Stephen Lowe Young | Scholars@Duke

Stephen Lowe Young
Professor Emeritus of Medicine

Although I no longer am actively involved in research, my prior work experience is given below:

My laboratory work focussed upon the cell biology of the lung epithelium: during development, including the processes of branching morphogenesis and second, during the maintenence of lung surface forces through the epithelial secretion known as surfactant.

We emphasized a morphologic approach utilizing the full range of ultrastructural techniques, supplemented with molecular biologic techniques that allow structure function correlations.

I have been involved in clinical trials examining vaccination against influenza and examining the value of inhaled steroids, both experiments in patients with COPD.

I am recognized mainly for work in surfactant and lung development.

Lung surfactant; alveolar type II cell; branching morphogenesis; lung development

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine 2016

Contact Information

2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710
A5013 VAMC, Durham, NC 27710
stephen.young@duke.edu

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- M.D., University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine 1968
Previous Appointments & Affiliations
- Professor of Medicine, Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Medicine 1992 - 2016
- Associate Professor of Medicine with tenure in the Department of Medicine, Medicine, Clinical Science Departments 1985 - 1992
Research
Selected Grants
- Long-term Oxygen Treatment Trial (LOTT) - Regional Clinical Centers (RCCs) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2012
- Leukocyte Chemokine Blockade to Preserve LungDevelopment awarded by National Institutes of Health 2002 - 2006
- Regulation of ryanodine receptor by nitrogen oxides awarded by National Institutes of Health 1999 - 2004
- same awarded by National Institutes of Health 1994 - 2002
- Fetal Lung Biochemistry And Microanatomy awarded by National Institutes of Health 1984 - 2001
- Fetal Lung Biochemistry & Microanatomy awarded by National Institutes of Health 1984 - 1996
- Fetal Lung Biochemistry And 3-Dimensional Microanatomy awarded by National Institutes of Health 1991 - 1992
- Fetal Lung Biochemistry And 3d Microanatomy awarded by National Institutes of Health 1989 - 1992
- Fetal Lung Biochemistry & 3d Microanatomy awarded by National Institutes of Health 1988 - 1992
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Piantadosi, Claude A., Raquel R. Bartz, Martha S. Carraway, Andrew J. Ghio, Timothy J. McMahon, David M. Murdoch, Victor L. Roggli, et al. “The opprobrium of Big Tobacco.” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185, no. 9 (May 1, 2012): 1030. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.185.9.1030.
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  - Gorse, Geoffrey J., Theresa Z. O’connor, Stephen L. Young, Michael P. Habib, Janet Wittes, Kathleen M. Neuzil, and Kristin L. Nichol. “Impact of a winter respiratory virus season on patients with COPD and association with influenza vaccination.” Chest 130, no. 4 (October 2006): 1109–16. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.4.1109.
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  - Roggli, Victor L., Claude A. Piantadosi, Neil R. MacIntyre, Stephen L. Young, Peter S. Kussin, Mark P. Steele, Martha Sue Carraway, et al. “Physician subsidies for tobacco advertising.” Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173, no. 2 (January 15, 2006): 246. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.173.2.246.
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  - Gorse, Geoffrey J., Theresa Z. O’Connor, Stephen L. Young, Paul M. Mendelman, Suzanne F. Bradley, Kristin L. Nichol, James H. Strickland, et al. “Efficacy trial of live, cold-adapted and inactivated influenza virus vaccines in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a VA cooperative study.” Vaccine 21, no. 17–18 (May 16, 2003): 2133–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00748-x.
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  - Young, Stephen L., Katherine Evans, and Jerry P. Eu. “Nitric oxide modulates branching morphogenesis in fetal rat lung explants.” Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282, no. 3 (March 2002): L379–85. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00462.2000.
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  - Savov, J., J. R. Wright, and S. L. Young. “Incorporation of biotinylated SP-A into rat lung surfactant layer, type II cells, and clara cells.” Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279, no. 1 (July 2000): L118–26. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.1.L118.
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  - Zhao, Y., S. L. Young, J. C. McIntosh, M. P. Steele, and R. Silbajoris. “Ontogeny and localization of TGF-beta type I receptor expression during lung development.” Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 278, no. 6 (June 2000): L1231–39. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.6.L1231.
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  - Sachs, S., A. J. Ghio, and S. L. Young. “Tyloxapol confers durable protection against hyperoxic lung injury in the rat.” Exp Lung Res 25, no. 6 (September 1999): 543–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/019021499270123.
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  - Savov, J., R. Silbajoris, and S. L. Young. “Mechanical ventilation of rat lung: effect on surfactant forms.” Am J Physiol 277, no. 2 (August 1999): L320–26. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.2.L320.
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  - Hills, B. A. “Role of surfactant and hyperoxia.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 85, no. 2 (August 1998): 770–71. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.770.
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  - Zhao, Y., S. L. Young, and J. C. McIntosh. “Induction of tenascin in rat lungs undergoing bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.” Am J Physiol 274, no. 6 (June 1998): L1049–57. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.6.L1049.
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  - Zhao, Y., B. J. Gilmore, and S. L. Young. “Expression of transforming growth factor-beta receptors during hyperoxia-induced lung injury and repair.” Am J Physiol 273, no. 2 Pt 1 (August 1997): L355–62. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1997.273.2.L355.
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  - Simonson, S. G., Y. C. Huang, P. J. Fracica, K. E. Welty-Wolf, R. E. Moon, S. L. Young, and C. A. Piantadosi. “Changes in the lung after prolonged positive pressure ventilation in normal baboons.” J Crit Care 12, no. 2 (June 1997): 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9441(97)90004-6.
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  - Zhao, Y., R. Silbajoris, and S. L. Young. “Identification and developmental expression of two activin receptors in baboon lung.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 229, no. 1 (December 4, 1996): 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1996.1756.
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  - Huang, Y. C., P. J. Fracica, S. G. Simonson, J. D. Crapo, S. L. Young, K. E. Welty-Wolf, R. E. Moon, and C. A. Piantadosi. “VA/Q abnormalities during gram negative sepsis.” Respir Physiol 105, no. 1–2 (August 1996): 109–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(96)00039-4.
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  - Zhao, Y., and S. L. Young. “Requirement of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor for TGF-beta-induced proliferation and growth inhibition.” J Biol Chem 271, no. 5 (February 2, 1996): 2369–72. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.5.2369.
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  - Pracyk, J. B., S. G. Simonson, S. L. Young, A. J. Ghio, V. L. Roggli, and C. A. Piantadosi. “Composition of lung lavage in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.” Respiration 63, no. 4 (1996): 254–60. https://doi.org/10.1159/000196556.
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  - Zhao, Y., and S. L. Young. “Tenascin in rat lung development: in situ localization and cellular sources.” Am J Physiol 269, no. 4 Pt 1 (October 1995): L482–91. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1995.269.4.L482.
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  - Zhao, Y., and S. L. Young. “Expression of transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor in rat lung is regulated during development.” Am J Physiol 269, no. 3 Pt 1 (September 1995): L419–26. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1995.269.3.L419.
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  - Huang, Y. C., A. C. Sane, S. G. Simonson, T. A. Fawcett, R. E. Moon, P. J. Fracica, M. G. Menache, C. A. Piantadosi, and S. L. Young. “Artificial surfactant attenuates hyperoxic lung injury in primates. I. Physiology and biochemistry.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 78, no. 5 (May 1995): 1816–22. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1816.
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  - Piantadosi, C. A., P. J. Fracica, F. G. Duhaylongsod, Y. C. Huang, K. E. Welty-Wolf, J. D. Crapo, and S. L. Young. “Artificial surfactant attenuates hyperoxic lung injury in primates. II. Morphometric analysis.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 78, no. 5 (May 1995): 1823–31. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1823.
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  - Canada, A. T., L. A. Herman, and S. L. Young. “An age-related difference in hyperoxia lethality: role of lung antioxidant defense mechanisms.” Am J Physiol 268, no. 4 Pt 1 (April 1995): L539–45. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.4.L539.
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  - Zhao, Y., and S. L. Young. “TGF-beta regulates expression of tenascin alternative-splicing isoforms in fetal rat lung.” Am J Physiol 268, no. 2 Pt 1 (February 1995): L173–80. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.2.L173.
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  - Young, S. L., and S. P. Caminiti. “Pulmonary surfactant - Basic biology and clinical use: Preface.” Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1995).
  - Ghio, A. J., P. J. Fracica, S. L. Young, and C. A. Piantadosi. “Synthetic surfactant scavenges oxidants and protects against hyperoxic lung injury.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 77, no. 3 (September 1994): 1217–23. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1217.
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  - Rooney, S. A., S. L. Young, and C. R. Mendelson. “Molecular and cellular processing of lung surfactant.” Faseb J 8, no. 12 (September 1994): 957–67. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.8.12.8088461.
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  - Sane, A. C., and S. L. Young. “The stimulation of cellular phospholipid uptake by surfactant apoproteins.” Biochim Biophys Acta 1213, no. 1 (June 23, 1994): 107–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(94)90228-3.
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  - Fracica, P. J., S. P. Caminiti, C. A. Piantadosi, F. G. Duhaylongsod, J. D. Crapo, and S. L. Young. “Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates. II. Morphometric analyses.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 76, no. 3 (March 1994): 1002–10. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1002.
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  - Huang, Y. C., S. P. Caminiti, T. A. Fawcett, R. E. Moon, P. J. Fracica, F. J. Miller, S. L. Young, and C. A. Piantadosi. “Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates. I. Physiology and biochemistry.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 76, no. 3 (March 1994): 991–1001. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.991.
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  - Young, S. L., L. Y. Chang, and H. P. Erickson. “Tenascin-C in rat lung: distribution, ontogeny and role in branching morphogenesis.” Dev Biol 161, no. 2 (February 1994): 615–25. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1994.1057.
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  - Young, S. L., E. K. Fram, E. Larson, and J. R. Wright. “Recycling of surfactant lipid and apoprotein-A studied by electron microscopic autoradiography.” Am J Physiol 265, no. 1 Pt 1 (July 1993): L19–26. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1993.265.1.L19.
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  - Young, S. L., E. K. Fram, and E. W. Larson. “Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubular myelin.” Exp Lung Res 18, no. 4 (1992): 497–504. https://doi.org/10.3109/01902149209064342.
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  - Randell, S. H., R. Silbajoris, and S. L. Young. “Ontogeny of rat lung type II cells correlated with surfactant lipid and surfactant apoprotein expression.” Am J Physiol 260, no. 6 Pt 1 (June 1991): L562–70. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.6.L562.
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  - Young, S. L., E. K. Fram, C. L. Spain, and E. W. Larson. “Development of type II pneumocytes in rat lung.” Am J Physiol 260, no. 2 Pt 1 (February 1991): L113–22. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.2.L113.
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  - Young, S. L., Y. S. Ho, and R. A. Silbajoris. “Surfactant apoprotein in adult rat lung compartments is increased by dexamethasone.” Am J Physiol 260, no. 2 Pt 1 (February 1991): L161–67. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1991.260.2.L161.
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  - Caminiti, S. P., and S. L. Young. “The pulmonary surfactant system.” Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 26, no. 1 (January 15, 1991): 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1991.11704128.
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  - Pinkerton, K. E., S. L. Young, E. K. Fram, and J. D. Crapo. “Alveolar type II cell responses to chronic inhalation of chrysotile asbestos in rats.” Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 3, no. 6 (December 1990): 543–52. https://doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb/3.6.543.
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  - Mercer, R. R., S. H. Randell, and S. L. Young. “Measurement of boundaries using a digitizer tablet.” J Microsc 160, no. Pt 1 (October 1990): 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb03051.x.
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  - Randell, S. H., R. R. Mercer, and S. L. Young. “Neonatal hyperoxia alters the pulmonary alveolar and capillary structure of 40-day-old rats.” Am J Pathol 136, no. 6 (June 1990): 1259–66.
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  - Randell, S. H., R. R. Mercer, and S. L. Young. “Postnatal growth of pulmonary acini and alveoli in normal and oxygen-exposed rats studied by serial section reconstructions.” Am J Anat 186, no. 1 (September 1989): 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001860105.
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  - Young, S. L., J. R. Wright, and J. A. Clements. “Cellular uptake and processing of surfactant lipids and apoprotein SP-A by rat lung.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 66, no. 3 (March 1989): 1336–42. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1336.
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  - Spain, C. L., R. Silbajoris, and S. L. Young. “Alterations of surfactant pools in fetal and newborn rat lungs.” Pediatr Res 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198701000-00002.
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  - Young, S. L., E. K. Fram, and S. H. Randell. “Quantitative three-dimensional reconstruction and carbohydrate cytochemistry of rat nonciliated bronchiolar (Clara) cells.” Am Rev Respir Dis 133, no. 5 (May 1986): 899–907.
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  - Young, S. L., and R. Silbajoris. “Dexamethasone increases adult rat lung surfactant lipids.” J Appl Physiol (1985) 60, no. 5 (May 1986): 1665–72. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.5.1665.
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  - Young, S. L., E. K. Fram, and B. L. Craig. “Three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analysis of rat lung type II cells: a computer-based study.” Am J Anat 174, no. 1 (September 1985): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001740102.
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  - Young, S. L., and R. A. Silbajoris. “Type II cell response to chronic beta adrenergic agonist and antagonist infusions.” J Pharmacol Exp Ther 233, no. 1 (April 1985): 271–76.
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  - Kliewer, M., E. K. Fram, A. R. Brody, and S. L. Young. “Secretion of surfactant by rat alveolar type II cells: morphometric analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction.” Exp Lung Res 9, no. 3–4 (1985): 351–61. https://doi.org/10.3109/01902148509057533.
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  - Whorton, A. R., J. B. Collawn, M. E. Montgomery, S. L. Young, and R. S. Kent. “Arachidonic acid metabolism in cultured aortic endothelial cells. Effect of cAMP and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine.” Biochem Pharmacol 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 119–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(85)90109-1.
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  - Fram, E. K., and S. L. Young. “Computerized three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and quantitative analysis of serially sectioned material.” Federation Proceedings 43, no. 3 (January 1, 1984).
  - Young, S. L., and E. K. Fram. “Computer based 30 reconstruction and quantitative analysis of rat lung alveolar type II cells.” Federation Proceedings 43, no. 4 (January 1, 1984).
  - Whorton, A. R., C. E. Willis, R. S. Kent, and S. L. Young. “The role of calcium in the regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by porcine aortic endothelial cells.” Lipids 19, no. 1 (January 1984): 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02534603.
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  - Freeman, B. A., S. L. Young, and J. D. Crapo. “Liposome-mediated augmentation of superoxide dismutase in endothelial cells prevents oxygen injury.” J Biol Chem 258, no. 20 (October 25, 1983): 12534–42.
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  - Crapo, J. D., S. L. Young, E. K. Fram, K. E. Pinkerton, B. E. Barry, and R. O. Crapo. “Morphometric characteristics of cells in the alveolar region of mammalian lungs.” Am Rev Respir Dis 128, no. 2 Pt 2 (August 1983): S42–46. https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1983.128.2P2.S42.
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  - Crapo, J. D., B. A. Freeman, B. E. Barry, J. F. Turrens, and S. L. Young. “Mechanisms of hyperoxic injury to the pulmonary microcirculation.” Physiologist 26, no. 3 (June 1983): 170–76.
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  - Tarpey, M. M., H. M. O’Brodovich, and S. L. Young. “Role of lymphatics in removal of sheep lung surfactant lipid.” J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 54, no. 4 (April 1983): 984–88. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1983.54.4.984.
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  - Whorton, A. R., S. L. Young, J. L. Data, A. Barchowsky, and R. S. Kent. “Mechanism of bradykinin-stimulated prostacyclin synthesis in porcine aortic endothelial cells.” Biochim Biophys Acta 712, no. 1 (July 20, 1982): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(82)90087-x.
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  - Young, S. L., J. D. Crapo, S. A. Kremers, and G. W. Brumley. “Pulmonary surfactant lipid production in oxygen-exposed rat lungs.” Lab Invest 46, no. 6 (June 1982): 570–76.
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  - Huck, R. L., A. R. Whorton, and S. L. Young. “Corticosteroids (CS) do not inhibit arachidonic acid (AA) and prostacyclin (PGI2) release from cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (EC).” Federation Proceedings 41, no. 5 (January 1, 1982): 8019.
  - Whorton, A. R., J. L. Data, R. S. Kent, and S. L. Young. “Effect of trifluoperazine (TFP) on prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis by cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (EC).” Federation Proceedings 41, no. 5 (January 1, 1982): 8021.
  - Young, S. L., and R. A. Silbajoris. “Chronic beta-agonist stimulation increases rat lung surfactant lipid pools.” Clinical Research 30, no. 2 (January 1, 1982).
  - Young, S. L., S. A. Kremers, J. S. Apple, J. D. Crapo, and G. W. Brumley. “Rat lung surfactant kinetics biochemical and morphometric correlation.” J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 51, no. 2 (August 1981): 248–53. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1981.51.2.248.
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  - Kalina, M., and S. L. Young. “Multilamellar bodies in alveolar septal cells.” Exp Lung Res 1, no. 3 (August 1980): 201–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/01902148009065460.
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  - Whorton, A. R., R. S. Kent, S. L. Young, and D. G. Shand. “Bradykinin stimulates prostacyclin synthesis in cultured aortic endothelial cells.” Acta Therapeutica 6, no. 4 SUPPL. (January 1, 1980): 5.
  - Postlethwait, E. M., and S. L. Young. “Alteration of rat lung adenine nucleotide content after pulmonary edema.” Lung 158, no. 3 (1980): 157–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02713718.
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  - Young, S. L., J. J. O’Neil, R. S. Kasuyama, and D. F. Tierney. “Glucose utilization by edematous rat lungs.” Lung 157, no. 3 (1980): 165–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02713613.
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  - Young, S. L., J. Apple, and J. D. Crapo. “Increase in type II cell inclusion bodies and saturated lecithin content of rat lung exposed to 85% oxygen.” Clinical Research 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1979).
  - Tierney, D. F., S. L. Young, J. J. O’Neil, and M. Abe. “Isolated perfused lung--substrate utilization.” Fed Proc 36, no. 2 (February 1977): 161–65.
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  - Postlethwait, E. M., and S. L. Young. “Glycolysis and adenine nucleotide content of the edematous isolated perfused rat lung.” Federation Proceedings 36, no. 3 (January 1, 1977).
  - Young, S. L., and D. F. Tierney. “Metabolic activity of the lung.” Int Anesthesiol Clin 15, no. 4 (1977): 1–17.
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  - Young, S. L. “An isolated perfused rat lung preparation.” Environ Health Perspect 16 (August 1976): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.761661.
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- Book Sections
  - Randell, S. H., and S. L. Young. “Structure of Alveolar Epithelial Cells and the Surface Layer During Development.” In Fetal and Neonatal Physiology E-Book, Fourth Edition, 1115–22, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-3479-7.10102-8.
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  - Randell, S. H., and S. L. Young. “Structure of Alveolar Epithelial Cells and the Surface Layer During Development.” In Fetal and Neonatal Physiology: Third Edition, 2–2:1034–40, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7216-9654-6.50105-3.
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  - Randell, S. H., and S. L. Young. “Unique features of the immature lung that make it vulnerable to injury.” In Chronic Lung Disease in Early Infancy, 377–404, 1999.

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Education, Training, & Certifications

Previous Appointments & Affiliations

Selected Grants

Selected Publications

Academic Articles

Book Sections