Warren M. Grill | Scholars@Duke

Warren M. Grill
Professor of Biomedical Engineering

Our research employs engineering approaches to understand and control neural function. We work on fundamental questions and applied development in electrical stimulation of the nervous system to restore function to individuals with neurological impairment or injury.

Current projects include:
• understanding the mechanisms of and developing advanced approaches to deep brain stimulation to treat movement disorders,
• developing novel approaches to peripheral nerve electrical stimulation for restoration of bladder function,
• understanding the mechanisms of and developing advanced approaches to spinal cord stimulation to treat chronic pain,
• understanding and controlling the cellular effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation, and
• design of novel electrodes and waveforms for selective stimulation of the nervous system.

Current Research Interests

Neural engineering and neural prostheses and include design and testing of electrodes and stimulation techniques, the electrical properties of tissues and cells, and computational neuroscience with applications in restoration of bladder function, treatment of movement disorders with deep brain stimulation, and treatment of chronic pain.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2008
Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. School Distinguished Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2016
Bass Fellow, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2014
Associate of the Duke Initiative for Science & Society, Duke Science & Society, Initiatives 2018
Professor in Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2010
Professor in Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery 2017
Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2013
Core Faculty in Innovation & Entrepreneurship, Duke Innovation & Entrepreneurship, Initiatives 2018
Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2008

Contact Information

Box 90281, Dept Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC 27708-0281
CIEMAS 1139, Durham, NC 27708
warren.grill@duke.edu (919) 660-5276
Google Scholar
Lab Webpage
LinkedIn Profile

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University 1995
- M.S., Case Western Reserve University 1992
- B.S., Boston University 1989
Duke Appointment History
- Affiliate of the Duke Initiative for Science & Society, Duke Science & Society, Initiatives 2014 - 2018
- Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2004 - 2008
Recognition
In the News
- APR 28, 2020 Pratt School of Engineering
  
  Light-Based Deep Brain Stimulation Relieves Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
- MAY 5, 2016
  
  Duke Awards Distinguished Professorships, Inducts New Bass Society Members
- NOV 10, 2015 Duke Research Blog
  
  Deep Brain Stimulation as Treatment for Parkinson’s
- NOV 1, 2015
  
  Trying a New Pulse for Pain Relief
- JUL 8, 2015
  
  Biomedical Device students face engineering and business challenges while helping to fill clinical needs
- JUN 26, 2015
  
  Allen Song Named Interim Director of Brain Institute
- JUN 26, 2015 The News & Observer
  
  Duke neuroscientist wins $4 million grant to study Parkinson's disease
- JUN 24, 2015
  
  Warren Grill on Using Deep Brain Stimulation to Treat Parkinson's
- JUN 16, 2015
  
  DIBS Director Takes New Role at Penn
- JUN 15, 2015 Science Magazine
  
  Warren Grill comments: Brain implant trials raise ethical concerns
- MAY 5, 2015 Bio Edge
  
  Nita Farahany Q-and-A: Neuroscience and the law
Awards & Honors
Research
Selected Grants
- NINDS Research Education Programs for Residents and Fellows in Neurosurgery awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2025
- Neurobiology Training Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
- Duke KURe Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2023
- Predicting Urinary Continence Status with Sacral Neuromodulation and Botulinum Toxin Treatments awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2023
- Developing a comprehensive model for peripheral nerve stimulation of gastrointestinal function awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2023
- Underactive Bladder: Mechanisms and Recovery of Sensation and Function awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2023
- Analysis and Design of µECoG Array Characteristics for Optimized Signal Acquisition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2023
- Temporal Patterns of Spinal Cord Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2022
- Neural Electrodes with Enhanced Charge Injection and Reduced Interfacial Impedance Using Graphenated Carbon Nanotubes Coated With Atomic Layer-Deposited Platinum Nanoparticles awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2022
- Temporal Patterns of Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2004 - 2022
- Scalar Closed-Loop STN/GPi DBS Based on Evoked and Spontaneous Potentials awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2022
- Spinal Cord Stimulation for Restoration of Bladder Function 2020 - 2022
- Realistic Measurements of tDCS-Modulated Activity and Electric Fields in the Human Brain In Vivo awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2021
- Modeling Activation and Block of Autonomic Nerves for Analysis and Design awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2021
- Rational Design of TMS for Neuromodulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2021
- Functional dissection of therapeutic deep brain stimulation circuitry awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2015 - 2021
- Bioelectronic rescue of cognitive impairment after surgery awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2021
- Sacral Nerve Stimulation to Treat Detrusor Underactivity: Parameters & Pathways 2019 - 2021
- IPA - Warren Grill 2019 - 2020
- Pudendal Neuromodulation for urinary and fecal incontinance and sphincter dyssynergia 2019 - 2020
- Biomimetic somatosensory feedback through intracortical microstimulation awarded by Northwestern University 2016 - 2020
- Closed-Loop Neural Sensing and Stimulation System for Small Animals 2017 - 2019
- Targeted electrical stimulation of the urethra to treat urgency urinary incontinence awarded by Urology Care Foundation 2017 - 2019
- Nerve Stimulation for Restoration of Bladder Function 2018 - 2019
- Basic predoctoral training in neuroscience awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 2018
- Functional mapping of efferent gut neuroepithelial circuits awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2018
- Computational modeling of peripheral nerve stimulation 2017
- Recording Evoked Potentials for Closed-Loop DBS awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2017
- Neural Prosthetic Control of Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2017
- Training in Fundamental &Translational Neuroscience awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2016
- SNr DBS for the treatment of gait and postural disturbances in Parkinsons disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2015
- Stimulation mediated sensory enhancement of the urethral afferents awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2015
- Novel High Density Interconnects for Flexible Neural Prosthesis 2011 - 2015
- Optimal Electrode Geometries for Efficient and Selective Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2015
- Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Neurons in Behaving Primates awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2014
- Evaluation of Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Neural Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2014
- Characterization of Evoked Potentials During Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2013
- Realistic Human Perception of Spatio-Temporal Thalamic Microstimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2013
- Time Course of Parkinson's Symptoms in Response to Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2012
- Low Impedance Electrodes for Neural Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2007 - 2011
- Biomimetic Stimulation of the Sacral DRG to Control Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2010
- Career Development in the Mechanisms of Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2010
- Neural Prosthetic Control of Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2009
- In Situ Polymerized Interfaces for Peripheral Nerve Recording and Stimulation awarded by National Academy of Sciences 2007 - 2009
- Non-Regular Stimulation Patterns for Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2009
- Selective Electrical Stimulation of Thalamic Neurons (supplement) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2008
- Neural Signal Acquisition System 2006 - 2007
- Neural Prosthetic Control of Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2001 - 2006
External Relationships
- Axonics Neuromodulation, LLC
- Blackfynn
- Boston Scientific Corporation
- Cala Health, LLC
- Deep Brain Innovations
- Diagnostic Biochips
- GSK/Galvani
- Hatteras Investment Partners, LLC
- NDI Healthcare Fund, LLC
- SPR Therapeutics
- Triangle Angel Partners, LLC
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Nicolai, E. N., Settell, M., Knudsen, B. E., McConico, A. L., Gosink, B. A., Trevathan, J. K., … Ludwig, K. (2020). Sources of off-target effects of vagus nerve stimulation using the helical clinical lead in domestic pigs. Journal of Neural Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab9db8
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  - Langdale, C. L., Hokanson, J. A., Milliken, P. H., Sridhar, A., & Grill, W. M. (2020). Stimulation of the pelvic nerve increases bladder capacity in the PGE2 cat model of overactive bladder. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 318(6), F1357–F1368. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00068.2020
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  - Yu, C., Cassar, I. R., Sambangi, J., & Grill, W. M. (2020). Frequency-Specific Optogenetic Deep Brain Stimulation of Subthalamic Nucleus Improves Parkinsonian Motor Behaviors. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 40(22), 4323–4334. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3071-19.2020
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  - Settell, M. L., Pelot, N. A., Knudsen, B. E., Dingle, A. M., McConico, A. L., Nicolai, E. N., … Ludwig, K. A. (2020). Functional vagotopy in the cervical vagus nerve of the domestic pig: implications for the study of vagus nerve stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 17(2), 026022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab7ad4
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  - Grill, W. M., & Wongsarnpigoon, A. (2020). Energy Optimal Stimulation Waveforms, Or Not: Comments on "An Investigation of Neural Stimulation Efficiency With Gaussian Waveforms". Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2020.2984402
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  - Pelot, N. A., & Grill, W. M. (2020). In vivo quantification of excitation and kilohertz frequency block of the rat vagus nerve. Journal of Neural Engineering, 17(2), 026005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab6cb6
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  - Schmidt, S. L., Peters, J. J., Turner, D. A., & Grill, W. M. (2020). Continuous deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus may not modulate beta bursts in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul, 13(2), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.008
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  - Swan, B. D., Brocker, D. T., Gross, R. E., Turner, D. A., & Grill, W. M. (2020). Effects of ramped-frequency thalamic deep brain stimulation on tremor and activity of modeled neurons. Clin Neurophysiol, 131(3), 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.060
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  - Aberra, A. S., Wang, B., Grill, W. M., & Peterchev, A. V. (2020). Simulation of transcranial magnetic stimulation in head model with morphologically-realistic cortical neurons. Brain Stimul, 13(1), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.002
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  - Ramirez-Zamora, A., Giordano, J., Gunduz, A., Alcantara, J., Cagle, J. N., Cernera, S., … Okun, M. S. (2020). Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Advances in Neurophysiology, Adaptive DBS, Virtual Reality, Neuroethics and Technology. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 54. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00054
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  - McKee, D. C., Gonzalez, E. J., Amundsen, C. L., & Grill, W. M. (2019). Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Impact of High Concentration Intraurethral Lidocaine on Urodynamic Voiding Parameters. Urology, 133, 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.08.020
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  - Goetz, S. M., Kozyrkov, I. C., Luber, B., Lisanby, S. H., Murphy, D. L. K., Grill, W. M., & Peterchev, A. V. (2019). Accuracy of robotic coil positioning during transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neural Eng, 16(5), 054003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/ab2953
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  - Cartmell, S. C., Tian, Q., Thio, B. J., Leuze, C., Ye, L., Williams, N. R., … Halpern, C. H. (2019). Multimodal characterization of the human nucleus accumbens. Neuroimage, 198, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.019
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  - Swan, C. B., Schulte, D. J., Brocker, D. T., & Grill, W. M. (2019). Beta Frequency Oscillations in the Subthalamic Nucleus Are Not Sufficient for the Development of Symptoms of Parkinsonian Bradykinesia/Akinesia in Rats. Eneuro, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0089-19.2019
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  - Musselman, E. D., Pelot, N. A., & Grill, W. M. (2019). Empirically Based Guidelines for Selecting Vagus Nerve Stimulation Parameters in Epilepsy and Heart Failure. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a034264
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  - Cassar, I. R., Yu, C., Sambangi, J., Lee, C. D., Whalen, J. J., Petrossians, A., & Grill, W. M. (2019). Electrodeposited platinum-iridium coating improves in vivo recording performance of chronically implanted microelectrode arrays. Biomaterials, 205, 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.017
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  - Yi, G., & Grill, W. M. (2019). Average firing rate rather than temporal pattern determines metabolic cost of activity in thalamocortical relay neurons. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 6940. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43460-8
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  - Grill, W. M., & DeBerry, J. J. (2019). Innovative device illuminates the horizon of bioelectronic medicines. Nature Reviews. Urology, 16(4), 209–210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-019-0155-9
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  - Pelot, N. A., Behrend, C. E., & Grill, W. M. (2019). On the parameters used in finite element modeling of compound peripheral nerves. Journal of Neural Engineering, 16(1), 016007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aaeb0c
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  - Gonzalez, E. J., & Grill, W. M. (2019). Sensory pudendal nerve stimulation increases bladder capacity through sympathetic mechanisms in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis rats. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 38(1), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23860
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  - Huffman, W. J., Subramaniyan, S., Rodriguiz, R. M., Wetsel, W. C., Grill, W. M., & Terrando, N. (2019). Modulation of neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction using percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in mice. Brain Stimul, 12(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.10.005
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  - Su, F., Kumaravelu, K., Wang, J., & Grill, W. M. (2019). Model-Based Evaluation of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation Controller to Adapt to Dynamic Changes in Reference Signal. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 956. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00956
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  - Aberra, A. S., Peterchev, A. V., & Grill, W. M. (2018). Biophysically realistic neuron models for simulation of cortical stimulation. J Neural Eng, 15(6), 066023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aadbb1
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  - Grill, W. M. (2018). Temporal Pattern of Electrical Stimulation is a New Dimension of Therapeutic Innovation. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering, 8, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobme.2018.08.007
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  - Oza, C. S., Brocker, D. T., Behrend, C. E., & Grill, W. M. (2018). Patterned low-frequency deep brain stimulation induces motor deficits and modulates cortex-basal ganglia neural activity in healthy rats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(5), 2410–2422. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00929.2017
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  - Yi, G., & Grill, W. M. (2018). Frequency-dependent antidromic activation in thalamocortical relay neurons: effects of synaptic inputs. Journal of Neural Engineering, 15(5), 056001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aacbff
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  - Kumaravelu, K., Oza, C. S., Behrend, C. E., & Grill, W. M. (2018). Model-based deconstruction of cortical evoked potentials generated by subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(2), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00862.2017
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  - Pelot, N. A., & Grill, W. M. (2018). Effects of vagal neuromodulation on feeding behavior. Brain Research, 1693(Pt B), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.003
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  - Rutter, E. M., Langdale, C. L., Hokanson, J. A., Hamilton, F., Tran, H., Grill, W. M., & Flores, K. B. (2018). Detection of Bladder Contractions From the Activity of the External Urethral Sphincter in Rats Using Sparse Regression. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 26(8), 1636–1644. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2018.2854675
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  - Wheeler, T. L., Bowel and Bladder Workshop Participants, ., de Groat, W., Eisner, K., Emmanuel, A., French, J., … Kleitman, N. (2018). Translating promising strategies for bowel and bladder management in spinal cord injury. Experimental Neurology, 306, 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.006
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  - Wang, B., Grill, W. M., & Peterchev, A. V. (2018). Coupling Magnetically Induced Electric Fields to Neurons: Longitudinal and Transverse Activation. Biophys J, 115(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2018.06.004
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  - Lee, H.-M., Howell, B., Grill, W. M., & Ghovanloo, M. (2018). Stimulation Efficiency With Decaying Exponential Waveforms in a Wirelessly Powered Switched-Capacitor Discharge Stimulation System. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 65(5), 1095–1106. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2017.2741107
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  - Hokanson, J. A., Langdale, C. L., Sridhar, A., & Grill, W. M. (2018). Stimulation of the sensory pudendal nerve increases bladder capacity in the rat. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 314(4), F543–F550. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00373.2017
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  - Wang, B., Aberra, A. S., Grill, W. M., & Peterchev, A. V. (2018). Modified cable equation incorporating transverse polarization of neuronal membranes for accurate coupling of electric fields. J Neural Eng, 15(2), 026003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aa8b7c
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  - Swan, B. D., Gasperson, L. B., Krucoff, M. O., Grill, W. M., & Turner, D. A. (2018). Sensory percepts induced by microwire array and DBS microstimulation in human sensory thalamus. Brain Stimul, 11(2), 416–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.10.017
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  - Pelot, N. A., Thio, B. J., & Grill, W. M. (2018). Modeling Current Sources for Neural Stimulation in COMSOL. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 12, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2018.00040
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  - Barth, B. B., Henriquez, C. S., Grill, W. M., & Shen, X. (2017). Electrical stimulation of gut motility guided by an in silico model. Journal of Neural Engineering, 14(6), 066010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aa86c8
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  - Cassar, I. R., Titus, N. D., & Grill, W. M. (2017). An improved genetic algorithm for designing optimal temporal patterns of neural stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 14(6), 066013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aa8270
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  - Hokanson, J. A., Langdale, C. L., Sridhar, A., & Grill, W. M. (2017). OAB without an overactive bladder in the acute prostaglandin E2 rat model. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 313(5), F1169–F1177. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00270.2017
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  - McGee, M. J., Swan, B. D., Danziger, Z. C., Amundsen, C. L., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Multiple Reflex Pathways Contribute to Bladder Activation by Intraurethral Stimulation in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury. Urology, 109, 210–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2017.07.041
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  - Gonzalez, E. J., & Grill, W. M. (2017). The effects of neuromodulation in a novel obese-prone rat model of detrusor underactivity. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 313(3), F815–F825. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00242.2017
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  - Langdale, C. L., Hokanson, J. A., Sridhar, A., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Stimulation of the pelvic nerve increases bladder capacity in the prostaglandin E2 rat model of overactive bladder. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 313(3), F657–F665. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00116.2017
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  - Danziger, Z. C., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Sensory feedback from the urethra evokes state-dependent lower urinary tract reflexes in rat. The Journal of Physiology, 595(16), 5687–5698. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp274191
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  - Pelot, N. A., Behrend, C. E., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Modeling the response of small myelinated axons in a compound nerve to kilohertz frequency signals. Journal of Neural Engineering, 14(4), 046022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/aa6a5f
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  - Cho, K.-I., Yoon, D., Qiu, S., Danziger, Z., Grill, W. M., Wetsel, W. C., & Ferreira, P. A. (2017). Loss of Ranbp2 in motoneurons causes disruption of nucleocytoplasmic and chemokine signaling, proteostasis of hnRNPH3 and Mmp28, and development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like syndromes. Dis Model Mech, 10(5), 559–579. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.027730
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  - So, R. Q., McConnell, G. C., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Frequency-dependent, transient effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on methamphetamine-induced circling and neuronal activity in the hemiparkinsonian rat. Behavioural Brain Research, 320, 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.003
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  - Brocker, D. T., Swan, B. D., So, R. Q., Turner, D. A., Gross, R. E., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Optimized temporal pattern of brain stimulation designed by computational evolution. Sci Transl Med, 9(371). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aah3532
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  - Crosby, N. D., Janik, J. J., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Modulation of activity and conduction in single dorsal column axons by kilohertz-frequency spinal cord stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 117(1), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00701.2016
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  - Hoang, K. B., Cassar, I. R., Grill, W. M., & Turner, D. A. (2017). Biomarkers and Stimulation Algorithms for Adaptive Brain Stimulation. Front Neurosci, 11, 564. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00564
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  - Ramirez-Zamora, A., Giordano, J. J., Gunduz, A., Brown, P., Sanchez, J. C., Foote, K. D., … Okun, M. S. (2017). Evolving Applications, Technological Challenges and Future Opportunities in Neuromodulation: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 734. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00734
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  - Langdale, C. L., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Phasic activation of the external urethral sphincter increases voiding efficiency in the rat and the cat. Experimental Neurology, 285(Pt B), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.030
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  - McGee, M. J., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Temporal pattern of stimulation modulates reflex bladder activation by pudendal nerve stimulation. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 35(8), 882–887. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22822
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  - Danziger, Z. C., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Sensory and circuit mechanisms mediating lower urinary tract reflexes. Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic & Clinical, 200, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2015.06.004
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  - Danziger, Z. C., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Estimating postvoid residual volume without measuring residual bladder volume during serial cystometrograms. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 311(2), F459–F468. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00516.2015
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  - Medina, L. E., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Nerve excitation using an amplitude-modulated signal with kilohertz-frequency carrier and non-zero offset. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-016-0171-4
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  - McConnell, G. C., So, R. Q., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Failure to suppress low-frequency neuronal oscillatory activity underlies the reduced effectiveness of random patterns of deep brain stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 115(6), 2791–2802. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00822.2015
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  - McGee, M. J., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Modeling the spinal pudendo-vesical reflex for bladder control by pudendal afferent stimulation. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 40(3), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-016-0597-5
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  - Pages, D. S., Ross, D. A., Puñal, V. M., Agashe, S., Dweck, I., Mueller, J., … Groh, J. M. (2016). Effects of Electrical Stimulation in the Inferior Colliculus on Frequency Discrimination by Rhesus Monkeys and Implications for the Auditory Midbrain Implant. J Neurosci, 36(18), 5071–5083. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3540-15.2016
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  - Kumaravelu, K., Brocker, D. T., & Grill, W. M. (2016). A biophysical model of the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus network in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 40(2), 207–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-016-0593-9
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  - Swan, B. D., Brocker, D. T., Hilliard, J. D., Tatter, S. B., Gross, R. E., Turner, D. A., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Short pauses in thalamic deep brain stimulation promote tremor and neuronal bursting. Clin Neurophysiol, 127(2), 1551–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.034
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  - Yoo, P. B., Liu, H., Hincapie, J. G., Ruble, S. B., Hamann, J. J., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Modulation of heart rate by temporally patterned vagus nerve stimulation in the anesthetized dog. Physiological Reports, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12689
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  - Couto, J., & Grill, W. M. (2016). Kilohertz Frequency Deep Brain Stimulation Is Ineffective at Regularizing the Firing of Model Thalamic Neurons. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 10, 22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2016.00022
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  - Deeb, W., Giordano, J. J., Rossi, P. J., Mogilner, A. Y., Gunduz, A., Judy, J. W., … Okun, M. S. (2016). Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: A Review of Emerging Issues and Technologies. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 10, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2016.00038
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  - Goetz, S. M., Luber, B., Lisanby, S. H., Murphy, D. L. K., Kozyrkov, I. C., Grill, W. M., & Peterchev, A. V. (2016). Enhancement of Neuromodulation with Novel Pulse Shapes Generated by Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Stimul, 9(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.013
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  - Rossi, P. J., Gunduz, A., Judy, J., Wilson, L., Machado, A., Giordano, J. J., … Okun, M. S. (2016). Proceedings of the Third Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: A Review of Emerging Issues and Technologies. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10, 119. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2016.00119
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  - Howell, B., Medina, L. E., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Effects of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance on neural excitability. Journal of Neural Engineering, 12(5), 56015–56015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056015
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  - Grigsby, E. M., Koval, M. J., Smith, M. V., Mueller, J. K., Deng, Z. D., Peterchev, A., … Sommer, M. A. (2015). Neural Effects of rTMS: Single Neuron Recordings From a Rhesus Macaque. Journal of Ect, 31(3), E33–E33.
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  - Danziger, Z. C., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Dynamics of the sensory response to urethral flow over multiple time scales in rat. The Journal of Physiology, 593(15), 3351–3371. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp270911
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  - Howell, B., Huynh, B., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Design and in vivo evaluation of more efficient and selective deep brain stimulation electrodes. Journal of Neural Engineering, 12(4), 046030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/12/4/046030
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  - Zhang, T. C., Janik, J. J., Peters, R. V., Chen, G., Ji, R.-R., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Spinal sensory projection neuron responses to spinal cord stimulation are mediated by circuits beyond gate control. J Neurophysiol, 114(1), 284–300. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00147.2015
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  - Lee, H. M., Kwon, K. Y., Li, W., Howell, B., Grill, W. M., & Ghovanloo, M. (2015). Corrections to “A Power-Efficient Switched-Capacitor Stimulating System for Electrical/Optical Deep-Brain Stimulation”. Ieee Journal of Solid State Circuits. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2015.2443431
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  - Howell, B., Lad, S. P., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Correction: Evaluation of intradural stimulation efficiency and selectivity in a computational model of spinal cord stimulation. Plos One, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123485
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  - McGee, M. J., Amundsen, C. L., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Electrical stimulation for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med, 38(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772314Y.0000000299
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  - Danziger, Z., & Grill, W. M. (2015). A neuron model of stochastic resonance using rectangular pulse trains. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 38(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-014-0526-4
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  - Grill, W. M. (2015). Model-based analysis and design of waveforms for efficient neural stimulation. Progress in Brain Research, 222, 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.031
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  - Kent, A. R., Swan, B. D., Brocker, D. T., Turner, D. A., Gross, R. E., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Measurement of evoked potentials during thalamic deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimul, 8(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.09.017
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  - Medina, L. E., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Volume conductor model of transcutaneous electrical stimulation with kilohertz signals. Journal of Neural Engineering, 11(6), 066012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/11/6/066012
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  - McGee, M. J., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Selective co-stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances bladder activation and improves voiding efficiency. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 33(8), 1272–1278. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22474
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  - McGee, M. J., Danziger, Z. C., Bamford, J. A., & Grill, W. M. (2014). A spinal GABAergic mechanism is necessary for bladder inhibition by pudendal afferent stimulation. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 307(8), F921–F930. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00330.2014
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  - Howell, B., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Evaluation of high-perimeter electrode designs for deep brain stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 11(4), 046026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/11/4/046026
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  - Kent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Analysis of deep brain stimulation electrode characteristics for neural recording. Journal of Neural Engineering, 11(4), 046010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/11/4/046010
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  - Mueller, J. K., Grigsby, E. M., Prevosto, V., Petraglia, F. W., Rao, H., Deng, Z.-D., … Grill, W. M. (2014). Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and single-neuron recording in alert non-human primates. Nat Neurosci, 17(8), 1130–1136. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3751
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  - Zhang, T. C., Janik, J. J., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Modeling effects of spinal cord stimulation on wide-dynamic range dorsal horn neurons: influence of stimulation frequency and GABAergic inhibition. Journal of Neurophysiology, 112(3), 552–567. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00254.2014
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  - Swan, B. D., Grill, W. M., & Turner, D. A. (2014). Investigation of deep brain stimulation mechanisms during implantable pulse generator replacement surgery. Neuromodulation, 17(5), 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/ner.12123
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  - Birmingham, K., Gradinaru, V., Anikeeva, P., Grill, W. M., Pikov, V., McLaughlin, B., … Famm, K. (2014). Bioelectronic medicines: a research roadmap. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 13(6), 399–400. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4351
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  - Zhang, T. C., Janik, J. J., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Mechanisms and models of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Brain Research, 1569, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.039
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  - Howell, B., Naik, S., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Influences of interpolation error, electrode geometry, and the electrode-tissue interface on models of electric fields produced by deep brain stimulation. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 61(2), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2013.2292025
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  - Birdno, M. J., Tang, W., Dostrovsky, J. O., Hutchison, W. D., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Response of human thalamic neurons to high-frequency stimulation. Plos One, 9(5), e96026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096026
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  - Howell, B., Lad, S. P., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Evaluation of intradural stimulation efficiency and selectivity in a computational model of spinal cord stimulation. Plos One, 9(12), e114938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114938
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  - Mueller, J. K., Grigsby, E. M., Prevosto, V., Petraglia, F. W., Rao, H., Deng, Z. D., … Grill, W. M. (2014). Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and single-neuron recording in alert non-human primates. Nature Neuroscience, 17(8), 1130–1136. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3751
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  - Goetz, S. M., Luber, B., Lisanby, S., Kozyrkov, C. I., Grill, W. M., & Peterchev, A. V. (2013). Enhancement of rTMS Neuromodulatory Effects with Novel Waveforms Demonstrated via Controllable Pulse Parameter TMS (cTMS). Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, S246–S247.
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  - Frahm, K. S., Mørch, C. D., Grill, W. M., & Andersen, O. K. (2013). Experimental and model-based analysis of differences in perception of cutaneous electrical stimulation across the sole of the foot. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 51(9), 999–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-013-1079-9
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  - Kent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Neural origin of evoked potentials during thalamic deep brain stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 110(4), 826–843. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00074.2013
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  - Kent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Model-based analysis and design of nerve cuff electrodes for restoring bladder function by selective stimulation of the pudendal nerve. Journal of Neural Engineering, 10(3), 036010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/10/3/036010
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  - Mueller, J. K., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Model-based analysis of multiple electrode array stimulation for epiretinal visual prostheses. Journal of Neural Engineering, 10(3), 036002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/10/3/036002
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  - Yoo, P. B., Lubock, N. B., Hincapie, J. G., Ruble, S. B., Hamann, J. J., & Grill, W. M. (2013). High-resolution measurement of electrically-evoked vagus nerve activity in the anesthetized dog. Journal of Neural Engineering, 10(2), 026003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/10/2/026003
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  - Brocker, D. T., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Principles of electrical stimulation of neural tissue. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 116, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53497-2.00001-2
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  - Brocker, D. T., Swan, B. D., Turner, D. A., Gross, R. E., Tatter, S. B., Koop, M. M., … Grill, W. M. (2013). Improved efficacy of temporally non-regular deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol, 239, 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.008
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  - Frahm, K. S., Mørch, C. D., Grill, W. M., Lubock, N. B., Hennings, K., & Andersen, O. K. (2013). Activation of peripheral nerve fibers by electrical stimulation in the sole of the foot. Bmc Neuroscience, 14, 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-14-116
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  - McConnell, G. C., So, R. Q., Hilliard, J. D., Lopomo, P., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Effective deep brain stimulation suppresses low-frequency network oscillations in the basal ganglia by regularizing neural firing patterns. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 32(45), 15657–15668. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2824-12.2012
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  - Brown, B., Parker, C. B., Stoner, B. R., Grill, W. M., & Glass, J. T. (2012). Electrochemical charge storage properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films: Effects of thermal oxidation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(36), 19526–19534. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp304419a
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  - Klein, S. M., Melton, M. S., Grill, W. M., & Nielsen, K. C. (2012). Peripheral nerve stimulation in regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 37(4), 383–392. https://doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0b013e3182576647
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  - Snellings, A. E., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Effects of stimulation site and stimulation parameters on bladder inhibition by electrical nerve stimulation. Bju International, 110(1), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10789.x
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  - Kent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Recording evoked potentials during deep brain stimulation: development and validation of instrumentation to suppress the stimulus artefact. Journal of Neural Engineering, 9(3), 036004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/9/3/036004
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  - So, R. Q., Kent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Relative contributions of local cell and passing fiber activation and silencing to changes in thalamic fidelity during deep brain stimulation and lesioning: a computational modeling study. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 32(3), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-011-0366-4
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  - Kuncel, A. M., Birdno, M. J., Swan, B. D., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Tremor reduction and modeled neural activity during cycling thalamic deep brain stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology, 123(5), 1044–1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.052
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  - Snellings, A. E., Yoo, P. B., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Urethral flow-responsive afferents in the cat sacral dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience Letters, 516(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.045
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  - Chen, S.-C., Grill, W. M., Fan, W.-J., Kou, Y. R., Lin, Y. S., Lai, C.-H., & Peng, C.-W. (2012). Bilateral pudendal afferent stimulation improves bladder emptying in rats with urinary retention. Bju International, 109(7), 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10526.x
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  - Birdno, M. J., Kuncel, A. M., Dorval, A. D., Turner, D. A., Gross, R. E., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Stimulus features underlying reduced tremor suppression with temporally patterned deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol, 107(1), 364–383. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00906.2010
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  - Kent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Recording evoked potentials during deep brain stimulation: development and evaluation of instrumentation to suppress the stimulation artifact. Journal of Neural Engineering, 9(036004).
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Grill, W. M. (2012). Computer-based model of epidural motor cortex stimulation: effects of electrode position and geometry on activation of cortical neurons. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 123(1), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.06.005
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  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Effects of stimulation parameters and electrode location on thresholds for epidural stimulation of cat motor cortex. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8(6), 066016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/8/6/066016
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  - Brown, B., Parker, C. B., Stoner, B. R., Grill, W. M., & Glass, J. T. (2011). Electrochemical charge storage properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films: The activation-enhanced length effect. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158(12). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.093112jes
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  - So, R. Q., McConnell, G. C., Hilliard, J. D., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Irregular high frequency patterns decrease the effectiveness of deep brain stimulation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. 2011 5th International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner 2011, 322–325. https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2011.5910552
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  - Santaniello, S., Fiengo, G., Glielmo, L., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Closed-loop control of deep brain stimulation: a simulation study. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 19(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2010.2081377
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  - Woock, J. P., Yoo, P. B., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Mechanisms of reflex bladder activation by pudendal afferents. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 300(2), R398–R407. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00154.2010
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  - Yoo, P. B., Horvath, E. E., Amundsen, C. L., Webster, G. D., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Multiple pudendal sensory pathways reflexly modulate bladder and urethral activity in patients with spinal cord injury. J Urol, 185(2), 737–743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.079
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  - Castoro, M. A., Yoo, P. B., Hincapie, J. G., Hamann, J. J., Ruble, S. B., Wolf, P. D., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Excitation properties of the right cervical vagus nerve in adult dogs. Experimental Neurology, 227(1), 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.09.011
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  - Kennelly, M. J., Bennett, M. E., Grill, W. M., Grill, J. H., & Boggs, J. W. (2011). Electrical stimulation of the urethra evokes bladder contractions and emptying in spinal cord injury men: case studies. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 34(3), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772311y.0000000012
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  - Kent, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Instrumentation to record evoked potentials for closed-loop control of deep brain stimulation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2011, 6777–6780. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6091671
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  - McGee, M. J., Yoo, P. B., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Selective co-stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances reflex bladder activation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2011, 1057–1060. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090246
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  - Yoo, P. B., Hincapie, J. G., Hamann, J. J., Ruble, S. B., Wolf, P. D., & Grill, W. M. (2011). Selective control of physiological responses by temporally-patterned electrical stimulation of the canine vagus nerve. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2011, 3107–3110. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2011.6090848
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  - Zhang, T. C., & Grill, W. M. (2010). Modeling deep brain stimulation: point source approximation versus realistic representation of the electrode. Journal of Neural Engineering, 7(6), 066009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/7/6/066009
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  - Zhang, J. Y., & Grill, W. M. (2010). Optimizing the geometry of deep brain stimulating electrodes. Ifmbe Proceedings, 32 IFMBE, 389–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14998-6_99
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  - Dorval, A. D., Kuncel, A. M., Birdno, M. J., Turner, D. A., & Grill, W. M. (2010). Deep brain stimulation alleviates parkinsonian bradykinesia by regularizing pallidal activity. J Neurophysiol, 104(2), 911–921. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00103.2010
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  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Grill, W. M. (2010). Energy-efficient waveform shapes for neural stimulation revealed with a genetic algorithm. Journal of Neural Engineering, 7(4), 046009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/7/4/046009
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  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., Woock, J. P., & Grill, W. M. (2010). Efficiency analysis of waveform shape for electrical excitation of nerve fibers. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 18(3), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2010.2047610
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  - Woock, J. P., Yoo, P. B., & Grill, W. M. (2010). Finite element modeling and in vivo analysis of electrode configurations for selective stimulation of pudendal afferent fibers. Bmc Urology, 10, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-10-11
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  - Becker, D., Gary, D. S., Rosenzweig, E. S., Grill, W. M., & McDonald, J. W. (2010). Functional electrical stimulation helps replenish progenitor cells in the injured spinal cord of adult rats. Experimental Neurology, 222(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.029
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  - Horvath, E. E., Yoo, P. B., Amundsen, C. L., Webster, G. D., & Grill, W. M. (2010). Conditional and continuous electrical stimulation increase cystometric capacity in persons with spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn, 29(3), 401–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20766
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  - Grill, W. M. (2010). Neural interfaces. American Scientist, 98(1), 48–57.
  - Grill, W. M. (2010). Neural Interfaces Communicating with the nervous system through implanted devices requires engineering solutions to biomedical problems. American Scientist, 98(1), 48–57.
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  - Kennelly, M. J., Arena, K. C., Shaffer, N., Bennett, M. E., Grill, W. M., Grill, J. H., & Boggs, J. W. (2010). Electrical stimulation of the urethra evokes bladder contractions in a woman with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 33(3), 261–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2010.11689704
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  - Dorval, A. D., Panjwani, N., Qi, R. Y., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Deep brain stimulation that abolishes Parkinsonian activity in basal ganglia improves thalamic relay fidelity in a computational circuit. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 4230–4233.
  - Grill, W. M. (2009). Electrical stimulation for control of bladder function. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 2009, 2369–2370.
  - Grill, W. M. (2009). Principles of Electric Field Generation for Stimulation of the Central Nervous System, 1, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374248-3.00015-X
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  - Grill, W. M., & Wei, X. F. (2009). High efficiency electrodes for deep brain stimulation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 3298–3301.
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Genetic algorithm reveals energy-efficient waveforms for neural stimulation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 634–637.
  - Yoo, P. B., Horvath, E. E., Amundsen, C. L., Webster, G. D., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Intraurethral activation of excitatory bladder reflexes in persons with spinal cord injury. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 6781–6784.
  - Zhang, T., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Effect of electrode geometry on deep brain stimulation: Monopolar point source vs. medtronic 3389 lead. Ifmbe Proceedings, 24, 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01697-4_61
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  - Lemay, M. A., Grasse, D., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Hindlimb endpoint forces predict movement direction evoked by intraspinal microstimulation in cats. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 17(4), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2009.2023295
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  - Wei, X. F., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Impedance characteristics of deep brain stimulation electrodes in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Neural Engineering, 6(4), 046008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/6/4/046008
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  - Woock, J. P., Yoo, P. B., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Intraurethral stimulation evokes bladder responses via 2 distinct reflex pathways. The Journal of Urology, 182(1), 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.110
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  - Cantrell, M. B., Grill, W. M., & Klein, S. M. (2009). Computer-based finite element modeling of insulated Tuohy needles used in regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 110(6), 1229–1234. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181a16275
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  - Mahnam, A., Hashemi, S. M. R., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Measurement of the current-distance relationship using a novel refractory interaction technique. Journal of Neural Engineering, 6(3), 036005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/6/3/036005
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  - Kuncel, A. M., Turner, D. A., Ozelius, L. J., Greene, P. E., Grill, W. M., & Stacy, M. A. (2009). Myoclonus and tremor response to thalamic deep brain stimulation parameters in a patient with inherited myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 111(3), 303–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.10.015
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  - Dorval, A. D., Panjwani, N., Qi, R. Y., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Deep brain stimulation that abolishes Parkinsonian activity in basal ganglia improves thalamic relay fidelity in a computational circuit. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2009, 4230–4233. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5333611
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  - Grill, W. M. (2009). Electrical stimulation for control of bladder function. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2009, 2369–2370. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5335001
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  - Grill, W. M., & Wei, X. F. (2009). High efficiency electrodes for deep brain stimulation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2009, 3298–3301. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5333774
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  - Grill, W. M., & Wei, X. F. (2009). High efficiency electrodes for deep brain stimulation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 2009, 3298–3301.
  - Grill, W. M., Norman, S. E., & Bellamkonda, R. V. (2009). Implanted neural interfaces: biochallenges and engineered solutions. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 11, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-061008-124927
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  - Wei, X. F., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Analysis of high-perimeter planar electrodes for efficient neural stimulation. Frontiers in Neuroengineering, 2, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.16.015.2009
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  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Genetic algorithm reveals energy-efficient waveforms for neural stimulation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2009, 634–637. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5333722
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  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Genetic algorithm reveals energy-efficient waveforms for neural stimulation. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 2009, 634–637.
  - Yoo, P. B., Horvath, E. E., Amundsen, C. L., Webster, G. D., & Grill, W. M. (2009). Intraurethral activation of excitatory bladder reflexes in persons with spinal cord injury. Conf Proc Ieee Eng Med Biol Soc, 2009, 6781–6784. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5333982
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  - Wongsarnpigoon, A., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Computational modeling of epidural cortical stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 5(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/5/4/009
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  - Yoo, P. B., Woock, J. P., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Somatic innervation of the feline lower urinary tract. Brain Research, 1246, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.053
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  - Dorval, A. D., Russo, G. S., Hashimoto, T., Xu, W., Grill, W. M., & Vitek, J. L. (2008). Deep brain stimulation reduces neuronal entropy in the MPTP-primate model of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurophysiology, 100(5), 2807–2818. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.90763.2008
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  - Cooper, S. E., Kuncel, A. M., Wolgamuth, B. R., Rezai, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2008). A model predicting optimal parameters for deep brain stimulation in essential tremor. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 25(5), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1097/wnp.0b013e318182ed44
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  - Kuncel, A. M., Cooper, S. E., & Grill, W. M. (2008). A method to estimate the spatial extent of activation in thalamic deep brain stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 119(9), 2148–2158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.02.025
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  - Mahnam, A., Hashemi, S. M. R., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Computational evaluation of methods for measuring the spatial extent of neural activation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 173(1), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.05.019
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  - Yoo, P. B., Woock, J. P., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Bladder activation by selective stimulation of pudendal nerve afferents in the cat. Experimental Neurology, 212(1), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.010
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  - Peng, C.-W., Chen, J.-J., Cheng, C.-L., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Improved bladder emptying in urinary retention by electrical stimulation of pudendal afferents. Journal of Neural Engineering, 5(2), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/5/2/005
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  - Woock, J. P., Yoo, P. B., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Activation and inhibition of the micturition reflex by penile afferents in the cat. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 294(6), R1880–R1889. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00029.2008
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  - Birdno, M. J., Kuncel, A. M., Dorval, A. D., Turner, D. A., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Tremor varies as a function of the temporal regularity of deep brain stimulation. Neuroreport, 19(5), 599–602. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282f9e45e
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  - Bossetti, C. A., Birdno, M. J., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Analysis of the quasi-static approximation for calculating potentials generated by neural stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 5(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/005
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  - Grill, W. M., Cantrell, M. B., & Robertson, M. S. (2008). Antidromic propagation of action potentials in branched axons: implications for the mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation. Journal of Computational Neuroscience, 24(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-007-0043-9
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  - Kayagil, T. A., Grimes, J. P., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Mechanisms underlying reversal of motor unit activation order in electrically evoked contractions after spinal cord injury. Muscle & Nerve, 37(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20914
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  - Peng, C.-W., Chen, J.-J., Cheng, C.-L., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Role of pudendal afferents in voiding efficiency in the rat. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 294(2), R660–R672. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00270.2007
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  - Birdno, M. J., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation in movement disorders as revealed by changes in stimulus frequency. Neurotherapeutics : The Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics, 5(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurt.2007.10.067
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  - Goldman, H. B., Amundsen, C. L., Mangel, J., Grill, J., Bennett, M., Gustafson, K. J., & Grill, W. M. (2008). Dorsal genital nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms. Neurourol Urodyn, 27(6), 499–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20544
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  - Santaniello, S., Fiengo, G., Glielmo, L., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. II. network-based multi-units simulation. Proceedings of the American Control Conference, 4095–4100. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2007.4282742
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  - Santaniello, S., Fiengo, G., Glielmo, L., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. I. isolated neurons activity. Proceedings of the American Control Conference, 4089–4094. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2007.4282741
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  - Birdno, M. J., Cooper, S. E., Rezai, A. R., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Pulse-to-pulse changes in the frequency of deep brain stimulation affect tremor and modeled neuronal activity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 98(3), 1675–1684. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00547.2007
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  - Kuncel, A. M., Cooper, S. E., Wolgamuth, B. R., & Grill, W. M. (2007). How does deep brain stimulation work? Expert Review of Medical Devices, 4(4), 428–429.
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  - Kuncel, A. M., Cooper, S. E., Wolgamuth, B. R., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Amplitude- and frequency-dependent changes in neuronal regularity parallel changes in tremor With thalamic deep brain stimulation. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 15(2), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2007.897004
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  - Grill, W. M. (2007). NAKFI smart prosthetics: exploring assistive devices for the body and mind. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 4(2), 107–108. https://doi.org/10.1586/17434440.4.2.107
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  - Grill, W. M., Dostrovsky, J. O., & Turner, D. A. (2007). Guest editorial: Special theme on deep brain stimulation. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 15(1), 153–154. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2007.896988
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  - Keohan, F., Wei, X. F., Wongsarnpigoon, A., Lazaro, E., Darga, J. E., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Fabrication and evaluation of conductive elastomer electrodes for neural stimulation. Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition, 18(8), 1057–1073. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856207781494395
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  - Lemay, M. A., Bhowmik-Stoker, M., McConnell, G. C., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Role of biomechanics and muscle activation strategy in the production of endpoint force patterns in the cat hindlimb. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(16), 3679–3687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.06.021
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  - Nabutovsky, Y., Florio, J., Morgan, K., Grill, W. M., & Farazi, T. G. (2007). Lead design and initial applications of a new lead for long-term endovascular vagal stimulation. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology : Pace, 30 Suppl 1, S215–S218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2007.00641.x
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  - Yoo, P. B., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Minimally-invasive electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve: a pre-clinical study for neural control of the lower urinary tract. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 26(4), 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20376
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  - Yoo, P. B., Klein, S. M., Grafstein, N. H., Horvath, E. E., Amundsen, C. L., Webster, G. D., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Pudendal nerve stimulation evokes reflex bladder contractions in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn, 26(7), 1020–1023. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20441
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  - Boggs, J. W., Wenzel, B. J., Gustafson, K. J., & Grill, W. M. (2006). Frequency-dependent selection of reflexes by pudendal afferents in the cat. The Journal of Physiology, 577(Pt 1), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.111815
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  - Kuncel, A. M., & Grill, W. M. (2006). NIH Neural Interfaces Workshop: August 21-23, 2006, Bethesda, MD, USA. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 3(6), 695–697. https://doi.org/10.1586/17434440.3.6.695
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  - Kuncel, A. M., Cooper, S. E., Wolgamuth, B. R., Clyde, M. A., Snyder, S. A., Montgomery, E. B., … Grill, W. M. (2006). Clinical response to varying the stimulus parameters in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 21(11), 1920–1928. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21087
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  - Gustafson, K. J., Moffitt, M. A., Wang, X., Sun, J., Snyder, S., & Grill, W. M. (2006). Topography of spinal neurons active during hindlimb withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrate cat. Neuroscience, 141(4), 1983–1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.018
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  - Wenzel, B. J., Boggs, J. W., Gustafson, K. J., & Grill, W. M. (2006). Closed loop electrical control of urinary continence. The Journal of Urology, 175(4), 1559–1563. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00657-9
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  - Boggs, J. W., Wenzel, B. J., Gustafson, K. J., & Grill, W. M. (2006). Bladder emptying by intermittent electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve. Journal of Neural Engineering, 3(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/3/1/005
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  - Schiefer, M. A., & Grill, W. M. (2006). Sites of neuronal excitation by epiretinal electrical stimulation. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 14(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2006.870488
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  - Wenzel, B. J., Boggs, J. W., Gustafson, K. J., Creasey, G. H., & Grill, W. M. (2006). Detection of neurogenic detrusor contractions from the activity of the external anal sphincter in cat and human. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 25(2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.20204
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  - Gustafson, K. J., Zelkovic, P. F., Feng, A. H., Draper, C. E., Bodner, D. R., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Fascicular anatomy and surgical access of the human pudendal nerve. World Journal of Urology, 23(6), 411–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-005-0032-4
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  - Grill, W. M., & Robertson, M. W. (2005). Antidromic action potential propagation in branched axons. 2nd International Ieee Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, 2005, 183–185. https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2005.1419585
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  - Wei, X. F., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Current density distributions, field distributions and impedance analysis of segmented deep brain stimulation electrodes. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2(4), 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/2/4/010
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  - Wenzel, B. J., Grill, W. M., Boggs, J. W., & Gustafson, K. J. (2005). Event-triggered electrical control of urinary continence. 2nd International Ieee Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, 2005, 687–689. https://doi.org/10.1109/CNE.2005.1419718
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  - Wenzel, B. J., Boggs, J. W., Gustafson, K. J., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Detecting the onset of hyper-reflexive bladder contractions from the electrical activity of the pudendal nerve. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 13(3), 428–435. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2005.848355
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  - Grill, W. M. (2005). Safety considerations for deep brain stimulation: review and analysis. Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2(4), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1586/17434440.2.4.409
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  - Boggs, J. W., Wenzel, B. J., Gustafson, K. J., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Spinal micturition reflex mediated by afferents in the deep perineal nerve. Journal of Neurophysiology, 93(5), 2688–2697. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00978.2004
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  - Grill, W. M., Simmons, A. M., Cooper, S. E., Miocinovic, S., Montgomery, E. B., Baker, K. B., & Rezai, A. R. (2005). Temporal excitation properties of paresthesias evoked by thalamic microstimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 116(5), 1227–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2004.12.020
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  - Lee, D. C., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Polarization of a spherical cell in a nonuniform extracellular electric field. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 33(5), 603–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-2397-3
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  - Moffitt, M. A., Dale, B. M., Duerk, J. L., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human lumbar spinal cord. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : Jmri, 21(5), 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20314
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  - Lee, D. C., Jensen, A. L., Schiefer, M. A., Morgan, C. W., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Structural mechanisms to produce differential dendritic gains. Brain Research, 1033(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.034
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  - Swift, M. J., Crago, P. E., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Applied electric fields accelerate the diffusion rate and increase the diffusion distance of DiI in fixed tissue. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 141(1), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.06.011
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  - Moffitt, M. A., & Grill, W. M. (2004). Electrical localization of neural activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: a modeling study. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 32(12), 1694–1709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-004-7822-5
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  - Kuncel, A. M., & Grill, W. M. (2004). Selection of stimulus parameters for deep brain stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 115(11), 2431–2441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2004.05.031
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  - Grill, W. M., Snyder, A. N., & Miocinovic, S. (2004). Deep brain stimulation creates an informational lesion of the stimulated nucleus. Neuroreport, 15(7), 1137–1140. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200405190-00011
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  - Gustafson, K. J., Creasey, G. H., & Grill, W. M. (2004). A urethral afferent mediated excitatory bladder reflex exists in humans. Neuroscience Letters, 360(1–2), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.001
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  - McIntyre, C. C., Grill, W. M., Sherman, D. L., & Thakor, N. V. (2004). Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and inhibition. Journal of Neurophysiology, 91(4), 1457–1469. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00989.2003
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  - Moffitt, M. A., McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2004). Prediction of myelinated nerve fiber stimulation thresholds: limitations of linear models. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 51(2), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2003.820382
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  - Lemay, M. A., & Grill, W. M. (2004). Modularity of motor output evoked by intraspinal microstimulation in cats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 91(1), 502–514. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00235.2003
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  - Miocinovic, S., & Grill, W. M. (2004). Sensitivity of temporal excitation properties to the neuronal element activated by extracellular stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 132(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.09.004
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  - Wenzel, B. J., Grill, W. M., Boggs, J. W., & Gustafson, K. J. (2004). Detecting the onset of hyper-reflexive bladder contractions from pudendal nerve electrical activity. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2004, 4213–4216. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2004.1404175
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  - Boggs, J. W., Grill, W. M., Wenzel, B. J., & Gustafson, K. J. (2003). Stimulation of the Deep Perineal Nerve Elicits Bladder Contractions. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 2031–2034.
  - Wenzel, B. J., Grill, W. M., Boggs, J. W., & Gustafson, K. J. (2003). Using External Anal Sphincter Activity to Detect the Onset of Hyper-Reflexive Bladder Contractions. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 2, 1579–1582.
  - Bhowmik, M., Boyce, V., McConnell, G., Joyce, D. M., Grill, W. M., & Lemay, M. A. (2003). Experimental and biomechanical model force fields produced by intraspinal microstimulation of the cat lumbar spinal cord. Bioengineering, Proceedings of the Northeast Conference, 37–38.
  - Gustafson, K. J., Creasey, G. H., & Grill, W. M. (2003). A catheter based method to activate urethral sensory nerve fibers. The Journal of Urology, 170(1), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000070821.87785.14
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  - Grill, W. M., Gustafson, K. J., & Creasey, G. H. (2002). Control of bladder function by electrical activation of spinal neural circuits. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 2043–2044.
  - Gustafson, K. J., Boggs, J. W., Wenzel, B. J., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Generation of bladder contractions via electrical stimulation of urethral afferent nerves and intra-urethral stimulation. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 2084–2085.
  - Lee, D. C., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Polarization of a spherical cell in a non-uniform electric field: Transient response and comparison with polarization in a uniform field. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 1980–1981.
  - McIntyre, C. C., Grill, W. M., Sherman, D. L., & Thakor, N. V. (2002). Model-based analysis of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 2047–2048.
  - Moffitt, M. A., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Source localization in the spinal cord: A modeling study. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 1977–1978.
  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Extracellular stimulation of central neurons: influence of stimulus waveform and frequency on neuronal output. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88(4), 1592–1604. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1592
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  - Jezernik, S., Craggs, M., Grill, W. M., Creasey, G., & Rijkhoff, N. J. M. (2002). Electrical stimulation for the treatment of bladder dysfunction: current status and future possibilities. Neurological Research, 24(5), 413–430. https://doi.org/10.1179/016164102101200294
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  - Humbert, S. D., Snyder, S. A., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Evaluation of command algorithms for control of upper-extremity neural prostheses. Ieee Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 10(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1109/tnsre.2002.1031977
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  - Mino, H., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Effects of stochastic sodium channels on extracellular excitation of myelinated nerve fibers. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 49(6), 527–532. https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2002.1001966
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  - McIntyre, C. C., Richardson, A. G., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Modeling the excitability of mammalian nerve fibers: influence of afterpotentials on the recovery cycle. Journal of Neurophysiology, 87(2), 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00353.2001
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  - Lemay, M. A., McConnell, G. C., Kao, T., Joyce, D. M., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Endpoint forces obtained during intraspinal microstimulation of the cat lumbar spinal cord - Experimental and biomechanical model results. Proceedings of the Ieee Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Nebec, 2002-January, 113–114. https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.2002.999491
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  - Grill, W. M. (2001). Neural modeling in neuromuscular and rehabilitation research. Annual Reports of the Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, 4, 4065–4068.
  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2001). Model-based design of stimulus trains for selective microstimulation of targeted neuronal populations. Annual Reports of the Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, 1, 806–809.
  - Grill, W. M., & McIntyre, C. C. (2001). Extracellular excitation of central neurons: Implications for the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Thalamus and Related Systems, 1(3), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-9288(01)00025-5
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  - Grill, W. M., Craggs, M. D., Foreman, R. D., Ludlow, C. L., & Buller, J. L. (2001). Emerging clinical applications of electrical stimulation: opportunities for restoration of function. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 38(6), 641–653.
  - Grill, W. M., McDonald, J. W., Peckham, P. H., Heetderks, W., Kocsis, J., & Weinrich, M. (2001). At the interface: convergence of neural regeneration and neural prostheses for restoration of function. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 38(6), 633–639.
  - Jezernik, S., Grill, W. M., & Sinkjaer, T. (2001). Neural network classification of nerve activity recorded in a mixed nerve. Neurological Research, 23(5), 429–434. https://doi.org/10.1179/016164101101198811
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  - Jezernik, S., & Grill, W. M. (2001). Optimal filtering of whole nerve signals. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 106(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00334-x
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  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2001). Finite element analysis of the current-density and electric field generated by metal microelectrodes. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 29(3), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1114/1.1352640
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  - Grill, W. M. (2001). Functional electrical stimulation for control of internal organ function: Commentary. Neuromodulation, 4(4), 161–162.
  - Jezernik, S., Grill, W. M., & Sinkjaer, T. (2001). Detection and inhibition of hyperreflexia-like bladder contractions in the cat by sacral nerve root recording and electrical stimulation. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 20(2), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6777(2001)20:2<215::aid-nau23>3.0.co;2-0
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  - Grill, W., & McIntyre, C. (2000). What neural elements are excited by extracellular stimulation in the central nervous system? Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 28(SUPPL. 1).
  - Lemay, M. A., & Grill, W. M. (2000). Endpoint force patterns evoked by intraspinal stimulation - Ipsilateral and contralateral responses. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 2, 918–920.
  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2000). Current density and electric field analysis of microelectrodes using finite element modeling. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 2010–2011.
  - Mino, H., & Grill, W. M. (2000). Modeling of mammalian myelinated nerve with stochastic sodium ionic channels. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 2, 915–917.
  - Moffitt, M., & Grill, W. (2000). Effect of source location and tissue properties on surface potentials in a cylindrical volume conductor model. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 28(SUPPL. 1).
  - Richardson, A. G., McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2000). Modelling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibres: influence of the myelin sheath. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 38(4), 438–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02345014
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (2000). Neural and connective tissue response to long-term implantation of multiple contact nerve cuff electrodes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 50(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(200005)50:2<215::aid-jbm17>3.0.co;2-a
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  - Grill, W. M. (2000). Electrical activation of spinal neural circuits: application to motor-system neural prostheses. Neuromodulation : Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 3(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1403.2000.00097.x
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  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2000). Selective microstimulation of central nervous system neurons. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 28(3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1114/1.262
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  - Grill, W. M., & Kirsch, R. F. (2000). Neuroprosthetic applications of electrical stimulation. Assistive Technology : The Official Journal of Resna, 12(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400435.2000.10132006
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  - Grill, W. M., Richardson, A. G., & McIntyre, C. C. (2000). Influence of the myelin sheath on excitation properties of nerve fibers. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 3, 1605–1607. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2000.900380
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  - Humbert, S. D., & Grill, W. M. (2000). Performance evaluation of command control algorithms for upper-extremity neuroprostheses. Assistive Technology, 12(2), 154–154.
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  - Lemay, M. A., & Grill, W. M. (1999). Endpoint forces evoked by microstimulation of the cat spinal cord. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 1.
  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (1999). Model-based design of stimulus waveforms for selective microstimulation in the central nervous system. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 1.
  - Barbeau, H., McCrea, D. A., O’Donovan, M. J., Rossignol, S., Grill, W. M., & Lemay, M. A. (1999). Tapping into spinal circuits to restore motor function. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews, 30(1), 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00008-9
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  - Grill, W. M., Bhadra, N., & Wang, B. (1999). Bladder and urethral pressures evoked by microstimulation of the sacral spinal cord in cats. Brain Research, 836(1–2), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01581-4
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  - Grill, W. M., Erokwu, B. O., Hadziefendic, S., & Haxhiu, M. A. (1999). Extended survival time following pseudorabies virus injection labels the suprapontine neural network controlling the bladder and urethra in the rat. Neuroscience Letters, 270(2), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00462-0
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  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (1999). Excitation of central nervous system neurons by nonuniform electric fields. Biophysical Journal, 76(2), 878–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77251-6
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  - Wang, B., Bhadra, N., & Grill, W. M. (1999). Functional anatomy of the male feline urethra: morphological and physiological correlations. The Journal of Urology, 161(2), 654–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)61989-x
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  - Jr, W. M. G. (1999). Modeling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: Influence of tissue electrical properties. Ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 46(8), 918–928. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.775401
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1998). Stability of the input-output properties of chronically implanted multiple contact nerve cuff stimulating electrodes. Ieee Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 6(4), 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1109/86.736150
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  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (1998). Sensitivity analysis of a model of mammalian neural membrane. Biological Cybernetics, 79(1), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004220050455
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  - Grill, W. M., Wang, B., Hadziefendic, S., & Haxhiu, M. A. (1998). Identification of the spinal neural network involved in coordination of micturition in the male cat. Brain Research, 796(1–2), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00340-0
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  - Grill, W. M., & Van Doren, C. L. (1997). Detection of object contact during grasp using nail-mounted strain sensors. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 5, 1952–1953.
  - Grill, W. M., & Wang, B. (1997). Mapping knee torques evoked by intraspinal microstimulation. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 5, 1950–1951.
  - McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (1997). Microstimulation of spinal motoneurons: a model study. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 5, 2032–2034.
  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1997). Inversion of the current-distance relationship by transient depolarization. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 44(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.553708
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  - Grill, W. M. (1996). Effects of tissue electrical properties on neural excitation. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, (1), 349–350.
  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1996). Quantification of recruitment properties of multiple contact cuff electrodes. Ieee Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering : A Publication of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 4(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/86.506402
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1996). Non-invasive measurement of the input-output properties of peripheral nerve stimulating electrodes. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 65(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(95)00143-3
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1996). The effect of stimulus pulse duration on selectivity of neural stimulation. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 43(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.481985
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1995). Temporal stability of nerve cuff electrode recruitment properties. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 17(2), 1089–1090.
  - Tarler, M., Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1995). Comparison between monopolar and tripolar configurations in chronically implanted nerve cuff electrodes. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 17(2), 1093–1094.
  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1995). Stimulus Waveforms for Selective Neural Stimulation. Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 14(4), 375–385. https://doi.org/10.1109/51.395310
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1994). Effect of stimulus pulsewidth on spatial selectivity of neural stimulation. Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Proceedings, 16(pt 1), 363–364.
  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1994). Electrical properties of implant encapsulation tissue. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 22(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02368219
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1993). Functional control of joint torque with a cuff electrode. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 15(pt 3), 1328–1329.
  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1993). Selective activation of distant nerve fibers. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 15(pt 3), 1249–1250.
  - Veraart, C., Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1993). Selective control of muscle activation with a multipolar nerve cuff electrode. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 40(7), 640–653. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.237694
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  - Warman, E. N., Grill, W. M., & Durand, D. (1992). Modeling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: determination of excitation thresholds. Ieee Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering, 39(12), 1244–1254. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.184700
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  - Grill, W. M., Veraart, C., & Mortimer, J. T. (1991). Selective activation of peripheral nerve fascicles: Use of field steering currents. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 13(pt 2), 904–905.
  - Warman, E. N., Grill, W. M., Durand, D., & Mortimer, J. T. (1991). A new formulation of the activating function for estimation of neural excitation thresholds. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 13(pt 2), 916–917.
  - Kisby, C. K., Gonzalez, E. J., Visco, A. G., Amundsen, C. L., & Grill, W. M. (n.d.). Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Impact of Intraurethral Lidocaine on Urodynamic Voiding Parameters. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg, 25(4), 265–270. https://doi.org/10.1097/SPV.0000000000000544
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- Book Sections
  - Hokanson, J. A., Amundsen, C. L., & Grill, W. M. (2017). Neuroprosthetic control of lower urinary tract function. In Neuroprosthetics: Theory and Practice: Second Edition (pp. 537–565). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813207158_0017
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  - Howell, B., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Design of electrodes for stimulation and recording. In Implantable Neuroprostheses for Restoring Function (pp. 59–93). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-101-6.00004-5
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  - Howell, B., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Computational Models to Optimize the Electrodes and Waveforms for Deep Brain Stimulation. In D. Jaeger & R. Jung (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer.
  - McGee, M., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Methodologies for the Restoration of Bladder and Bowel Functions. In D. Jaeger & R. Jung (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer.
  - Medina, L. E., & Grill, W. M. (2014). Mammalian Motor Nerve Fibers, Models of. In D. Jaeger & R. Jung (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience. Springer.
  - Grill, W. M. (2007). Signal considerations for chronically implanted electrodes for brain interfacing. In Indwelling Neural Implants: Strategies for Contending with the in Vivo Environment (pp. 41–61).
  - Lee, D. C., McIntyre, C. C., & Grill, W. M. (2002). Extracellular electrical stimulation of central neurons: Quantitative studies. In Handbook of Neuroprosthetic Methods (pp. 95–125).
- Conference Papers
  - Gao, Q., Naumann, M., Jovanov, I., Lesi, V., Kamaravelu, K., Grill, W. M., & Pajic, M. (2020). Model-based design of closed loop deep brain stimulation controller using reinforcement learning. In Proceedings 2020 Acm/Ieee 11th International Conference on Cyber Physical Systems, Iccps 2020 (pp. 108–118). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPS48487.2020.00018
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  - Jovanov, I., Nauman, M., Kumaravelu, K., Lesi, V., Zutshi, A., Grill, W. M., & Pajic, M. (2018). Learning-Based Control Design for Deep Brain Stimulation. In Proceedings 9th Acm/Ieee International Conference on Cyber Physical Systems, Iccps 2018 (pp. 349–350). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPS.2018.00048
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  - Jovanov, I., Naumann, M., Kumaravelu, K., Grill, W. M., & Pajic, M. (2018). Platform for Model-Based Design and Testing for Deep Brain Stimulation. In Proceedings 9th Acm/Ieee International Conference on Cyber Physical Systems, Iccps 2018 (pp. 263–274). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCPS.2018.00033
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  - Lubba, C., Mitrani, E., Hokanson, J., Grill, W. M., & Schultz, S. R. (2017). Real-time decoding of bladder pressure from pelvic nerve activity CP. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (pp. 617–620). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2017.8008427
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  - Behrend, C. E., Mace, B. E., Gauger, L., Kolls, B. J., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Quantification of beta activity with disease progression in EEG recordings in Parkinson's disease patients. In Movement Disorders (Vol. 30, pp. S31–S31). San Diego, CA: WILEY-BLACKWELL.
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  - Medina, L. E., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Phantom model of transcutaneous electrical stimulation with kilohertz signals. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (Vol. 2015-July, pp. 430–433). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2015.7146651
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  - Pelot, N. A., Behrend, C. E., & Grill, W. M. (2015). Modeling the response of small myelinated and unmyelinated axons to kilohertz frequency signals. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (Vol. 2015-July, pp. 406–409). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2015.7146645
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  - Howell, B., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Model-based optimization of electrode designs for deep brain stimulation. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (pp. 154–157). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2013.6695895
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  - McConnell, G. C., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Stimulation location within the substantia nigra pars reticulata differentially modulates gait in hemiparkinsonian rats. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (pp. 1210–1213). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2013.6696157
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  - McGee, M. J., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Temporal patterns of pudendal afferent stimulation modulate reflex bladder activation. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (pp. 843–846). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2013.6696066
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  - Medina, L. E., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Circuit and volume conductor models of transcutaneous electrical stimulation. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (pp. 1473–1476). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2013.6696223
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  - Zhang, T. C., Janik, J. J., & Grill, W. M. (2013). Network model of the effects of spinal cord stimulation. In International Ieee/Embs Conference on Neural Engineering, Ner (pp. 1123–1126). https://doi.org/10.1109/NER.2013.6696135
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  - Santaniello, S., Fiengo, G., Glielmo, L., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. II. Network-based multi-units simulation. In 2007 American Control Conference, Vols 1 13 (pp. 3627-+). New York, NY: IEEE.
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  - Santaniello, S., Fiengo, G., Glielmo, L., & Grill, W. M. (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. I. Isolated neurons activity. In 2007 American Control Conference, Vols 1 13 (pp. 3621-+). New York, NY: IEEE.
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  - Cooper, S. E., Kuncel, A. M., Henderson, J., Rezai, A. R., Montgomery, E. B., & Grill, W. M. (2005). Predicting optimal stimulation parameters for DBS of the thalamus in essential tremor. In Neurology (Vol. 64, pp. A254–A254). Miami Beach, FL: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.
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  - Cooper, S. E., Kuncel, A. M., Henderson, J., Rezai, A., Montgomery, E. B., & Grill, W. M. (2004). Stimulation parameters' relationship to stimulation effect in deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. In Movement Disorders (Vol. 19, pp. S309–S309). Rome, ITALY: WILEY-LISS.
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  - Gustafson, K. J., Creasey, G. H., & Grill, W. M. (2003). An excitatory urethra-to-bladder reflex in humans. In Journal of Urology (Vol. 169, pp. 373–373). CHICAGO, ILLINOIS: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.
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  - Bhowmik, M., Boyce, V., McConnell, G., Joyce, D. M., Grill, W. M., & Lemay, M. A. (2003). Experimental and biomechanical model force fields produced by intraspinal microstimulation of the cat lumbar spinal cord. In Proceedings of the Ieee Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Nebec (Vol. 2003-January, pp. 37–38). https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.2003.1215980
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  - Grill, W. M., & Mortimer, J. T. (1992). Electrical impedance of electrode encapsulation tissue. In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Embs (Vol. 4, pp. 1376–1377). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1992.5761837
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  - Grill, W. M., Durand, D., & Warman, E. N. (1992). A new method to predict neural excitation thresholds for applied electric fields. In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the Ieee Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Embs (Vol. 4, pp. 1384–1385). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1992.5761841
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- Datasets
  - Grill, W., & Yi, G. (2020). Data and code from: Waveforms optimized to produce closed-state Na+ inactivation eliminate onset response in nerve conduction block. https://doi.org/10.7924/r4z31t79k
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