palmer. “TGA and Time-Dependent FTIR Study of Dehydrating Nafion-Na Membrane.” Macromolecules 36 (2003): 1138–46.
    • Hutson, M. S., R. A. Palmer, M. S. Chang, A. Gillikin, V. Litvinenko, and G. Edwards. “Commissioning of a UV/time-resolved-FTIR beamline at the Duke FEL laboratory.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 483, no. 1–2 (May 1, 2002): 560–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(02)00382-0.
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    • Wang, H., S. R. Aubuchon, D. G. Thompson, J. C. Osborn, A. L. Marsh, W. R. Nichols, J. R. Schoonover, and R. A. Palmer. “Temperature-Dependent Dynamic Mechanical Analysis-Fourier Transfer Infrared Study of a Poly(ester urethane).” Macromolecules 35 (2002): 8794.
    • Smith, G. D., M. S. Hutson, Y. Lu, M. T. Tierney, M. W. Grinstaff, and R. A. Palmer. “Step-scan FT-IR time-resolved spectroscopy in the solid state.” Applied Spectroscopy 55, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 637–42. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702011952262.
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    • Schoonover, J. R., D. G. Thompson, J. C. Osborn, E. B. Orler, D. A. Wrobleski, H. Wang, A. L. Marsh, and R. A. Palmer. “Infrared Linear Dichroism Study of a Hydrolytically Degraded Poly(ester urethane).” Polymer Degradation and Stability 74 (2001): 87.
    • Wang, H., D. G. Thompson, J. R. Schoonover, S. R. Aubuchon, and R. A. Palmer. “DMA/FTIR Creep-Recovery Study of a Poly(Ester Urethane) Elastomer with Molecular-Level Viscoelastic Modeling.” Macromolecules 34 (2001): 7084.
    • Smith, G. D., K. A. Maxwell, J. M. DeSimone, T. J. Meyer, and R. A. Palmer. “Step-scan FTIR time-resolved spectroscopy study of excited-state dipole orientation in soluble metallopolymers.” Inorganic Chemistry 39, no. 5 (March 2000): 893–98. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic990819h.
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    • Palmer, R. A., G. D. Smith, V. N. Litvinenko, and G. Edwards. “Fourier transform infrared picosecond time-resolved spectroscopy with a UV free electron laser pump and synchrotron IR probe.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 3775 (December 1, 1999): 137–44.
    • Omberg, Kristin M., Gregory D. Smith, Darius A. Kavaliunas, Pingyun Chen, Joseph A. Treadway, Jon R. Schoonover, Richard A. Palmer, and Thomas J. Meyer. “Excited-State Electronic Structure in Polypyridyl Complexes Containing Unsymmetrical Ligands.” Inorganic Chemistry 38, no. 5 (March 1999): 951–56. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic981338l.
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    • Palmer, R. A., G. D. Smith, and P. Chen. “Breaking the nanosecond barrier in FTIR time-resolved spectroscopy.” Vibrational Spectroscopy 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 131–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(99)00005-3.
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    • Smith, G. D., P. Chen, J. L. Chao, K. M. Omberg, D. A. Kavaliunas, J. A. Treadway, T. J. Meyer, and R. A. Palmer. “Step-scan Fourier transform infrared absorption difference time-resolved spectroscopy studies of excited state decay kinetics and electronic structure of low-spin d⁶ transition metal polypyridine complexes with 10 nanosecond time resolution.” Laser Chemistry 19, no. 1–4 (January 1, 1999): 291–98. https://doi.org/10.1155/1999/94731.
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    • Graff, D. K., H. Wang, R. A. Palmer, and J. R. Schoonover. “Static and Dynamic FT-IR Linear Dichroism Studies of Plasticization Effects in a Polyurethane Elastomer.” Macromolecules 37 (1999): 7147.
    • Wang, H., D. K. Graff, J. R. Schoonover, and R. A. Palmer. “Static and Dynamic Infrared Linear Dichroic Study of a Polyester/Polyurethane Copolymer Using Step-Scan FT-IR and a Photoelastic Modulator.” Appl. Spectrosc. 53 (1999): 687.
    • Chen, P., R. A. Palmer, and T. J. Meyer. “Electronic structure in pyridinium-based metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states by step-scan FTIR time-resolved spectroscopy.” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 102, no. 18 (April 30, 1998): 3042–47. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp980225k.
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    • Wang, H., E. B. Phifer, and R. A. Palmer. “Multi-Frequency S2FTIR PA Spectral Dept Profiling by Use of Sinusoidal Phase Modulation and Harmonic Demodulation up to 2250 Hz (10th harmonic).” Freseius J. Anal. Chem. 362 (1998): 34.
    • Jiang, E. Y., and R. A. Palmer. “Comparison of Phase Rotation, Phase Spectrum, and Two-Dimensional Correlation Methods in Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectral Depth Profiling.” Analytical Chemistry 69, no. 10 (May 15, 1997): 1931–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac961080l.
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    • Chen, Pingyun, Kristin M. Omberg, Darius A. Kavaliunas, Joseph A. Treadway, Richard A. Palmer, and Thomas J. Meyer. “Insights on the Excited State Electronic Structures of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Complexes Obtained by Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Difference Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.” Inorganic Chemistry 36, no. 6 (March 1997): 954–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic961328p.
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    • Chen, P., and R. A. Palmer. “Ten-nanosecond step-scan FT-IR absorption difference time-resolved spectroscopy: Applications to excited states of transition metal complexes.” Applied Spectroscopy 51, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 580–83. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702971940648.
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    • Fuji, A., R. A. Palmer, P. Chen, E. Y. Jiang, and J. L. Chao. “Step-scan FT-IR time-resolved spectroscopy (S-2(FT-IR) TRS) of the electro-reorientation of liquid crystalline materials.” Mikrochimica Acta, January 1, 1997, 599–602.
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    • Jiang, E. Y., R. A. Palmer, N. E. Barr, and N. Morosoff. “Phase-resolved depth profiling of thin-layered plasma polymer films by step-scan Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy.” Applied Spectroscopy 51, no. 8 (January 1, 1997): 1238–44. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702971941818.
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    • Palmer, R. A., P. Y. Chen, S. E. Plunkett, and J. L. Chao. “Excited state structure and relaxation dynamics of polypyridyl complexes of low spin d(6) metal ions by means of step-scan FTIR time-resolved spectroscopy ((SFT)-F-2-IR TRS).” Mikrochimica Acta, January 1, 1997, 595–97.
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    • Wang, H., R. A. Palmer, and C. J. Manning. “Study of Impulse Polymer Rheo-Optics by Step-Scan FT-IR Time-Resolved Spectroscopy S2FT-IR TRS.” Appl. Spectrosc. 51 (1997): 1245.
    • Palmer, R. A., A. C. Boccara, and D. Fournier. “Single Crystal and Polycrystalline Circular Dichroism of Ni(en)3(NO3)2 by means of Visible and Near Infrared Step-Scan Fourier Transform Spectroscopy with Mirage Detection (S2FT-PTD-CD).” Progress in Natural Science Suppl. to Vol. 6 (1996): S#.
    • Snively, C., P. Y. Chen, R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Koenig. “Stabilization of polymer dispersed liquid crystal systems using surface active agents.” Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology Section A: Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 289 (January 1, 1996): 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10587259608042309.
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    • Jiang, E. Y., R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Chao. “Development and applications of a photoacoustic phase theory for multilayer materials: The phase difference approach.” Journal of Applied Physics 78, no. 1 (December 1, 1995): 460–69. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.360627.
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    • Plunkett, Susan E., James L. Chao, Thomas J. Tague, and Richard A. Palmer. “Time-Resolved Step-Scan FT-IR Spectroscopy of the Photodynamics of Carbonmonoxymyoglobin.” Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 6 (June 1995): 702–8. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964633.
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    • Gregoriou, V. G., and R. A. Palmer. “Dynamic ft‐ir spectroscopy of polymer films and liquid crystals.” Macromolecular Symposia 94, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 75–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950940108.
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    • Dittmar, R. M., R. A. Palmer, and R. O. Carter. “Fourier Transform Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Polymers.” Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 29, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 171–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704929408000900.
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    • Palmer, R. A. “Time-resolved and phase-resolved vibrational spectroscopy by use of step-scan FT-IR.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 2089 (January 31, 1994): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.166800.
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    • Palmer, R. A., E. Y. Jiang, and J. L. Chao. “Phase analysis and its application in step-scan FT-IR photoacoustic depth profiling.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 2089 (January 31, 1994): 250–51. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.166797.
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    • Palmer, R. A., S. E. Plunkett, R. B. Dyer, J. S. Schoonover, T. J. Meyer, and J. L. Chao. “The application of time-resolved step-scan FT-IR to the photodynamics of transition metal complexes and heme proteins.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 2089 (January 31, 1994): 488–89. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.166682.
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    • Palmer, R. A., V. G. Gregoriou, R. W. Jacobson, and J. L. Chao. “Dynamic FT-IR spectroscopy of liquid crystals and polymer films.” Proceedings of Spie  the International Society for Optical Engineering 2089 (January 31, 1994): 372–73. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.166617.
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    • Palmer, R. A., and Y. Jiang. “Photoacoustic molecular spectroscopy and chemical characterization.” Journal De Physique. Iv : Jp 4, no. 7 (January 1, 1994). https://doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1994780.
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    • Gregoriou, V. G., M. Daun, M. W. Schauer, J. L. Chao, and R. A. Palmer. “Modification of a research-grade FT-IR spectrometer for optional step-scan operation.” Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (December 1, 1993): 1311–16. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067649.
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    • Palmer, R. A., J. L. Chao, R. M. Dittmar, V. G. Gregoriou, and S. E. Plunketf. “Investigation of time-dependent phenomena by use of step-scan FT-IR.” Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (December 1, 1993): 1297–1310. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067568.
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    • Palmer, R. A., and R. M. Dittmar. “Step-scan FT-IR photothermal spectral depth profiling of polymer films.” Thin Solid Films 223, no. 1 (January 15, 1993): 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(93)90724-4.
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    • Gregoriou, V. G., I. Noda, A. E. Dowrey, C. Marcott, J. L. Chao, and R. A. Palmer. “Dynamic rheo‐optical characterization of a low‐density polyethylene/perdeuterated high‐density polyethylene blend by two‐dimensional step‐scan FTIR spectroscopy.” Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31, no. 12 (January 1, 1993): 1769–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090311210.
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    • Palmer, R. A. “Step-Scan FT-IR: A Versatile Tool for Time-Resolved and Phase-Resolved Spectroscopy.” Spectroscopy 8, no. 2 (1993): 26.
    • Manning, C. J., R. A. Palmer, J. L. Chao, and F. Charbonnier. “Photothermal beam deflection using the reverse mirage geometry: Theory and experiment.” Journal of Applied Physics 71, no. 5 (December 1, 1992): 2433–40. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.351102.
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    • Manning, C. J., R. M. Dittmar, R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Chao. “Use of step-scan FT-IR to obtain the photoacoustic/photothermal response phase.” Infrared Physics 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0891(92)90055-X.
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    • Dittmar, R. M., R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Chao. “Applications of Step-Scan FT-IR Photoacoustic Depth Profiling.” Spie Proceedings 1575 (1992): 197.
    • Gregoriou, V. G., J. L. Chao, Hirokazu Toriumi, Curtis Marcott, Isao Noda, and R. A. Palmer. “Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy of Liquid Crystals and Polymer Films Using Step-Scan 2D FT-IR.” Spie Proceedings 1575 (1992): 209.
    • May, P. S., D. H. Metcalf, F. S. Richardson, R. C. Carter, C. E. Miller, and R. A. Palmer. “"Measurement and Analysis of Excited State Decay Kinetics and Chiroptical Activity in the 6HJ --4G5/2 Transition of Sm3+ in Trigonal Na3[Sm(CH4O5).” Luminesc. 51 (1992): 249.
    • Widder, J. M., S. E. Plunkett, R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Chao. “In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy of the Lithium Electrode Surface in a Model Lithium Battery by Internal Reflection and Photothermal Beam Deflection.” Spie Proceedings 1575 (1992): 307.
    • Manning, C. J., R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Chao. “Step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer.” Review of Scientific Instruments 62, no. 5 (December 1, 1991): 1219–29. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1142003.
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    • Dittmar, Rebecca M., James L. Chao, and Richard A. Palmer. “Photoacoustic Depth Profiling of Polymer Laminates by Step-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.” Applied Spectroscopy 45, no. 7 (August 1991): 1104–10. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702914336138.
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    • Gregoriou, V. G., J. L. Chao, H. Toriumi, and R. A. Palmer. “Time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy of an electric field-induced transition in a nematic liquid crystal by use of step-scan 2D FT-IR.” Chemical Physics Letters 179, no. 5–6 (May 3, 1991): 491–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)87092-P.
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    • Palmer, Richard A., Christopher J. Manning, James L. Chao, Isao Noda, Anthony E. Dowrey, and Curtis Marcott. “Application of Step-Scan Interferometry to Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform Infrared (2D FT-IR) Correlation Spectroscopy.” Applied Spectroscopy 45, no. 1 (January 1991): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702914337803.
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    • Lewison, J. F., R. G. Ghirardelli, and R. A. Palmer. “Solution Conformations of CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 Complexes of Chiral Tetramethyl 18-Crown-6 Macrocycles: A 1D and 2D¹ H and¹³ C NMR Investigation.” Inorganic Chemistry 28, no. 20 (October 1, 1989): 3909–16. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00319a030.
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    • Palmer, Richard A., Christopher J. Manning, Jeffrey A. Rzepiela, Jeffrey M. Widder, and James L. Chao. “Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Using Step-Scan Fourier Transform Interferometry.” Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 2 (February 1989): 193–95. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203101.
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    • Carter, R. O., R. A. Palmer, R. M. Dittmar, C. J. Manning, and J. L. Chao. “Background Spectra for Rapid- or Step-Scan FTIR Depth Profiling.” Spie Proceedings 1145 (1989): 362.
    • Manning, C. J., J. M. Widder, R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Chao. “Applications of Step-Scan Interferometry.” Spie Proceedings 1145 (1989): 575.
    • Manning, C. J., R. A. Palmer, and J. L. Chao. “Design Principles and Instrumentation for Step-Scan FTIR.” Spie Proceedings 1145 (1989): 577.
    • Palmer, R. A., C. J. Manning, J. A. Rzepiela, J. M. Wilder, P. J. Thomas, J. L. Chao, C. Marcott, and I. Noda. “Application of Step-Scan Interferometry to Dynamic Infrared Spectroscopy.” Spie Proceedings 1145 (1989): 277.
    • Thompson, Meg Martin, and Richard Alan Palmer. “In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Diffuse Reflectance and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Characterization of Sulfur-Oxygen Species Resulting from the Reaction of SO₂ with CaCO₃.” Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 6 (August 1988): 945–51. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702884430155.
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    • Thompson, M. M., and R. A. Palmer. “Design, Characterization, and Applications of a Photoacoustic Cell for Temperature and Atmosphere Control.” Analytical Chemistry 60, no. 10 (May 1, 1988): 1027–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00161a016.
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    • Smith, Matthew J., Christopher J. Manning, Richard A. Palmer, and James L. Chao. “Step Scan Interferometry in the Mid-Infrared with Photothermal Detection.” Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 4 (May 1988): 546–55. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702884429184.
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    • Metcalf, D. H., R. C. Carter, R. G. Ghirardelli, and R. A. Palmer. “Crown Ether-Lanthanide Complexes Studied by CPL and TL. 3. Chirality in Europium Nitrate and Chloride Complexes of Methyl-Substituted 18-Crown-6 Ligands. Optical Activity of Two-Bladed Nitrate Propellers.” Inorganic Chemistry 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 405–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00275a032.
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    • Peoples, Margie E., Matthew J. Smith, and Richard A. Palmer. “FT-IR Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy (PBDS) Studies of Polymer-Modified Graphite Electrodes.” Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 7 (September 1987): 1257–59. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447608.
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    • Smith, Matthew J., and Richard A. Palmer. “The Reverse Mirage Effect: Catching the Thermal Wave at the Solid/Liquid Interface.” Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 7 (September 1987): 1106–13. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447437.
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    • Dyer, R. B., R. A. Palmer, R. G. Ghirardelli, J. S. Bradshaw, and B. A. Jones. “Circular Dichroism Studies of the Solution Structures of Chiral Pyridine Substituted Crowns and Their Complexes.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109 (1987): 4780.
    • Martin, Meg A., Jeffrey W. Childers, and Richard A. Palmer. “Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Characterization of Sulfur-Oxygen Species Resulting from the Reaction of SO₂ with CaO and CaCO₃.” Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 1 (January 1987): 120–26. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702874868151.
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    • Metcalf, David H., Rodney C. Carter, Robert G. Ghirardelli, Richard A. Palmer, Michael F. Reid, and Frederick S. Richardson. “Anion influence on the solution optical activity (CPL) of europium nitrate and chloride complexes of chiral crown ethers.” Journal of the Less Common Metals 126 (December 1986): 402–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(86)90344-9.
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    • Miller, Charles E., Richard A. Palmer, David H. Metcalf, Michael F. Reid, and Frederick S. Richardson. “Electronic structure of Sm(DBM)3 · H2O.” Journal of the Less Common Metals 126 (December 1986): 302–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(86)90308-5.
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    • Childers, J. W., R. Rohl, and R. A. Palmer. “Direct Comparison of the Capabilities of Photoacoustic and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopies in the Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Regions.” Analytical Chemistry 58, no. 13 (January 1, 1986): 2629–36. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00126a011.
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    • Childers, J. W., and R. A. Palmer. “A Comparison of Photoacoustic and Diffuse Reflectance Detection in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry.” Amer. Lab. 18, no. 3 (1986): 22.
    • Dyer, R. B., D. H. Metcalf, R. G. Ghirardelli, R. A. Palmer, and E. M. Holt. “Circular Dichroism Studies of Crown Complexed Ion Pairs: A Comparison of the Alkali and Alkaline Earth Nitrate Complexes of Chiral Crown Ethers.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 108, no. 13 (January 1, 1986): 3621–29. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00273a013.
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    • Dyer, R. B., R. G. Ghirardelli, R. A. Palmer, and E. M. Holt. “Crown Ether Complexed Ion Pairs: Solution and Solid-State Structures of the (2S,6S)-2,6-Dimethyl-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane Complex of Potassium Nitrate.” Inorganic Chemistry 25, no. 18 (January 1, 1986): 3184–88. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00238a019.
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    • Metcalf, D. H., R. C. Carter, R. G. Ghirardelli, and R. A. Palmer. “Crown Ether-Lanthanide Complexes Studied by CPL and TL. 2. Solution Species in (2R,3R, 11R, 12R)-2,3,11,12-Tetramethyl-18-crown-6-Europium Nitrate and Perchlorate Systems in MeCN, TFE, and HFiP.” Inorganic Chemistry 25, no. 13 (January 1, 1986): 2175–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00233a015.
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    • Palmer, R. A., and M. J. Smith. “Rapid Scanning FTIR with Photothermal Beam Deflection (Mirage Effect) Detection at the Solid-Liquid Interface.” Can. J. Phys. 64, no. 9 (1986): 1086.
    • Carter, R. C., C. E. Miller, R. A. Palmer, P. S. May, D. H. Metcalf, and F. S. Richardson. “Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Spectra of Samarium(III) in Triagonal Na3[Sm(oxydiacetate)3]2NaCIO46H2O.” Chem. Phys. Lett. 131 (1986): 37.
    • Röhl, Raimund, Jeffrey W. Childers, and Richard A. Palmer. “Quantification of Ammonium in Aerosols by Near-Infrared Photothermal Spectroscopy.” Applied Spectroscopy 39, no. 4 (July 1985): 668–72. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702854250086.
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    • Crumbliss, A. L., P. S. Lugg, J. W. Childers, and R. A. Palmer. “Fourier transform infrared photothermal spectroscopic characterization of Prussian blue surface modified electrodes. Countercation effects.” Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, no. 3 (January 1, 1985): 482–88. https://doi.org/10.1021/j100249a023.
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    • Mcclenny, W. A., J. W. Childers, R. Rohl, and R. A. Palmer. “FTIR transmission spectrometry for the nondestructive determination of ammonium and sulfate in ambient aerosols collected on teflon filters.” Atmospheric Environment (1967) 19, no. 11 (January 1, 1985): 1891–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90014-9.
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    • Metcalf, D. H., R. G. Ghirardelli, and R. A. Palmer. “Crown Ether-Lanthanide Complexes Studied by CPL and TL. 1. Solution Stoichiometry of Europium and Terbium Nitrate Complexes of (2R, 3R, 11R, 12R)-2, 3, 11, 12-Tetramethyl-18-crown- 6.” Inorganic Chemistry 24, no. 4 (January 1, 1985): 634–36. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00198a041.
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    • Holt, E. M., G. D. Malpass Jnr, R. G. Ghirardelli, R. A. Palmer, and B. Rubin. “Crown-ether complexes. V. Lithium nitrate complex with a chiral dimethyl derivative of benzo-14-crown-4, LiNO3.C16H24O4.” Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 40, no. 3 (March 15, 1984): 396–98. https://doi.org/10.1107/s0108270184004273.
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    • Holt, E. M., G. D. Malpass Jnr, R. G. Ghirardelli, R. A. Palmer, and B. Rubin. “Crown-ether complexes. IV. Lithium nitrate complex with benzo-14-crown-4, LiNO3.C14H20O4.” Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 40, no. 3 (March 15, 1984): 394–96. https://doi.org/10.1107/s0108270184004261.
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    • Canit, J. C., A. F. Kirby, R. A. Palmer, J. D. Korp, and I. Bernal. “Optical and crystallographic evidence for the choice of space group, nature of the crystal phase change and high birefringence in Ln(Apy)6I3.” Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research 13, no. 6 (December 1, 1983): 407–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01194754.
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    • Childers, J. W., A. L. Crumbliss, P. S. Lugg, R. A. Palmer, N. Morosoff, and D. L. Patel. “SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF REDOX-ACTIVE PRUSSIAN BLUE ON METALLATED PLASMA POLYMER SURFACE MODIFIED CARBON ELECTRODES USING PHOTOTHERMAL DETECTION.” Journal De Physique (Paris), Colloque 44, no. 10 (January 1, 1983). https://doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1983645.
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    • Mack, M. P., R. R. Hendrixson, R. A. Palmer, and R. G. Ghirardelli. “Circular Dichroism Studies on Three Isomeric Dimethylbenzo-15-crown-5 Ethers and Some of Their Complexes.” Journal of Organic Chemistry 48, no. 12 (January 1, 1983): 2029–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00160a018.
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    • Röhl, R., W. A. McClenny, and R. A. Palmer. “Photoacoustic determination of optical properties of aerosol particles collected on filters: development of a method taking into account substrate reflectivity.” Applied Optics 21, no. 3 (February 1982): 375–81. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.21.000375.
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    • Röhl, R., J. W. Childers, and R. A. Palmer. “Diffuse Reflectance Attachment for a Photoacoustic Spectrometer.” Analytical Chemistry 54, no. 7 (January 1, 1982): 1234–36. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00244a059.
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    • Kirby, A. F., and R. A. Palmer. “Electronic structure of solid state tris(1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionato)aquoeuropium(III).” Chemical Physics Letters 80, no. 1 (May 15, 1981): 142–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(81)80076-0.
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    • Holt, E. M., N. W. Alcock, R. R. Hendrixson, G. D. Malpass, R. G. Ghirardelli, and R. A. Palmer. “Transition-metal–crown-ether complexes. III. Seven-coordinate Co^II in dinitratocobalt(II)–12-crown-4 and diaquacobalt(II) dinitrate–15-crown-5.” Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry 37, no. 5 (May 1, 1981): 1080–85. https://doi.org/10.1107/s0567740881005104.
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    • Bernal, I., and R. A. Palmer. “Absolute Configurations and Axial Rotational Strengths of M(en)3(NO3)2 Single Crystals.” Inorganic Chemistry 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1981): 295. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50215a066.
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    • Fuller Kirby, A., and R. Alan Palmer. “Hypersensitive Transition Probability in Tris(l,3-diphenyl-l,3-propanedionato)aquolanthanides(III).” Inorganic Chemistry 20, no. 12 (January 1, 1981): 4219–22. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50226a038.
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    • Kirby, A. F., and R. A. Palmer. “Single-Crystal Electronic Absorption of Tris(1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionato)aquoneodymium(III): Oscillator Strength of the ⁴I9/2→⁴G5/2 Hypersensitive Transition.” Inorganic Chemistry 20, no. 4 (January 1, 1981): 1030–33. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50218a016.
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    • Korp, J. D., I. Bernal, R. A. Palmer, and J. C. Robinson. “On the absolute configuration of the tris(ethylenediamine)nickel(II) cation. I. The structure and absolute configuration of (−)-[Ni(en)₃](NO₃)₂.” Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry 36, no. 3 (March 1, 1980): 560–64. https://doi.org/10.1107/s0567740880003822.
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    • Malpass, G. D., R. A. Palmer, and R. G. Ghirardelli. “Ion pairing in metal nitrate complexes of optically active crown ethers detected by circular dichroism.” Tetrahedron Letters 21, no. 16 (January 1, 1980): 1489–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)92754-0.
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    • Palmer, Richard A., and David R. Whitcomb. “1H and 31p NMR Spectral Analysis of the cis-trans Equilibria of [NiX2(Cy2PH)2] Complexes: [AMY2]2 Spin Systems.” Journal of Magnetic Resonance 39 (1980): 371.
    • Pitt, C. G., G. Gupta, W. E. Estes, H. Rosenkrantz, J. J. Metterville, A. L. Crumbliss, R. A. Palmer, et al. “The selection and evaluation of new chelating agents for the treatment of iron overload.” The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 208, no. 1 (January 1979): 12–18.
    • Roark, J. C., R. A. Palmer, and J. S. Hutchison. “Quantitative Absorption spectra via photoacoustic phase angle spectroscopy (ΦAS).” Chemical Physics Letters 60, no. 1 (December 15, 1978): 112–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(78)85723-6.
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    • Palmer, R. A., H. F. Giles, and D. R. Whitcomb. “Structure and properties of cis-bis(dicyclohexylphosphine)dihalogeno-nickel(II) complexes.” Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 12 (December 1, 1978): 1671–77. https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9780001671.
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    • Palmer, R. A., and H. F. Giles. “Crystal structure and absolute configuration of cobalt-doped α-hexaaquazinc(II) selenate.” Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 8 (December 1, 1978): 977–80. https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9780000977.
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    • Hendrixson, R. R., M. P. Mack, R. A. Palmer, A. Ottolenghi, and R. G. Ghirardelli. “Oral toxicity of the cyclic polyethers--12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, and 18-crown-6--in mice.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 44, no. 2 (May 1978): 263–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008x(78)90188-6.
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    • Palmer, Richard Alan, and Mark Chin-Lan Yang. “Natural Solid State Optical Activity of Tris(ethylenediamine)metal(II) Nitrates. 4. Optical Activity of Zn(en)3(NO3)2.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100 (1978): 3780.
    • Yang, M. C., and R. A. Palmer. “The Natural Optical Activity of Tris(Ethylenediamine)Metal(II) Nitrates V. The Single Crystal Circular Dichroism Spectrum of Ni(en)3 (NO3 )2.” Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 25, no. 4 (January 1, 1978): 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.197800032.
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    • Lerman, S., B. S. Yamanashi, R. A. Palmer, J. C. Roark, and R. Borkman. “Photoacoustic, Fluorescence and Light Transmission Spectra of Normal, Aging and Cataractous Lenses.” Ophthalmic Research 10, no. 3 (1978): 168–76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000264951.
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    • Palmer, Richard Alan, Mark Chin-Lan Yang, and Judith C. Hempel. “Electronic Structure of the Tris(ethylenediamine)manganese(II)Ion. Circular and Linear Dichroism and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of Mn(en)3(NO3)2.” Inorg. Chem. 17 (1978): 1200.
    • Dessent, T. A., and R. A. Palmer. “Microspecular reflectance apparatus for use with Cary 14 or 17 series spectrophotometers.” Review of Scientific Instruments 47, no. 9 (December 1, 1976): 1193–95. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1134799.
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    • Mack, M. P., R. R. Hendrixson, R. A. Palmer, and R. G. Ghirardelli. “Use of Circular Dichroism Measurements to Determine the Formation Constant of the Complex between an Optically Active Benzo-15 -crown-5 and Sodium Ion.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 98, no. 24 (November 1, 1976): 7830–32. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00440a068.
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    • Evans, R. S., A. F. Schreiner, M. C. L. Yang, and R. A. Palmer. “Single Crystal Magnetic CD Spectrum and Phase Transition of a Trigonal Colbalt(II) Complex.” Inorg. Chem. 15 (1976): 3164.
    • Hempel, Judith C., Ruchard Alan Palmer, and Mark Chin-Lin Yang. “The Electronic Structure of Tris(octamethylpryophosphoramide)manganese(II) Ion. Electronic Absorption, Emission, and Excitation Spectra of Mn(OMPA)3(CIO4)2.” J. Chem. Phys. 64 (1976): 4314.
    • Palmer, Richard A., and Mark Chin-Lan Yang. “Single Crystal Circular and Linear Dichroism and Absolute Configuration of M(en)3(NO3)2 (M = Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II) and Ru(II).” Chem. Phys. Lett. 31 (1975): 492.
    • Yang, Mark Chin-Lan, and Richard Alan Palmer. “Natural Solid State Optical Activity of Tris(ethylenediamine)metal(II) Nitrates. II. Single Crystal Circular and Linear Dichroism of Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(II) Nitrate.” J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 97 (1975): 5390.
    • Gailey, K. D., H. F. Giles Jr, and R. A. Palmer. “Optical Activity of Hexxaquo Metal(II) Ions in Chiral Crystals. III. The Crystal Structure and Absolute Configuration of Laevorotatory Cobalt-Doped α-Zn(H2O)6SeO4.” Chem. Phys. Lett. 19 (1973): 561.
    • Lebedda, J. D., and R. A. Palmer. “The Vibronic Spectrum of Bis(diethyl-dithiophos-phato)nickel(II). II. Temperature Dependence and FineStructure Analysis.” Inorg. Chem. 12 (1973): 108.
    • Lebedda, J. D., and R. A. Palmer. “The Polarized Crystal Spectrum of Tris-(0,0'-diethyldithiophosphato)iron(III).” Spectrochem. Acta. 29A (1973): 1371.
    • Spencer, L. J., R. T. Barber, and R. A. Palmer. “Detention of Ferric-Specific Organic Chelators in Marine Phytoplankton Cultures.” Mar. Sci. Tech., 1972, 3033.
    • Gailey, K. D., and R. A. Palmer. “Natural Circular Dichroism of Co(H2O)62+ in a Chiral Lattice.” Chem. Phys. Lett. 1337 (1972): 176.
    • Lebedda, J. D., and R. A. Palmer. “The Vibronic Spectrum of Bis(Diethyl-dithiophos-phato)nickel(II). I. Band Assignments and Temperature Dependence.” Inorg. Chem. 11 (1972): 484.
    • Lebedda, J. D., and R. A. Palmer. “Polarized Crystal Spectra of Tris(di-ethyldithiophos-phato)vanadium(III),-chrominum(III), and -colbalt(III).” Inorg. Chem. 10 (1971): 2704.
    • Meredith, P. L., and R. A. Palmer. “Polarized Crystal Spectra of Bis(DL-histidinato)nickel(II) monohydrate and Bis(L-histidinato)nickel(II) monohydrate.” Inorg. Chem. 10 (1971): 1049.
    • Meredith, P. L., and R. A. Palmer. “Circular Dichroism and Polarized Crystal Spectra of Colbalt(II)L-Histidinate Complexes.” Inorg. Chem. 10 (1971): 1546.
    • Palmer, R. A., C. G. Roy, and R. C. Roy. “One-electron Energy Levels in Cu(H2O)4TiF6NH4F.” J. Chem. Soc. (London)(A) 3084 (1971).
    • Palmer, R. A., and C. R. Taylor. “Polarized Crystal Spectra of Tris(octa-methylpyrophos-phoramide)colbalt(II), -nickel(II), and -copper(II) perchlorate.” Inorg. Chem. 10 (1971): 2546.
    • Coggon, P., J. D. Lebedda, A. T. McPhail, and R. A. Palmer. “The Crystal Structure of Tris-(diethyldithiophosphato)indium(III).” Chem. Comm. 78 (1970).
    • Meredith, P. L., and R. A. Palmer. “Vibronic Structure in the Circular Dichroism of a-Ni(H2O6SO4.” Chem. Comm., 1969, 1337.
    • Dingle, R., and R. A. Palmer. “On the Source of Intesity in the Spectrum of Trisethyl-endiamine Nickel(II).” Theoret. Chem. Acta. 6 (1966): 249.
    • Palmer, R. A., and T. S. Piper. “2,2'-Bipyridine Complexes I. Polarized Crystal Spectra of Tris(2,2'-Bipyridine) Copper(II), Nickel(II), Colbalt(II), Iron(II) and Ruthenium(II).” Inorg. Chem. 5 (1966): 864.
    • Johnson, K. E., R. A. Palmer, and T. S. Piper. “Coordination of Cr(III) and Cu(II) Ions in Molten Sulfates.” Spectrochem. Acta. 21 (1965): 1697.
    • Palmer, R. A., R. C. Fay, and T. S. Piper. “Stereochemistry of Metal &#223-diketonates. Complexes with Two Different Ligands.” Inorg. Chem. 3 (1964): 875.

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