Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Fellow in Pulmonary Medicine, Medicine, Duke University 2004 - 2007
  • Medical Resident, Medicine, Stanford University 2001 - 2004
  • M.D., Boston University 2001
  • Ph.D., University of California - Santa Cruz 1997
• 

  Duke Appointment History

  • Associate Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine 2017 - 2019
  • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine 2009 - 2017
  • Medical Instructor in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine 2007 - 2009
  • Instructor, Temporary in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine 2007
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • Oxidative Stress and Regional Airway Remodeling and Fibrosis in Obese Asthma awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2024
  • IPA for Melissa Wagner awarded by Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center 2020 - 2022
  • PSA for Jessica Shier awarded by Institute for Medical Research, Inc. 2019 - 2021
  • Interdisciplinary Training Program in Lung Disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2021
  • IMR PSA: Wendy Curry awarded by Institute for Medical Research, Inc. 2020 - 2021
  • PSA for Mona Malik awarded by Institute for Medical Research, Inc. 2018
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Mosher, Christopher L., Joshua B. Smith, William C. McManigle, Coral X. Giovacchini, and Scott L. Shofer. “Electronic Cigarettes: A Role in Smoking Cessation?” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 202, no. 4 (August 15, 2020): 595–97. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201908-1584RR.
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    • Thompson, John A., Bryan J. Schneider, Julie Brahmer, Stephanie Andrews, Philippe Armand, Shailender Bhatia, Lihua E. Budde, et al. “NCCN Guidelines Insights: Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicities, Version 1.2020.” J Natl Compr Canc Netw 18, no. 3 (March 2020): 230–41. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2020.0012.
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    • Mammarappallil, Joseph G., Scott Shofer, Martha S. Carraway, Jesse Tucker, Samantha Womack, Maureen Ainslie, and H Cecil Charles. “Utilization of 19F MRI for Identification of Iraq-Afghanistan War Lung Injury.” Mil Med 185, no. Suppl 1 (January 7, 2020): 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz284.
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    • Giovacchini, Coral X., Edward R. Kessler, Christopher M. Merrick, Junheng Gao, Xiaofei Wang, Momen M. Wahidi, Scott L. Shofer, George Z. Cheng, and Kamran Mahmood. “Clinical and radiographic predictors of successful therapeutic bronchoscopy for the relief of malignant central airway obstruction.” Bmc Pulm Med 19, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-019-0987-3.
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    • Slebos, Dirk-Jan, Joseph Cicenia, Frank C. Sciurba, Gerard J. Criner, Jorine E. Hartman, Justin Garner, Gaëtan Deslée, et al. “Predictors of Response to Endobronchial Coil Therapy in Patients With Advanced Emphysema.” Chest 155, no. 5 (May 2019): 928–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.02.012.
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    • Davidson, Kevin R., Mary Elmasri, Momen M. Wahidi, Scott L. Shofer, George Z. Cheng, and Kamran Mahmood. “Management of Lung Transplant Bronchial Stenosis With Mitomycin C.” J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 26, no. 2 (April 2019): 124–28. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0000000000000540.
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    • DeMaio, Andrew, Jeffrey M. Clarke, Rajesh Dash, Siby Sebastian, Momen M. Wahidi, Scott L. Shofer, George Z. Cheng, Xuechan Li, Xiaofei Wang, and Kamran Mahmood. “Yield of Malignant Pleural Effusion for Detection of Oncogenic Driver Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinoma.” J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 26, no. 2 (April 2019): 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0000000000000534.
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    • Thompson, John A., Bryan J. Schneider, Julie Brahmer, Stephanie Andrews, Philippe Armand, Shailender Bhatia, Lihua E. Budde, et al. “Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicities, Version 1.2019.” J Natl Compr Canc Netw 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 255–89. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2019.0013.
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    • Hong, Julian C., Matthew J. Boyer, Daphna Y. Spiegel, Christina D. Williams, Betty C. Tong, Scott L. Shofer, Michael J. Moravan, Michael J. Kelley, and Joseph K. Salama. “Increasing PET Use in Small Cell Lung Cancer: Survival Improvement and Stage Migration in the VA Central Cancer Registry.” J Natl Compr Canc Netw 17, no. 2 (February 2019): 127–39. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2018.7090.
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    • Argento, A Christine, Daniel L. Gilstrap, Scott Shofer, Kamran Mahmood, Kimberly Blackwell, and Momen M. Wahidi. “Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Thoracic Metastases and Detection of Receptor Discordance.” J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 25, no. 3 (July 2018): 176–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0000000000000476.
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    • Bedoya, Armando, Kristen Glisinski, Jeffrey Clarke, Richard N. Lind, Charles Edward Buckley, and Scott Shofer. “Systemic Bevacizumab for Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Single Center Experience of Two Cases.” Am J Case Rep 18 (July 31, 2017): 842–46. https://doi.org/10.12659/ajcr.904416.
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    • Mahmood, K., L. Ebner, M. He, S. H. Robertson, Z. Wang, H. P. McAdams, M. M. Wahidi, S. L. Shofer, Y. T. Huang, and B. Driehuys. “Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Bronchial Stenosis in Lung Transplant Recipients.” Am J Transplant 17, no. 7 (July 2017): 1895–1904. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14287.
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    • Wahidi, Momen M., Chakravarthy Reddy, Lonny Yarmus, David Feller-Kopman, Ali Musani, R Wesley Shepherd, Hans Lee, et al. “Randomized Trial of Pleural Fluid Drainage Frequency in Patients with Malignant Pleural Effusions. The ASAP Trial.” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195, no. 8 (April 15, 2017): 1050–57. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201607-1404OC.
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    • Frush, Benjamin W., Zhuowei Li, Jane V. Stiles, Sarah F. Cotter, Scott L. Shofer, W Michael Foster, John W. Hollingsworth, and Robert M. Tighe. “Ozone primes alveolar macrophage-derived innate immunity in healthy human subjects.” J Allergy Clin Immunol 138, no. 4 (October 2016): 1213-1215.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.052.
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    • Mahmood, Kamran, Bryan D. Kraft, Kristen Glisinski, Matthew G. Hartwig, Nicole P. Harlan, Claude A. Piantadosi, and Scott L. Shofer. “Safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for management of central airway stenosis after lung transplant.” Clin Transplant 30, no. 9 (September 2016): 1134–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12798.
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    • Sciurba, Frank C., Gerard J. Criner, Charlie Strange, Pallav L. Shah, Gaetane Michaud, Timothy A. Connolly, Gaëtan Deslée, et al. “Effect of Endobronchial Coils vs Usual Care on Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Severe Emphysema: The RENEW Randomized Clinical Trial.” Jama 315, no. 20 (May 24, 2016): 2178–89. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.6261.
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    • Mahmood, Kamran, Momen M. Wahidi, Kathryn E. Osann, Kathleen Coles, Scott L. Shofer, Ellen E. Volker, and Mohsen Davoudi. “Development of a Tool to Assess Basic Competency in the Performance of Rigid Bronchoscopy.” Ann Am Thorac Soc 13, no. 4 (April 2016): 502–11. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201509-593OC.
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    • Kraft, Bryan D., Hagir B. Suliman, Eli C. Colman, Kamran Mahmood, Matthew G. Hartwig, Claude A. Piantadosi, and Scott L. Shofer. “Hypoxic Gene Expression of Donor Bronchi Linked to Airway Complications after Lung Transplantation.” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 193, no. 5 (March 1, 2016): 552–60. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201508-1634OC.
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    • Argento, A Christine, Cameron R. Wolfe, Momen M. Wahidi, Scott L. Shofer, and Kamran Mahmood. “Bronchomediastinal fistula caused by endobronchial aspergilloma.” Ann Am Thorac Soc 12, no. 1 (January 2015): 91–95. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201406-247BC.
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    • Mahmood, Kamran, Momen M. Wahidi, Samantha Thomas, Angela Christine Argento, Neil A. Ninan, Emily C. Smathers, and Scott L. Shofer. “Therapeutic bronchoscopy improves spirometry, quality of life, and survival in central airway obstruction.” Respiration 89, no. 5 (2015): 404–13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381103.
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    • Stevenson, Marvaretta, Jared Christensen, Debra Shoemaker, Traci Foster, William T. Barry, Betty C. Tong, Momen Wahidi, et al. “Tumor acquisition for biomarker research in lung cancer.” Cancer Invest 32, no. 6 (July 2014): 291–98. https://doi.org/10.3109/07357907.2014.911880.
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    • Pathak, Vikas, Ian Welsby, Kamran Mahmood, Momen Wahidi, Neil MacIntyre, and Scott Shofer. “Ventilation and anesthetic approaches for rigid bronchoscopy.” Ann Am Thorac Soc 11, no. 4 (May 2014): 628–34. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201309-302FR.
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    • Wahidi, Momen M., Cidney Hulett, Nicholas Pastis, R Wesley Shepherd, Scott L. Shofer, Kamran Mahmood, Hans Lee, Rajiv Malhotra, Barry Moser, and Gerard A. Silvestri. “Learning experience of linear endobronchial ultrasound among pulmonary trainees.” Chest 145, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 574–78. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0701.
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    • Mahmood, Kamran, Scott L. Shofer, Barry K. Moser, A Christine Argento, Emily C. Smathers, and Momen M. Wahidi. “Hemorrhagic complications of thoracentesis and small-bore chest tube placement in patients taking clopidogrel.” Ann Am Thorac Soc 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201303-050OC.
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    • Shofer, Scott, Matthew Beyea, Sufeng Li, Lori A. Bastian, Momen M. Wahidi, Michael Kelley, and Isaac M. Lipkus. “Feasibility of using an epigenetic marker of risk for lung cancer, methylation of p16, to promote smoking cessation among US veterans.” Bmj Open Respir Res 1, no. 1 (2014): e000032. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2014-000032.
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    • Castleberry, Anthony W., Mathias Worni, Maragatha Kuchibhatla, Shu S. Lin, Laurie D. Snyder, Scott L. Shofer, Scott M. Palmer, Ricardo Pietrobon, R Duane Davis, and Matthew G. Hartwig. “A comparative analysis of bronchial stricture after lung transplantation in recipients with and without early acute rejection.” Ann Thorac Surg 96, no. 3 (September 2013): 1008–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.01.104.
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    • Shofer, Scott L., Frank Dunphy, Kamran Mahmood, Momen M. Wahidi, and David Yoo. “Endobronchial fiducial to guide stereotactic body radiotherapy.” J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 20, no. 3 (July 2013): 274–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/LBR.0b013e31829dd690.
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    • Mahmood, Kamran, Sahar Koubar, Scott L. Shofer, Neil A. Ninan, and Momen M. Wahidi. “Alendronate tracheobronchitis.” Ann Am Thorac Soc 10, no. 1 (February 2013): 64–66. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201212-124OT.
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    • Shofer, S. L., M. M. Wahidi, W. A. Davis, S. M. Palmer, M. G. Hartwig, Y. Lu, and L. D. Snyder. “Significance of and risk factors for the development of central airway stenosis after lung transplantation.” Am J Transplant 13, no. 2 (February 2013): 383–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12017.
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    • Heyman, Benjamin M., Matthew M. Chung, Amy L. Lark, and Scott Shofer. “Endobronchial metastasis from primary anorectal melanoma.” Am J Case Rep 14 (2013): 253–57. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.889291.
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    • Piantadosi, Claude A., Raquel R. Bartz, Martha S. Carraway, Andrew J. Ghio, Timothy J. McMahon, David M. Murdoch, Victor L. Roggli, et al. “The opprobrium of Big Tobacco.” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185, no. 9 (May 1, 2012): 1030. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.185.9.1030.
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    • Wahidi, M. M., N. Sandhu Sindhwani, S. L. Shofer, and A. I. Musani. “Flexible Bronchoscopy Training,” January 5, 2012, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444346428.ch6.
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    • Wahidi, Momen M., Mark A. Unroe, Natasha Adlakha, Mathew Beyea, and Scott L. Shofer. “The use of electrocautery as the primary ablation modality for malignant and benign airway obstruction.” J Thorac Oncol 6, no. 9 (September 2011): 1516–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182242142.
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    • Unroe, Mark A., Scott L. Shofer, and Momen M. Wahidi. “Training for endobronchial ultrasound: methods for proper training in new bronchoscopic techniques.” Curr Opin Pulm Med 16, no. 4 (July 2010): 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e32833a047a.
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    • Wahidi, Momen M., Scott L. Shofer, Thomas A. Sporn, and Armin Ernst. “Comparison of transbronchial lung biopsy yield between standard forceps and electrocautery hot forceps in swine.” Respiration 79, no. 2 (2010): 137–40. https://doi.org/10.1159/000235818.
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    • Meyer, Jeffrey, Momen Wahidi, Scott Shofer, John Evans, Jeffrey Crawford, and Chris R. Kelsey. “Formation of a bronchoesophageal fistula following concurrent radiation and chemotherapy for lung cancer in the setting of Behçet's disease.” J Thorac Oncol 3, no. 11 (November 2008): 1361–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e31818b1af2.
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    • Shofer, Scott, Cristian Badea, Yi Qi, Erin Potts, W Michael Foster, and G Allan Johnson. “A micro-CT analysis of murine lung recruitment in bleomycin-induced lung injury.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 105, no. 2 (August 2008): 669–77. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00980.2007.
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    • Hollingsworth, J. W., S. Shofer, and A. Zaas. “Successful treatment of Ochroconis gallopavum infection in an immunocompetent host.” Infection 35, no. 5 (October 2007): 367–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-007-6054-7.
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    • Chen, Tze-Ming, Janaki Gokhale, Scott Shofer, and Ware G. Kuschner. “Outdoor air pollution: particulate matter health effects.” Am J Med Sci 333, no. 4 (April 2007): 235–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b8dcc.
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    • Chen, Tze-Ming, Janaki Gokhale, Scott Shofer, and Ware G. Kuschner. “Outdoor air pollution: ozone health effects.” Am J Med Sci 333, no. 4 (April 2007): 244–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b8e8c.
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    • Chen, Tze-Ming, Janaki Gokhale, Scott Shofer, and Ware G. Kuschner. “Outdoor air pollution: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health effects.” Am J Med Sci 333, no. 4 (April 2007): 249–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b900f.
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    • Chen, Tze-Ming, Scott Shofer, Janaki Gokhale, and Ware G. Kuschner. “Outdoor air pollution: overview and historical perspective.” Am J Med Sci 333, no. 4 (April 2007): 230–34. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b8c91.
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    • Shofer, Scott, Cristian Badea, Scott Auerbach, David A. Schwartz, and G Allan Johnson. “A micro-computed tomography-based method for the measurement of pulmonary compliance in healthy and bleomycin-exposed mice.” Exp Lung Res 33, no. 3–4 (April 2007): 169–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/01902140701364458.
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    • Shofer, Scott, Tze-Ming Chen, Janaki Gokhale, and Ware G. Kuschner. “Outdoor air pollution: counseling and exposure risk reduction.” Am J Med Sci 333, no. 4 (April 2007): 257–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b913c.
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    • Shofer, Scott, Brian M. Haus, and Ware G. Kuschner. “Quality of occupational history assessments in working age adults with newly diagnosed asthma.” Chest 130, no. 2 (August 2006): 455–62. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.2.455.
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    • Haus, Brian M., Paul Stark, Scott L. Shofer, and Ware G. Kuschner. “Massive pulmonary pseudotumor.” Chest 124, no. 2 (August 2003): 758–60. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.2.758.
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    • Shofer, Scott L., and Ronald S. Tjeerdema. “Sublethal effects of pentachlorophenol in abalone (Haliotis rufescens) veliger larvae as measured by (31)P-NMR.” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 51, no. 3 (March 2002): 155–60. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.2002.2141.
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    • Stucchi, A. F., S. Shofer, S. Leeman, O. Materne, E. Beer, J. McClung, K. Shebani, F. Moore, M. O’Brien, and J. M. Becker. “NK-1 antagonist reduces colonic inflammation and oxidative stress in dextran sulfate-induced colitis in rats.” Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279, no. 6 (December 2000): G1298–1306. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.6.G1298.
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    • Shofer, S. L., and R. S. Tjeerdema. “Effects of hypoxia and toxicant exposure on adenylate energy charge and cytosolic ADP concentrations in abalone.” Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 119, no. 1 (January 1998): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-8413(97)00181-3.
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    • Shofer, S. L., J. A. Willis, and R. S. Tjeerdema. “Effects of hypoxia and toxicant exposure on arginine kinase function as measured by ³¹P-NMR magnetization transfer in living abalone.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology  C Pharmacology Toxicology and Endocrinology 117, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 283–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-8413(97)00007-8.
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    • Shofer, S. L., J. A. Willis, and R. S. Tjeerdema. “Effects of hypoxia and toxicant exposure on phosphoarginine, intracellular pH, and free Mg²⁺ in abalone as measured by ³¹P-NMR.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology  a Physiology 118, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 1183–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9629(97)00061-3.
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    • Shofer, S. L., J. A. Willis, and R. S. Tjeerdema. “Sublethal effects of pentachlorophenol and hypoxia on rates of arginine kinase flux in red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) as measured by ³¹P magnetization saturation transfer NMR.” Marine Environmental Research 42, no. 1–4 (January 1, 1996): 363–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(96)00076-1.
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    • Williamson, K. C., S. L. Shofer, and R. S. Tjeerdema. “Toxicokinetics and biotransformation of p-nitrophenol in the black turban snail (Tegula funebralis).” Aquatic Toxicology 33, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 113–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-445X(95)00017-X.
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    • Shofer, S. L., and R. S. Tjeerdema. “Comparative disposition and biotransformation of pentachlorophenol in the oyster (crassostrea gigas) and abalone (haliotis fulgens).” Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 46, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1993.1040.
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  • Book Sections

    • Shofer, S., and M. M. Wahidi. “Transbronchial lung biopsy.” In Introduction to Bronchoscopy: Second Edition, 118–28, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316084182.010.
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    • Shofer, S., and M. M. Wahidi. “Transbronchial lung biopsy.” In Introduction to Bronchoscopy, 98–106, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575334.011.
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  • Conference Papers

    • Davidson, K. R., G. Z. Cheng, K. Mahmood, S. L. Shofer, C. X. Giovacchini, R. Jug, C. Jones, E. Pavlisko, A. C. Chen, and M. M. Wahidi. “Prospective Pilot Study of Endobronchial Ultrasound Transbronchial Needle Aspiration with 19-Gauge Needle to Detect PD-L1 in Lung Cancer.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 199. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2019.
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    • Dorry, M., S. L. Shofer, Z. Healy, F. Jaamour, and M. M. Wahidi. “Post Cardiac Surgery Pleural Effusions and Thoracentesis.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 199. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2019.
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    • Glisinski, K., C. X. Giovacchini, S. L. Shofer, K. Mahmood, M. M. Wahidi, and G. Z. Cheng. “Multimodality Treatment for Advanced Endobronchial Tumors- A Single-Center's Experience Using Photodynamic Therapy with Curative Intent.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 199. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2019.
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    • Tucker, J. L., A. Chen, M. L. Neely, and S. L. Shofer. “Emergency Tracheal Intubation Outside the Operating Room: The Effect of a Training Program for Non-Anesthesiologist Airway Managers on Procedural Success.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 199. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2019.
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    • Cheng, G. Z., E. Kessler, C. X. Giovacchini, K. Mahmood, S. L. Shofer, and M. M. Wahidi. “Navigational Bronchoscopy with Airo CT Confirmation - Biopsy of a Cystic Lesion.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 197. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2018.
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    • Mahmood, K., M. Elmasri, M. M. Wahidi, L. Snyder, and S. L. Shofer. “Role Of Mitomycin C Application In Lung Transplantation Related Airway Stenosis.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 193. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2016.
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    • Ali, H. A., L. D. Snyder, K. Mahmood, M. M. Wahidi, A. C. Argento, N. A. Larrier, and S. L. Shofer. “High Dose Brachytherapy For Bronchial Stenosis In Lung Transplant Recipients.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 191. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2015.
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    • Lehr, C. J., L. D. Snyder, and S. L. Shofer. “Pleural Effusions Underlying Rejection After Lung Transplantation.” In American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 191. AMER THORACIC SOC, 2015.
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