Warren M. Grill | Scholars@Duke

Warren M. Grill
Professor of Biomedical Engineering

Our research employs engineering approaches to understand and control neural function. We work on fundamental questions and applied development in electrical stimulation of the nervous system to restore function to individuals with neurological impairment or injury.

Current projects include:
• understanding the mechanisms of and developing advanced approaches to deep brain stimulation to treat movement disorders,
• developing novel approaches to peripheral nerve electrical stimulation for restoration of bladder function,
• understanding the mechanisms of and developing advanced approaches to spinal cord stimulation to treat chronic pain,
• understanding and controlling the cellular effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation, and
• design of novel electrodes and waveforms for selective stimulation of the nervous system.

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2008
Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. School Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2016
Bass Fellow, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2014
Affiliate of the Duke Initiative for Science & Society, Duke Science & Society, Initiatives 2014
Professor in Neurobiology, Neurobiology, Basic Science Departments 2010
Professor in Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery 2017
Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2013
Faculty Network Member of the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, University Institutes and Centers 2008

Contact Information

Box 90281, Dept Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC 27708-0281
CIEMAS 1139, Durham, NC 27708
warren.grill@duke.edu (919) 660-5276
Google Scholar
Lab Webpage
LinkedIn Profile

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University 1995
- M.S., Case Western Reserve University 1992
- B.S., Boston University 1989
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2004 - 2008
Recognition
In the News
- MAY 5, 2016
  
  Duke Awards Distinguished Professorships, Inducts New Bass Society Members
- NOV 10, 2015 Duke Research Blog
  
  Deep Brain Stimulation as Treatment for Parkinson’s
- NOV 1, 2015
  
  Trying a New Pulse for Pain Relief
- JUL 8, 2015
  
  Biomedical Device students face engineering and business challenges while helping to fill clinical needs
- JUN 26, 2015
  
  Allen Song Named Interim Director of Brain Institute
- JUN 26, 2015 The News & Observer
  
  Duke neuroscientist wins $4 million grant to study Parkinson's disease
- JUN 24, 2015
  
  Warren Grill on Using Deep Brain Stimulation to Treat Parkinson's
- JUN 16, 2015
  
  DIBS Director Takes New Role at Penn
- JUN 15, 2015 Science Magazine
  
  Warren Grill comments: Brain implant trials raise ethical concerns
- MAY 5, 2015 Bio Edge
  
  Nita Farahany Q-and-A: Neuroscience and the law
Awards & Honors
Research
Selected Grants
- Medical Scientist Training Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 1997 - 2022
- Modeling Activation and Block of Autonomic Nerves for Analysis and Design awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2021
- Analysis and Optimization of Subperception Spinal Cord Stimulation awarded by Boston Scientific Corporation 2017 - 2021
- Scalar Closed-Loop STN/GPi DBS Based on Evoked and Spontaneous Potentials awarded by Department of Health and Human Services 2017 - 2021
- Biomimetic somatosensory feedback through intracortical microstimulation awarded by Northwestern University 2016 - 2021
- Model Based Design of Therapy II awarded by Stryker Corporation 2014 - 2020
- Temporal Patterns of Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2004 - 2019
- Targeted electrical stimulation of the urethra to treat urgency urinary incontinence awarded by Urology Care Foundation 2017 - 2019
- Closed-Loop Neural Sensing and Stimulation System for Small Animals awarded by Micro-Leads, Inc. 2017 - 2018
- Duke KURe Program awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2018
- Basic predoctoral training in neuroscience awarded by National Institutes of Health 1992 - 2018
- Functional dissection of therapeutic deep brain stimulation circuitry awarded by University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2015 - 2018
- Functional mapping of efferent gut neuroepithelial circuits awarded by National Institutes of Health 2016 - 2018
- Computational modeling of peripheral nerve stimulation awarded by SPR Therapeutics, LLC 2017
- Recording Evoked Potentials for Closed-Loop DBS awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2017
- Neural Prosthetic Control of Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2017
- Training in Fundamental &Translational Neuroscience awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2016
- SNr DBS for the treatment of gait and postural disturbances in Parkinsons disease awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2015
- Stimulation mediated sensory enhancement of the urethral afferents awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2015
- Novel High Density Interconnects for Flexible Neural Prosthesis awarded by Premitec, Inc. 2011 - 2015
- Optimal Electrode Geometries for Efficient and Selective Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2015
- Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Neurons in Behaving Primates awarded by National Institutes of Health 2012 - 2014
- Evaluation of Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Neural Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2011 - 2014
- Characterization of Evoked Potentials During Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2013
- Realistic Human Perception of Spatio-Temporal Thalamic Microstimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2010 - 2013
- Time Course of Parkinson's Symptoms in Response to Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2012
- Low Impedance Electrodes for Neural Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2007 - 2011
- Biomimetic Stimulation of the Sacral DRG to Control Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2009 - 2010
- Career Development in the Mechanisms of Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2010
- Neural Prosthetic Control of Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2009
- In Situ Polymerized Interfaces for Peripheral Nerve Recording and Stimulation awarded by National Academy of Sciences 2007 - 2009
- Non-Regular Stimulation Patterns for Deep Brain Stimulation awarded by National Institutes of Health 2006 - 2009
- Selective Electrical Stimulation of Thalamic Neurons (supplement) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2005 - 2008
- Neural Signal Acquisition System awarded by Lord Foundation of North Carolina 2006 - 2007
- Neural Prosthetic Control of Continence and Micturition awarded by National Institutes of Health 2001 - 2006
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Book Sections
  - Howell, B, & Grill, WM. (2015, March 4). Design of electrodes for stimulation and recording. In Implantable Neuroprostheses for Restoring Function (pp. 59-93). Full Text
  - Howell, B, & Grill, WM. (2014). Computational Models to Optimize the Electrodes and Waveforms for Deep Brain Stimulation. In D Jaeger and R Jung (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience Springer. Full Text
  - McGee, M, & Grill, WM. (2014). Methodologies for the Restoration of Bladder and Bowel Functions. In D Jaeger and R Jung (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience Springer. Full Text
  - Medina, LE, & Grill, WM. (2014). Mammalian Motor Nerve Fibers, Models of. In D Jaeger and R Jung (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience Springer. Full Text
- Conference Papers
  - Lubba, C, Mitrani, E, Hokanson, J, Grill, WM, & Schultz, SR. (2017, August 10). Real-time decoding of bladder pressure from pelvic nerve activity CP. Full Text
  - Behrend, CE, Mace, BE, Gauger, L, Kolls, BJ, & Grill, WM. (2015, June). Quantification of beta activity with disease progression in EEG recordings in Parkinson's disease patients. Link to Item
  - Medina, LE, & Grill, WM. (2015, January 1). Phantom model of transcutaneous electrical stimulation with kilohertz signals. Full Text
  - Pelot, NA, Behrend, CE, & Grill, WM. (2015, January 1). Modeling the response of small myelinated and unmyelinated axons to kilohertz frequency signals. Full Text
  - Howell, B, & Grill, WM. (2013, December 1). Model-based optimization of electrode designs for deep brain stimulation. Full Text
  - McConnell, GC, & Grill, WM. (2013, December 1). Stimulation location within the substantia nigra pars reticulata differentially modulates gait in hemiparkinsonian rats. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, & Grill, WM. (2013, December 1). Temporal patterns of pudendal afferent stimulation modulate reflex bladder activation. Full Text
  - Medina, LE, & Grill, WM. (2013, December 1). Circuit and volume conductor models of transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Full Text
  - Zhang, TC, Janik, JJ, & Grill, WM. (2013, December 1). Network model of the effects of spinal cord stimulation. Full Text
  - Santaniello, S, Fiengo, G, Glielmo, L, Grill, WM, & IEEE, . (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. II. Network-based multi-units simulation. Link to Item
  - Santaniello, S, Fiengo, G, Glielmo, L, Grill, WM, & IEEE, . (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. I. Isolated neurons activity. Link to Item
  - Cooper, SE, Kuncel, AM, Henderson, J, Rezai, AR, Montgomery, EB, & Grill, WM. (2005, March 22). Predicting optimal stimulation parameters for DBS of the thalamus in essential tremor. Link to Item
  - Cooper, SE, Kuncel, AM, Henderson, J, Rezai, A, Montgomery, EB, & Grill, WM. (2004). Stimulation parameters' relationship to stimulation effect in deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. Link to Item
  - Gustafson, KJ, Creasey, GH, & Grill, WM. (2003, April). An excitatory urethra-to-bladder reflex in humans. Link to Item
  - Bhowmik, M, Boyce, V, McConnell, G, Joyce, DM, Grill, WM, & Lemay, MA. (2003, January 1). Experimental and biomechanical model force fields produced by intraspinal microstimulation of the cat lumbar spinal cord. Full Text
  - GRILL, WM, & MORTIMER, JT. (1992). ELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE OF ELECTRODE ENCAPSULATION TISSUE. Link to Item
  - GRILL, WM, DURAND, D, & WARMAN, EN. (1992). A NEW METHOD TO PREDICT NEURAL EXCITATION THRESHOLDS FOR APPLIED ELECTRIC-FIELDS. Link to Item
- Journal Articles
  - Wang, B, Aberra, AS, Grill, WM, & Peterchev, AV. (2018, April). Modified cable equation incorporating transverse polarization of neuronal membranes for accurate coupling of electric fields. (Accepted) Journal of neural engineering , 15 (2), 026003-. Full Text
  - Swan, BD, Gasperson, LB, Krucoff, MO, Grill, WM, & Turner, DA. (2018, March). Sensory percepts induced by microwire array and DBS microstimulation in human sensory thalamus. Brain stimulation , 11 (2), 416-422. Full Text
  - Pelot, NA, & Grill, WM. (2018, February 6). Effects of vagal neuromodulation on feeding behavior. Brain research . Full Text
  - Barth, BB, Henriquez, CS, Grill, WM, & Shen, X. (2017, December). Electrical stimulation of gut motility guided by an in silico model. Journal of neural engineering , 14 (6), 066010-. Full Text
  - Cassar, IR, Titus, ND, & Grill, WM. (2017, December). An improved genetic algorithm for designing optimal temporal patterns of neural stimulation. Journal of neural engineering , 14 (6), 066013-. Full Text
  - Hokanson, JA, Langdale, CL, Sridhar, A, & Grill, WM. (2017, November 15). Stimulation of the Sensory Pudendal Nerve Increases Bladder Capacity in the Rat. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology , ajprenal003732017-. Full Text
  - Hokanson, JA, Langdale, CL, Sridhar, A, & Grill, WM. (2017, November). OAB without an overactive bladder in the acute prostaglandin E2 rat model. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology , 313 (5), F1169-F1177. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, Swan, BD, Danziger, ZC, Amundsen, CL, & Grill, WM. (2017, November). Multiple Reflex Pathways Contribute to Bladder Activation by Intraurethral Stimulation in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury. Urology , 109 , 210-215. Full Text
  - Gonzalez, EJ, & Grill, WM. (2017, September). The effects of neuromodulation in a novel obese-prone rat model of detrusor underactivity. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology , 313 (3), F815-F825. Full Text
  - Langdale, CL, Hokanson, JA, Sridhar, A, & Grill, WM. (2017, September). Stimulation of the pelvic nerve increases bladder capacity in the prostaglandin E2 rat model of overactive bladder. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology , 313 (3), F657-F665. Full Text
  - Lee, H-M, Howell, B, Grill, WM, & Ghovanloo, M. (2017, August 17). Stimulation Efficiency with Decaying Exponential Waveforms in a Wirelessly-Powered Switched-Capacitor Discharge Stimulation System. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering . Full Text
  - Danziger, ZC, & Grill, WM. (2017, August). Sensory feedback from the urethra evokes state-dependent lower urinary tract reflexes in rat. The Journal of physiology , 595 (16), 5687-5698. Full Text
  - Pelot, NA, Behrend, CE, & Grill, WM. (2017, August). Modeling the response of small myelinated axons in a compound nerve to kilohertz frequency signals. Journal of neural engineering , 14 (4), 046022-. Full Text
  - Cho, K-I, Yoon, D, Qiu, S, Danziger, Z, Grill, WM, Wetsel, WC, & Ferreira, PA. (2017, May). Loss of Ranbp2 in motoneurons causes disruption of nucleocytoplasmic and chemokine signaling, proteostasis of hnRNPH3 and Mmp28, and development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like syndromes. Disease models & mechanisms , 10 (5), 559-579. Full Text
  - So, RQ, McConnell, GC, & Grill, WM. (2017, March). Frequency-dependent, transient effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on methamphetamine-induced circling and neuronal activity in the hemiparkinsonian rat. Behavioural brain research , 320 , 119-127. Full Text
  - Brocker, DT, Swan, BD, So, RQ, Turner, DA, Gross, RE, & Grill, WM. (2017, January). Optimized temporal pattern of brain stimulation designed by computational evolution. Science translational medicine , 9 (371). Full Text
  - Crosby, ND, Janik, JJ, & Grill, WM. (2017, January). Modulation of activity and conduction in single dorsal column axons by kilohertz-frequency spinal cord stimulation. Journal of neurophysiology , 117 (1), 136-147. Full Text
  - Hoang, KB, Cassar, IR, Grill, WM, & Turner, DA. (2017, January). Biomarkers and Stimulation Algorithms for Adaptive Brain Stimulation. Frontiers in neuroscience , 11 , 564-. (Review) Full Text
  - Ramirez-Zamora, A, Giordano, JJ, Gunduz, A, Brown, P, Sanchez, JC, Foote, KD, Almeida, L, Starr, PA, Bronte-Stewart, HM, Hu, W, McIntyre, C, Goodman, W, Kumsa, D, Grill, WM, Walker, HC, Johnson, MD, Vitek, JL, Greene, D, Rizzuto, DS, Song, D, Berger, TW, Hampson, RE, Deadwyler, SA, Hochberg, LR, Schiff, ND, Stypulkowski, P, Worrell, G, Tiruvadi, V, Mayberg, HS, Jimenez-Shahed, J, Nanda, P, Sheth, SA, Gross, RE, Lempka, SF, Li, L, Deeb, W, & Okun, MS. (2017, January). Evolving Applications, Technological Challenges and Future Opportunities in Neuromodulation: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank. Frontiers in neuroscience , 11 , 734-. Full Text
  - Langdale, CL, & Grill, WM. (2016, November). Phasic activation of the external urethral sphincter increases voiding efficiency in the rat and the cat. Experimental neurology , 285 (Pt B), 173-181. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, & Grill, WM. (2016, November). Temporal pattern of stimulation modulates reflex bladder activation by pudendal nerve stimulation. Neurourology and urodynamics , 35 (8), 882-887. Full Text
  - Danziger, ZC, & Grill, WM. (2016, October). Sensory and circuit mechanisms mediating lower urinary tract reflexes. Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical , 200 , 21-28. (Review) Full Text
  - Danziger, ZC, & Grill, WM. (2016, August). Estimating postvoid residual volume without measuring residual bladder volume during serial cystometrograms. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology , 311 (2), F459-F468. Full Text
  - Medina, LE, & Grill, WM. (2016, July 12). Nerve excitation using an amplitude-modulated signal with kilohertz-frequency carrier and non-zero offset. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation , 13 (1), 63-. Full Text
  - McConnell, GC, So, RQ, & Grill, WM. (2016, June). Failure to suppress low-frequency neuronal oscillatory activity underlies the reduced effectiveness of random patterns of deep brain stimulation. Journal of neurophysiology , 115 (6), 2791-2802. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, & Grill, WM. (2016, June). Modeling the spinal pudendo-vesical reflex for bladder control by pudendal afferent stimulation. Journal of computational neuroscience , 40 (3), 283-296. Full Text
  - Pages, DS, Ross, DA, Puñal, VM, Agashe, S, Dweck, I, Mueller, J, Grill, WM, Wilson, BS, & Groh, JM. (2016, May). Effects of Electrical Stimulation in the Inferior Colliculus on Frequency Discrimination by Rhesus Monkeys and Implications for the Auditory Midbrain Implant. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience , 36 (18), 5071-5083. Full Text
  - Kumaravelu, K, Brocker, DT, & Grill, WM. (2016, April). A biophysical model of the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus network in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Journal of computational neuroscience , 40 (2), 207-229. Full Text
  - Swan, BD, Brocker, DT, Hilliard, JD, Tatter, SB, Gross, RE, Turner, DA, & Grill, WM. (2016, February). Short pauses in thalamic deep brain stimulation promote tremor and neuronal bursting. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology , 127 (2), 1551-1559. Full Text
  - Yoo, PB, Liu, H, Hincapie, JG, Ruble, SB, Hamann, JJ, & Grill, WM. (2016, February). Modulation of heart rate by temporally patterned vagus nerve stimulation in the anesthetized dog. Physiological Reports , 4 (2). Full Text
  - Couto, J, & Grill, WM. (2016, January). Kilohertz Frequency Deep Brain Stimulation Is Ineffective at Regularizing the Firing of Model Thalamic Neurons. Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience , 10 , 22-. Full Text
  - Deeb, W, Giordano, JJ, Rossi, PJ, Mogilner, AY, Gunduz, A, Judy, JW, Klassen, BT, Butson, CR, Van Horne, C, Deny, D, Dougherty, DD, Rowell, D, Gerhardt, GA, Smith, GS, Ponce, FA, Walker, HC, Bronte-Stewart, HM, Mayberg, HS, Chizeck, HJ, Langevin, J-P, Volkmann, J, Ostrem, JL, Shute, JB, Jimenez-Shahed, J, Foote, KD, Wagle Shukla, A, Rossi, MA, Oh, M, Pourfar, M, Rosenberg, PB, Silburn, PA, de Hemptine, C, Starr, PA, Denison, T, Akbar, U, Grill, WM, & Okun, MS. (2016, January). Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: A Review of Emerging Issues and Technologies. Frontiers in integrative neuroscience , 10 , 38-. Full Text
  - Goetz, SM, Luber, B, Lisanby, SH, Murphy, DLK, Kozyrkov, IC, Grill, WM, & Peterchev, AV. (2016, January). Enhancement of Neuromodulation with Novel Pulse Shapes Generated by Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain stimulation , 9 (1), 39-47. Full Text
  - Rossi, PJ, Gunduz, A, Judy, J, Wilson, L, Machado, A, Giordano, JJ, Elias, WJ, Rossi, MA, Butson, CL, Fox, MD, McIntyre, CC, Pouratian, N, Swann, NC, de Hemptinne, C, Gross, RE, Chizeck, HJ, Tagliati, M, Lozano, AM, Goodman, W, Langevin, J-P, Alterman, RL, Akbar, U, Gerhardt, GA, Grill, WM, Hallett, M, Herrington, T, Herron, J, van Horne, C, Kopell, BH, Lang, AE, Lungu, C, Martinez-Ramirez, D, Mogilner, AY, Molina, R, Opri, E, Otto, KJ, Oweiss, KG, Pathak, Y, Shukla, A, Shute, J, & Sheth, SA et al. (2016, January). Proceedings of the Third Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: A Review of Emerging Issues and Technologies. Frontiers in neuroscience , 10 , 119-. (Review) Full Text
  - Howell, B, Medina, LE, & Grill, WM. (2015, October). Effects of frequency-dependent membrane capacitance on neural excitability. Journal of neural engineering , 12 (5), 56015-56015. Full Text
  - Grigsby, EM, Koval, MJ, Smith, MV, Mueller, JK, Deng, ZD, Peterchev, A, Grill, WM, & Sommer, MA. (2015, September). Neural Effects of rTMS: Single Neuron Recordings From a Rhesus Macaque. JOURNAL OF ECT , 31 (3), E33-E33. Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Danziger, ZC, & Grill, WM. (2015, August). Dynamics of the sensory response to urethral flow over multiple time scales in rat. The Journal of physiology , 593 (15), 3351-3371. Full Text
  - Howell, B, Huynh, B, & Grill, WM. (2015, August). Design and in vivo evaluation of more efficient and selective deep brain stimulation electrodes. Journal of neural engineering , 12 (4), 046030-. Full Text
  - Lee, H-M, Kwon, KY, Li, W, Howell, B, Grill, WM, & Ghovanloo, M. (2015, July). Corrections to “A Power-Efficient Switched-Capacitor Stimulating System for Electrical/Optical Deep-Brain Stimulation” [Jan 15 360-374]. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits , 50 (7), 1736-1736. Full Text
  - Zhang, TC, Janik, JJ, Peters, RV, Chen, G, Ji, R-R, & Grill, WM. (2015, July). Spinal sensory projection neuron responses to spinal cord stimulation are mediated by circuits beyond gate control. Journal of neurophysiology , 114 (1), 284-300. Full Text
  - (2015, April 7). Correction: Evaluation of Intradural Stimulation Efficiency and Selectivity in a Computational Model of Spinal Cord Stimulation. PLOS ONE , 10 (4), e0123485-e0123485. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, Amundsen, CL, & Grill, WM. (2015, March). Electrical stimulation for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury. The journal of spinal cord medicine , 38 (2), 135-146. (Review) Full Text
  - Danziger, Z, & Grill, WM. (2015, February). A neuron model of stochastic resonance using rectangular pulse trains. Journal of computational neuroscience , 38 (1), 53-66. Full Text
  - Danziger, Z, & Grill, WM. (2015, January 1). A neuron model of stochastic resonance using rectangular pulse trains. Journal of Computational Neuroscience , 38 (1), 53-66. Full Text
  - Grill, WM. (2015, January). Model-based analysis and design of waveforms for efficient neural stimulation. Progress in brain research , 222 , 147-162. (Review) Full Text
  - Kent, AR, Swan, BD, Brocker, DT, Turner, DA, Gross, RE, & Grill, WM. (2015, January 1). Measurement of evoked potentials during thalamic deep brain stimulation. Brain Stimulation , 8 (1), 42-56. Full Text
  - Kent, AR, Swan, BD, Brocker, DT, Turner, DA, Gross, RE, & Grill, WM. (2015, January). Measurement of evoked potentials during thalamic deep brain stimulation. Brain stimulation , 8 (1), 42-56. Full Text
  - Lee, H-M, Kwon, KY, Li, W, Howell, B, Grill, WM, & Ghovanloo, M. (2015). Erratum: A power-efficient switched-capacitor stimulating system for electrical/optical deep-brain stimulation (IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (2015) 50:1 (360-374)). IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits , 50 (7), 1736--. Full Text
  - Medina, LE, & Grill, WM. (2014, December). Volume conductor model of transcutaneous electrical stimulation with kilohertz signals. Journal of neural engineering , 11 (6), 066012-. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, & Grill, WM. (2014, November 1). Selective co-stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances bladder activation and improves voiding efficiency. Neurourology and Urodynamics , 33 (8), 1272-1278. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, & Grill, WM. (2014, November). Selective co-stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances bladder activation and improves voiding efficiency. Neurourol Urodyn , 33 (8), 1272-1278. Full Text Link to Item
  - McGee, MJ, Danziger, ZC, Bamford, JA, & Grill, WM. (2014, October). A spinal GABAergic mechanism is necessary for bladder inhibition by pudendal afferent stimulation. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology , 307 (8), F921-F930. Full Text
  - Howell, B, & Grill, WM. (2014, August). Evaluation of high-perimeter electrode designs for deep brain stimulation. Journal of neural engineering , 11 (4), 046026-. Full Text
  - Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2014, August). Analysis of deep brain stimulation electrode characteristics for neural recording. Journal of neural engineering , 11 (4), 046010-. Full Text
  - Mueller, JK, Grigsby, EM, Prevosto, V, Petraglia, FW, Rao, H, Deng, Z-D, Peterchev, AV, Sommer, MA, Egner, T, Platt, ML, & Grill, WM. (2014, August). Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and single-neuron recording in alert non-human primates. Nature neuroscience , 17 (8), 1130-1136. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Zhang, TC, Janik, JJ, & Grill, WM. (2014, August). Modeling effects of spinal cord stimulation on wide-dynamic range dorsal horn neurons: influence of stimulation frequency and GABAergic inhibition. Journal of neurophysiology , 112 (3), 552-567. Full Text
  - Swan, BD, Grill, WM, & Turner, DA. (2014, July). Investigation of deep brain stimulation mechanisms during implantable pulse generator replacement surgery. Neuromodulation , 17 (5), 419-424. Full Text Link to Item
  - Zhang, TC, Janik, JJ, & Grill, WM. (2014, June 20). Mechanisms and models of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Brain Research , 1569 , 19-31. (Review) Full Text
  - Birmingham, K, Gradinaru, V, Anikeeva, P, Grill, WM, Pikov, V, McLaughlin, B, Pasricha, P, Weber, D, Ludwig, K, & Famm, K. (2014, June). Bioelectronic medicines: a research roadmap. Nature reviews. Drug discovery , 13 (6), 399-400. Full Text
  - Zhang, TC, Janik, JJ, & Grill, WM. (2014, June). Mechanisms and models of spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Brain research , 1569 , 19-31. (Review) Full Text
  - Dorval, AD, & Grill, WM. (2014, May). Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus reestablishes neuronal information transmission in the 6-OHDA rat model of parkinsonism. Journal of neurophysiology , 111 (10), 1949-1959. Full Text
  - Howell, B, Naik, S, & Grill, WM. (2014, February). Influences of interpolation error, electrode geometry, and the electrode-tissue interface on models of electric fields produced by deep brain stimulation. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering , 61 (2), 297-307. Full Text
  - Birdno, MJ, Tang, W, Dostrovsky, JO, Hutchison, WD, & Grill, WM. (2014, January). Response of human thalamic neurons to high-frequency stimulation. PLoS ONE , 9 (5), e96026-. Full Text
  - Howell, B, Lad, SP, & Grill, WM. (2014, January). Evaluation of intradural stimulation efficiency and selectivity in a computational model of spinal cord stimulation. PloS one , 9 (12), e114938-. Full Text
  - Mueller, JK, Grigsby, EM, Prevosto, V, Petraglia, FW, Rao, H, Deng, ZD, Peterchev, AV, Sommer, MA, Egner, T, Platt, ML, & Grill, WM. (2014, January 1). Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and single-neuron recording in alert non-human primates. Nature Neuroscience , 17 (8), 1130-1136. Full Text
  - Swan, BD, Grill, WM, & Turner, DA. (2014, January 1). Investigation of deep brain stimulation mechanisms during implantable pulse generator replacement surgery. Neuromodulation , 17 (5), 419-424. Full Text
  - Goetz, SM, Luber, B, Lisanby, S, Kozyrkov, CI, Grill, WM, & Peterchev, AV. (2013, December). Enhancement of rTMS Neuromodulatory Effects with Novel Waveforms Demonstrated via Controllable Pulse Parameter TMS (cTMS). NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY , 38 , S246-S247. Link to Item
  - Frahm, KS, Mørch, CD, Grill, WM, Lubock, NB, Hennings, K, & Andersen, OK. (2013, October 8). Activation of peripheral nerve fibers by electrical stimulation in the sole of the foot. (Published online) BMC Neurosci , 14 , 116-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2013, August). Neural origin of evoked potentials during thalamic deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol , 110 (4), 826-843. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2013, June). Model-based analysis and design of nerve cuff electrodes for restoring bladder function by selective stimulation of the pudendal nerve. J Neural Eng , 10 (3), 036010-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Mueller, JK, & Grill, WM. (2013, June). Model-based analysis of multiple electrode array stimulation for epiretinal visual prostheses. J Neural Eng , 10 (3), 036002-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yoo, PB, Lubock, NB, Hincapie, JG, Ruble, SB, Hamann, JJ, & Grill, WM. (2013, April). High-resolution measurement of electrically-evoked vagus nerve activity in the anesthetized dog. JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING , 10 (2). Full Text Link to Item
  - Brocker, DT, & Grill, WM. (2013). Principles of electrical stimulation of neural tissue. Handb Clin Neurol , 116 , 3-18. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Brocker, DT, Swan, BD, Turner, DA, Gross, RE, Tatter, SB, Koop, MM, Bronte-Stewart, H, & Grill, WM. (2013, January). Improved efficacy of temporally non-regular deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol , 239 , 60-67. Full Text Link to Item
  - Frahm, KS, Mørch, CD, Grill, WM, & Andersen, OK. (2013). Experimental and model-based analysis of differences in perception of cutaneous electrical stimulation across the sole of the foot. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing , 1-11. Full Text
  - Frahm, KS, Mørch, CD, Grill, WM, & Andersen, OK. (2013). Experimental and model-based analysis of differences in perception of cutaneous electrical stimulation across the sole of the foot. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing , 51 (9), 999-1009. Full Text
  - McConnell, GC, So, RQ, Hilliard, JD, Lopomo, P, & Grill, WM. (2012, November 7). Effective deep brain stimulation suppresses low-frequency network oscillations in the basal ganglia by regularizing neural firing patterns. J Neurosci , 32 (45), 15657-15668. Full Text Link to Item
  - So, RQ, McConnell, GC, August, AT, & Grill, WM. (2012, September). Characterizing effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on methamphetamine-induced circling behavior in hemi-Parkinsonian rats. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng , 20 (5), 626-635. Full Text Link to Item
  - Klein, SM, Melton, MS, Grill, WM, & Nielsen, KC. (2012, July). Peripheral nerve stimulation in regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med , 37 (4), 383-392. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Snellings, AE, & Grill, WM. (2012, July). Effects of stimulation site and stimulation parameters on bladder inhibition by electrical nerve stimulation. BJU Int , 110 (1), 136-143. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2012, June). Recording evoked potentials during deep brain stimulation: development and validation of instrumentation to suppress the stimulus artefact. J Neural Eng , 9 (3), 036004-. Full Text Link to Item
  - So, RQ, Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2012, June). Relative contributions of local cell and passing fiber activation and silencing to changes in thalamic fidelity during deep brain stimulation and lesioning: a computational modeling study. J Comput Neurosci , 32 (3), 499-519. Full Text Link to Item
  - Snellings, AE, Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2012, May 10). Urethral flow-responsive afferents in the cat sacral dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci Lett , 516 (1), 34-38. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kuncel, AM, Birdno, MJ, Swan, BD, & Grill, WM. (2012, May). Tremor reduction and modeled neural activity during cycling thalamic deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol , 123 (5), 1044-1052. Full Text Link to Item
  - Birdno, MJ, Kuncel, AM, Dorval, AD, Turner, DA, Gross, RE, & Grill, WM. (2012, January). Stimulus features underlying reduced tremor suppression with temporally patterned deep brain stimulation. J Neurophysiol , 107 (1), 364-383. Full Text Link to Item
  - Brown, B, Parker, CB, Stoner, BR, Grill, WM, & Glass, JT. (2012). Electrochemical charge storage properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films: Effects of thermal oxidation. Journal of Physical Chemistry C , 116 (36), 19526-19534. Full Text
  - Chen, S-C, Grill, WM, Fan, W-J, Kou, YR, Lin, YS, Lai, C-H, & Peng, C-W. (2012). Bilateral pudendal afferent stimulation improves bladder emptying in rats with urinary retention. BJU International , 109 (7), 1051-1058. Full Text
  - Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2012). Recording evoked potentials during deep brain stimulation: development and evaluation of instrumentation to suppress the stimulation artifact. Journal of Neural Engineering , 9 (036004). (Academic Article)
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, & Grill, WM. (2012, January). Computer-based model of epidural motor cortex stimulation: effects of electrode position and geometry on activation of cortical neurons. Clin Neurophysiol , 123 (1), 160-172. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, & Grill, WM. (2011, December). Effects of stimulation parameters and electrode location on thresholds for epidural stimulation of cat motor cortex. J Neural Eng , 8 (6), 066016-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Woock, JP, Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2011, February). Mechanisms of reflex bladder activation by pudendal afferents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol , 300 (2), R398-R407. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yoo, PB, Horvath, EE, Amundsen, CL, Webster, GD, & Grill, WM. (2011, February). Multiple pudendal sensory pathways reflexly modulate bladder and urethral activity in patients with spinal cord injury. J Urol , 185 (2), 737-743. Full Text Link to Item
  - Brown, B, Parker, CB, Stoner, BR, Grill, WM, & Glass, JT. (2011). Electrochemical charge storage properties of vertically aligned carbon nanotube films: The activation-enhanced length effect. Journal of the Electrochemical Society , 158 (12), K217-K224. Full Text
  - Castoro, MA, Yoo, PB, Hincapie, JG, Hamann, JJ, Ruble, SB, Wolf, PD, & Grill, WM. (2011, January). Excitation properties of the right cervical vagus nerve in adult dogs. Exp Neurol , 227 (1), 62-68. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kennelly, MJ, Bennett, ME, Grill, WM, Grill, JH, & Boggs, JW. (2011). Electrical stimulation of the urethra evokes bladder contractions and emptying in spinal cord injury men: Case studies. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine , 34 (3), 315-321. Full Text
  - Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2011). Instrumentation to record evoked potentials for closed-loop control of deep brain stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2011 , 6777-6780. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kent, AR, & Grill, WM. (2011). Instrumentation to record evoked potentials for closed-loop control of deep brain stimulation. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS , 6777-6780. Full Text
  - McGee, MJ, Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2011). Selective co-stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances reflex bladder activation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2011 , 1057-1060. Full Text Link to Item
  - McGee, MJ, Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2011). Selective co-stimulation of pudendal afferents enhances reflex bladder activation. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2011 , 1057-1060. Full Text
  - Santaniello, S, Fiengo, G, Glielmo, L, & Grill, WM. (2011). Closed-loop control of deep brain stimulation: A simulation study. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 19 (1), 15-24. Full Text
  - So, RQ, McConnell, GC, Hilliard, JD, & Grill, WM. (2011). Irregular high frequency patterns decrease the effectiveness of deep brain stimulation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. 2011 5th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, NER 2011 , 322-325. Full Text
  - Yoo, PB, Hincapie, JG, Hamann, JJ, Ruble, SB, Wolf, PD, & Grill, WM. (2011). Selective control of physiological responses by temporally-patterned electrical stimulation of the canine vagus nerve. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2011 , 3107-3110. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yoo, PB, Hincapie, JG, Hamann, JJ, Ruble, SB, Wolf, PD, & Grill, WM. (2011). Selective control of physiological responses by temporally-patterned electrical stimulation of the canine vagus nerve. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS , 3107-3110. Full Text
  - Zhang, TC, & Grill, WM. (2010, December). Modeling deep brain stimulation: point source approximation versus realistic representation of the electrode. J Neural Eng , 7 (6), 066009-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Dorval, AD, Kuncel, AM, Birdno, MJ, Turner, DA, & Grill, WM. (2010, August). Deep brain stimulation alleviates parkinsonian bradykinesia by regularizing pallidal activity. J Neurophysiol , 104 (2), 911-921. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, & Grill, WM. (2010, August). Energy-efficient waveform shapes for neural stimulation revealed with a genetic algorithm. J Neural Eng , 7 (4), 046009-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, Woock, JP, & Grill, WM. (2010, June). Efficiency analysis of waveform shape for electrical excitation of nerve fibers. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng , 18 (3), 319-328. Full Text Link to Item
  - Woock, JP, Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2010, May 25). Finite element modeling and in vivo analysis of electrode configurations for selective stimulation of pudendal afferent fibers. (Published online) BMC Urol , 10 , 11-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Horvath, EE, Yoo, PB, Amundsen, CL, Webster, GD, & Grill, WM. (2010, March). Conditional and continuous electrical stimulation increase cystometric capacity in persons with spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn , 29 (3), 401-407. Full Text Link to Item
  - Becker, D, Gary, DS, Rosenzweig, ES, Grill, WM, & McDonald, JW. (2010). Functional electrical stimulation helps replenish progenitor cells in the injured spinal cord of adult rats. Experimental Neurology , 222 (2), 211-218. Full Text
  - Grill, WM. (2010). Neural interfaces. American Scientist , 98 (1), 48-57.
  - Grill, WM. (2010). Neural Interfaces Communicating with the nervous system through implanted devices requires engineering solutions to biomedical problems. AMERICAN SCIENTIST , 98 (1), 48-57. Link to Item
  - Kennelly, MJ, Arena, KC, Shaffer, N, Bennett, ME, Grill, WM, Grill, JH, & Boggs, JW. (2010). Electrical stimulation of the urethra evokes bladder contractions in a woman with spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine , 33 (3), 261-265.
  - Zhang, JY, & Grill, WM. (2010). Optimizing the geometry of deep brain stimulating electrodes. IFMBE Proceedings , 32 IFMBE , 389-392. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, & Wei, XF. (2009, December 1). High efficiency electrodes for deep brain stimulation. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 3298-3301.
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, & Grill, WM. (2009, December 1). Genetic algorithm reveals energy-efficient waveforms for neural stimulation. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 634-637.
  - Yoo, PB, Horvath, EE, Amundsen, CL, Webster, GD, & Grill, WM. (2009, December 1). Intraurethral activation of excitatory bladder reflexes in persons with spinal cord injury. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 6781-6784.
  - Wei, XF, & Grill, WM. (2009, August). Impedance characteristics of deep brain stimulation electrodes in vitro and in vivo. J Neural Eng , 6 (4), 046008-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Woock, JP, Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2009, July). Intraurethral stimulation evokes bladder responses via 2 distinct reflex pathways. J Urol , 182 (1), 366-373. Full Text Link to Item
  - Cantrell, MB, Grill, WM, & Klein, SM. (2009, June). Computer-based finite element modeling of insulated Tuohy needles used in regional anesthesia. Anesthesiology , 110 (6), 1229-1234. Full Text Link to Item
  - Mahnam, A, Hashemi, SMR, & Grill, WM. (2009, June). Measurement of the current-distance relationship using a novel refractory interaction technique. J Neural Eng , 6 (3), 036005-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kuncel, AM, Turner, DA, Ozelius, LJ, Greene, PE, Grill, WM, & Stacy, MA. (2009, April). Myoclonus and tremor response to thalamic deep brain stimulation parameters in a patient with inherited myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg , 111 (3), 303-306. Full Text Link to Item
  - Dorval, AD, Panjwani, N, Qi, RY, & Grill, WM. (2009). Deep brain stimulation that abolishes Parkinsonian activity in basal ganglia improves thalamic relay fidelity in a computational circuit. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 4230-4233. Full Text
  - Dorval, AD, Panjwani, N, Qi, RY, & Grill, WM. (2009). Deep brain stimulation that abolishes Parkinsonian activity in basal ganglia improves thalamic relay fidelity in a computational circuit. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2009 , 4230-4233. Full Text Link to Item
  - Dorval, AD, Panjwani, N, Qi, RY, & Sr, WMG. (2009). Deep brain stimulation that abolishes parkinsonian activity in basal ganglia improves thalamic relay fidelity in a computational circuit. Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Engineering the Future of Biomedicine, EMBC 2009 , 4230-4233. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, & Wei, XF. (2009). High efficiency electrodes for deep brain stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2009 , 3298-3301. Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, & Wei, XF. (2009). High efficiency electrodes for deep brain stimulation. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2009 , 3298-3301. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Norman, SE, & Bellamkonda, RV. (2009). Implanted neural interfaces: biochallenges and engineered solutions. Annu Rev Biomed Eng , 11 , 1-24. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM. (2009). Electrical stimulation for control of bladder function. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2009 , 2369-2370. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM. (2009). Electrical stimulation for control of bladder function. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2009 , 2369-2370. Full Text
  - Grill, WM. (2009). Principles of Electric Field Generation for Stimulation of the Central Nervous System. Neuromodulation , 1 , 145-155. Full Text
  - Lemay, MA, Grasse, D, & Grill, WM. (2009). Hindlimb endpoint forces predict movement direction evoked by intraspinal microstimulation in cats. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 17 (4), 379-389. Full Text
  - Wei, XF, & Grill, WM. (2009). Analysis of high-perimeter planar electrodes for efficient neural stimulation. (Published online) Front Neuroeng , 2 , 15-. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, & Grill, WM. (2009). Genetic algorithm reveals energy-efficient waveforms for neural stimulation. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2009 , 634-637. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, & Grill, WM. (2009). Genetic algorithm reveals energy-efficient waveforms for neural stimulation. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2009 , 634-637. Full Text
  - Yoo, PB, Horvath, EE, Amundsen, CL, Webster, GD, & Grill, WM. (2009). Intraurethral activation of excitatory bladder reflexes in persons with spinal cord injury. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc , 2009 , 6781-6784. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yoo, PB, Horvath, EE, Amundsen, CL, Webster, GD, & Grill, WM. (2009). Intraurethral activation of excitatory bladder reflexes in persons with spinal cord injury. Conference proceedings : .. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference , 2009 , 6781-6784. Full Text
  - Zhang, T, & Grill, WM. (2009). Effect of electrode geometry on deep brain stimulation: Monopolar point source vs. medtronic 3389 lead. IFMBE Proceedings , 24 , 167-170. Full Text
  - Yoo, PB, Woock, JP, & Grill, WM. (2008, December 30). Somatic innervation of the feline lower urinary tract. Brain Res , 1246 , 80-87. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wongsarnpigoon, A, & Grill, WM. (2008, December). Computational modeling of epidural cortical stimulation. J Neural Eng , 5 (4), 443-454. Full Text Link to Item
  - Dorval, AD, Russo, GS, Hashimoto, T, Xu, W, Grill, WM, & Vitek, JL. (2008, November). Deep brain stimulation reduces neuronal entropy in the MPTP-primate model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol , 100 (5), 2807-2818. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kuncel, AM, Cooper, SE, & Grill, WM. (2008, September). A method to estimate the spatial extent of activation in thalamic deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol , 119 (9), 2148-2158. Full Text Link to Item
  - Mahnam, A, Hashemi, SMR, & Grill, WM. (2008, August 15). Computational evaluation of methods for measuring the spatial extent of neural activation. J Neurosci Methods , 173 (1), 153-164. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yoo, PB, Woock, JP, & Grill, WM. (2008, July). Bladder activation by selective stimulation of pudendal nerve afferents in the cat. Exp Neurol , 212 (1), 218-225. Full Text Link to Item
  - Peng, C-W, Chen, J-JJ, Cheng, C-L, & Grill, WM. (2008, June). Improved bladder emptying in urinary retention by electrical stimulation of pudendal afferents. J Neural Eng , 5 (2), 144-154. Full Text Link to Item
  - Woock, JP, Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2008, June). Activation and inhibition of the micturition reflex by penile afferents in the cat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol , 294 (6), R1880-R1889. Full Text Link to Item
  - Birdno, MJ, Kuncel, AM, Dorval, AD, Turner, DA, & Grill, WM. (2008, March 26). Tremor varies as a function of the temporal regularity of deep brain stimulation. Neuroreport , 19 (5), 599-602. Full Text Link to Item
  - Bossetti, CA, Birdno, MJ, & Grill, WM. (2008, March). Analysis of the quasi-static approximation for calculating potentials generated by neural stimulation. J Neural Eng , 5 (1), 44-53. Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, Cantrell, MB, & Robertson, MS. (2008, February). Antidromic propagation of action potentials in branched axons: implications for the mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation. J Comput Neurosci , 24 (1), 81-93. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kayagil, TA, Grimes, JP, & Grill, WM. (2008, February). Mechanisms underlying reversal of motor unit activation order in electrically evoked contractions after spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve , 37 (2), 210-218. Full Text Link to Item
  - Peng, C-W, Chen, J-JJ, Cheng, C-L, & Grill, WM. (2008, February). Role of pudendal afferents in voiding efficiency in the rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol , 294 (2), R660-R672. Full Text Link to Item
  - Birdno, MJ, & Grill, WM. (2008, January). Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation in movement disorders as revealed by changes in stimulus frequency. Neurotherapeutics , 5 (1), 14-25. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Cooper, SE, Kuncel, AM, Wolgamuth, BR, Rezai, AR, & Grill, WM. (2008). A model predicting optimal parameters for deep brain stimulation in essential tremor. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology , 25 (5), 265-273. Full Text
  - Goldman, HB, Amundsen, CL, Mangel, J, Grill, J, Bennett, M, Gustafson, KJ, & Grill, WM. (2008). Dorsal genital nerve stimulation for the treatment of overactive bladder symptoms. Neurourol Urodyn , 27 (6), 499-503. Full Text Link to Item
  - Birdno, MJ, Cooper, SE, Rezai, AR, & Grill, WM. (2007, September). Pulse-to-pulse changes in the frequency of deep brain stimulation affect tremor and modeled neuronal activity. J Neurophysiol , 98 (3), 1675-1684. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kuncel, AM, Cooper, SE, Wolgamuth, BR, & Grill, WM. (2007, July). How does deep brain stimulation work?. EXPERT REVIEW OF MEDICAL DEVICES , 4 (4), 428-429. Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, Dostrovsky, JO, & Turner, DA. (2007, June). Special theme on deep brain stimulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING , 15 (2), 153-154. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kuncel, AM, Cooper, SE, Wolgamuth, BR, & Grill, WM. (2007, June). Amplitude- and frequency-dependent changes in neuronal regularity parallel changes in tremor With thalamic deep brain stimulation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng , 15 (2), 190-197. Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM. (2007, March). NAKFI smart prosthetics: exploring assistive devices for the body and mind. Expert Rev Med Devices , 4 (2), 107-108. Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, Dostrovsky, JO, & Turner, DA. (2007). Guest editorial special theme on deep brain stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 15 (2), 153-154. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Dostrovsky, JO, & Turner, DA. (2007). Guest editorial: Special theme on deep brain stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 15 (1), 153-154. Full Text
  - Keohan, F, Wei, XF, Wongsarnpigoon, A, Lazaro, E, Darga, JE, & Grill, WM. (2007). Fabrication and evaluation of conductive elastomer electrodes for neural stimulation. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition , 18 (8), 1057-1073. Full Text
  - Kuncel, AM, Cooper, SE, Wolgamuth, BR, & Grill, WM. (2007). Amplitude-and frequency-dependent changes in neuronal regularity parallel changes in tremor with thalamic deep brain stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 15 (1), 190-197. Full Text
  - Lemay, MA, Bhowmik-Stoker, M, McConnell, GC, & Grill, WM. (2007). Role of biomechanics and muscle activation strategy in the production of endpoint force patterns in the cat hindlimb. Journal of Biomechanics , 40 (16), 3679-3687. Full Text
  - Nabutovsky, Y, Florio, J, Morgan, K, Grill, WM, & Farazi, TG. (2007). Lead design and initial applications of a new lead for long-term endovascular vagal stimulation. PACE - Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology , 30 (SUPPL. 1), S215-S218. Full Text
  - Santaniello, S, Fiengo, G, Glielmo, L, & Grill, WM. (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. II. network-based multi-units simulation. Proceedings of the American Control Conference , 4095-4100. Full Text
  - Santaniello, S, Fiengo, G, Glielmo, L, & Grill, WM. (2007). Basal ganglia modeling in healthy and Parkinson's disease state. I. isolated neurons activity. Proceedings of the American Control Conference , 4089-4094. Full Text
  - Yoo, PB, & Grill, WM. (2007). Minimally-invasive electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve: a pre-clinical study for neural control of the lower urinary tract. Neurourol Urodyn , 26 (4), 562-569. Full Text Link to Item
  - Yoo, PB, Klein, SM, Grafstein, NH, Horvath, EE, Amundsen, CL, Webster, GD, & Grill, WM. (2007). Pudendal nerve stimulation evokes reflex bladder contractions in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Neurourol Urodyn , 26 (7), 1020-1023. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kuncel, AM, & Grill, WM. (2006, November). NIH Neural Interfaces Workshop: August 21-23, 2006, Bethesda, MD, USA. Expert Rev Med Devices , 3 (6), 695-697. Full Text Link to Item
  - Kuncel, AM, Cooper, SE, Wolgamuth, BR, Clyde, MA, Snyder, SA, Montgomery, EB, Rezai, AR, & Grill, WM. (2006, November). Clinical response to varying the stimulus parameters in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. Mov Disord , 21 (11), 1920-1928. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wenzel, BJ, Boggs, JW, Gustafson, KJ, & Grill, WM. (2006, April). Closed loop electrical control of urinary continence. J Urol , 175 (4), 1559-1563. Full Text Link to Item
  - Boggs, JW, Wenzel, BJ, Gustafson, KJ, & Grill, WM. (2006). Bladder emptying by intermittent electrical stimulation of the pudendal nerve. Journal of Neural Engineering , 3 (1), 43-51. Full Text
  - Boggs, JW, Wenzel, BJ, Gustafson, KJ, & Grill, WM. (2006). Frequency-dependent selection of reflexes by pudendal afferents in the cat. Journal of Physiology , 577 (1), 115-126. Full Text
  - Gustafson, KJ, Moffitt, MA, Wang, X, Sun, J, Snyder, S, & Grill, WM. (2006). Topography of spinal neurons active during hindlimb withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrate cat. Neuroscience , 141 (4), 1983-1994. Full Text
  - Schiefer, MA, & Grill, WM. (2006). Sites of neuronal excitation by epiretinal electrical stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 14 (1), 5-13. Full Text
  - Wenzel, BJ, Boggs, JW, Gustafson, KJ, Creasey, GH, & Grill, WM. (2006). Detection of neurogenic detrusor contractions from the activity of the external anal sphincter in cat and human. Neurourology and Urodynamics , 25 (2), 140-147. Full Text
  - Wei, XF, & Grill, WM. (2005, December). Current density distributions, field distributions and impedance analysis of segmented deep brain stimulation electrodes. J Neural Eng , 2 (4), 139-147. Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM. (2005, July). Safety considerations for deep brain stimulation: review and analysis. Expert Rev Med Devices , 2 (4), 409-420. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Boggs, JW, Wenzel, BJ, Gustafson, KJ, & Grill, WM. (2005, May). Spinal micturition reflex mediated by afferents in the deep perineal nerve. J Neurophysiol , 93 (5), 2688-2697. Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, Simmons, AM, Cooper, SE, Miocinovic, S, Montgomery, EB, Baker, KB, & Rezai, AR. (2005, May). Temporal excitation properties of paresthesias evoked by thalamic microstimulation. Clin Neurophysiol , 116 (5), 1227-1234. Full Text Link to Item
  - Swift, MJ, Crago, PE, & Grill, WM. (2005, January 30). Applied electric fields accelerate the diffusion rate and increase the diffusion distance of DiI in fixed tissue. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS , 141 (1), 155-163. Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, & Robertson, MW. (2005). Antidromic action potential propagation in branched axons. 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering , 2005 , 183-185. Full Text
  - Gustafson, KJ, Zelkovic, PF, Feng, AH, Draper, CE, Bodner, DR, & Grill, WM. (2005). Fascicular anatomy and surgical access of the human pudendal nerve. World Journal of Urology , 23 (6), 411-418. Full Text
  - Lee, DC, & Grill, WM. (2005). Polarization of a spherical cell in a nonuniform extracellular electric field. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 33 (5), 603-615. Full Text
  - Lee, DC, Jensen, AL, Schiefer, MA, Morgan, CW, & Grill, WM. (2005). Structural mechanisms to produce differential dendritic gains. Brain Research , 1033 (2), 117-127. Full Text
  - Moffitt, MA, Dale, BM, Duerk, JL, & Grill, WM. (2005). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human lumbar spinal cord. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 21 (5), 527-535. Full Text
  - Swift, MJ, Crago, PE, & Grill, WM. (2005). Applied electric fields accelerate the diffusion rate and increase the diffusion distance of DiI in fixed tissue. Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 141 (1), 155-163. Full Text
  - Wenzel, BJ, Boggs, JW, Gustafson, KJ, & Grill, WM. (2005). Detecting the onset of hyper-reflexive bladder contractions from the electrical activity of the pudendal nerve. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 13 (3), 428-435. Full Text
  - Wenzel, BJ, Grill, WM, Boggs, JW, & Gustafson, KJ. (2005). Event-triggered electrical control of urinary continence. 2nd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering , 2005 , 687-689. Full Text
  - Kuncel, AM, & Grill, WM. (2004, November). Selection of stimulus parameters for deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol , 115 (11), 2431-2441. (Review) Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, Snyder, AN, & Miocinovic, S. (2004). Deep brain stimulation creates an informational lesion of the stimulated nucleus. NeuroReport , 15 (7), 1137-1140. Full Text
  - Gustafson, KJ, Creasey, GH, & Grill, WM. (2004). A urethral afferent mediated excitatory bladder reflex exists in humans. Neuroscience Letters , 360 (1-2), 9-12. Full Text
  - Lemay, MA, & Grill, WM. (2004). Modularity of Motor Output Evoked by Intraspinal Microstimulation in Cats. Journal of Neurophysiology , 91 (1), 502-514. Full Text
  - McIntyre, CC, Grill, WM, Sherman, DL, & Thakor, NV. (2004). Cellular Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation: Model-Based Analysis of Activation and Inhibition. Journal of Neurophysiology , 91 (4), 1457-1469. Full Text
  - Miocinovic, S, & Grill, WM. (2004). Sensitivity of temporal excitation properties to the neuronal element activated by extracellular stimulation. Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 132 (1), 91-99. Full Text
  - Moffitt, MA, & Grill, WM. (2004). Electrical localization of neural activity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: A modeling study. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 32 (12), 1694-1709.
  - Moffitt, MA, McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (2004). Prediction of Myelinated Nerve Fiber Stimulation Thresholds: Limitations of Linear Models. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 51 (2), 229-236. Full Text
  - Wenzel, BJ, Grill, WM, Boggs, JW, & Gustafson, KJ. (2004). Detecting the onset of hyper-reflexive bladder contractions from pudendal nerve electrical activity. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 26 VI , 4213-4216.
  - Bhowmik, M, Boyce, V, McConnell, G, Joyce, DM, Grill, WM, & Lemay, MA. (2003). Experimental and biomechanical model force fields produced by intraspinal microstimulation of the cat lumbar spinal cord. Bioengineering, Proceedings of the Northeast Conference , 37-38.
  - Boggs, JW, Grill, WM, Wenzel, BJ, & Gustafson, KJ. (2003). Stimulation of the Deep Perineal Nerve Elicits Bladder Contractions. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 2031-2034.
  - Gustafson, KJ, Creasey, GH, & Grill, WM. (2003). A catheter based method to activate urethral sensory nerve fibers. Journal of Urology , 170 (1), 126-129. Full Text
  - Wenzel, BJ, Grill, WM, Boggs, JW, & Gustafson, KJ. (2003). Using External Anal Sphincter Activity to Detect the Onset of Hyper-Reflexive Bladder Contractions. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 2 , 1579-1582.
  - Grill, WM, Gustafson, KJ, & Creasey, GH. (2002). Control of bladder function by electrical activation of spinal neural circuits. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 2043-2044.
  - Gustafson, KJ, Boggs, JW, Wenzel, BJ, & Grill, WM. (2002). Generation of bladder contractions via electrical stimulation of urethral afferent nerves and intra-urethral stimulation. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 2084-2085.
  - Humbert, SD, Snyder, SA, & Jr, WMG. (2002). Evaluation of command algorithms for control of upper-extremity neural prostheses. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering , 10 (2), 94-101. Full Text
  - Jezernik, S, Craggs, M, Grill, WM, Creasey, G, & Rijkhoff, NJM. (2002). Electrical stimulation for the treatment of bladder dysfunction: Current status and future possibilities. Neurological Research , 24 (5), 413-430. Full Text
  - Lee, DC, & Grill, WM. (2002). Polarization of a spherical cell in a non-uniform electric field: Transient response and comparison with polarization in a uniform field. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 1980-1981.
  - Lemay, MA, McConnell, GC, Kao, T, Joyce, DM, & Grill, WM. (2002). Endpoint forces obtained during intraspinal microstimulation of the cat lumbar spinal cord - Experimental and biomechanical model results. Bioengineering, Proceedings of the Northeast Conference , 113-114.
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (2002). Extracellular stimulation of central neurons: Influence of stimulus waveform and frequency on neuronal output. Journal of Neurophysiology , 88 (4), 1592-1604.
  - McIntyre, CC, Grill, WM, Sherman, DL, & Thakor, NV. (2002). Model-based analysis of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 2047-2048.
  - McIntyre, CC, Richardson, AG, & Grill, WM. (2002). Modeling the excitability of mammalian nerve fibers: Influence of afterpotentials on the recovery cycle. Journal of Neurophysiology , 87 (2), 995-1006.
  - Mino, H, & Jr, WMG. (2002). Effects of stochastic sodium channels on extracellular excitation of myelinated nerve fibers. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 49 (6), 527-532. Full Text
  - Moffitt, MA, & Grill, WM. (2002). Source localization in the spinal cord: A modeling study. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 1977-1978.
  - Grill, WM, & McIntyre, CC. (2001). Extracellular excitation of central neurons: Implications for the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Thalamus and Related Systems , 1 (3), 269-277. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Craggs, MD, Foreman, RD, Ludlow, CL, & Buller, JL. (2001). Emerging clinical applications of electrical stimulation: Opportunities for restoration of function. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development , 38 (6), 641-653.
  - Grill, WM, McDonald, JW, Peckham, PH, Heetderks, W, Kocsis, J, & Weinrich, M. (2001). At the interface: Convergence of neural regeneration and neural prostheses for restoration of function. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development , 38 (6), 633-639.
  - Grill, WM. (2001). Neural modeling in neuromuscular and rehabilitation research. Annual Reports of the Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University , 4 , 4065-4068.
  - Grill, WM. (2001). Functional electrical stimulation for control of internal organ function: Commentary. Neuromodulation , 4 (4), 161-162.
  - Jezernik, S, & Grill, WM. (2001). Optimal filtering of whole nerve signals. Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 106 (1), 101-110. Full Text
  - Jezernik, S, Grill, WM, & Sinkjaer, T. (2001). Detection and inhibition of hyperreflexia-like bladder contractions in the cat by sacral nerve root recording and electrical stimulation. Neurourology and Urodynamics , 20 (2), 215-230. Full Text
  - Jezernik, S, Grill, WW, & Sinkjaer, T. (2001). Neural network classification of nerve activity recorded in a mixed nerve. Neurological Research , 23 (5), 429-434. Full Text
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (2001). Model-based design of stimulus trains for selective microstimulation of targeted neuronal populations. Annual Reports of the Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University , 1 , 806-809.
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (2001). Finite element analysis of the current-density and electric field generated by metal microelectrodes. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 29 (3), 227-235. Full Text
  - Grill, W, & McIntyre, C. (2000). What neural elements are excited by extracellular stimulation in the central nervous system?. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 28 (SUPPL. 1), S-115.
  - Grill, WM, & Kirsch, RF. (2000). Neuroprosthetic applications of electrical stimulation. Assistive Technology , 12 (1), 6-20.
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (2000). Neural and connective tissue response to long-term implantation of multiple contact nerve cuff electrodes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 50 (2), 215-226. (Academic Article) Full Text Link to Item
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (2000). Neural and connective tissue response to long-term implantation of multiple contact nerve cuff electrodes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research , 50 (2), 215-226. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Richardson, AG, & McIntyre, CC. (2000). Influence of the myelin sheath on excitation properties of nerve fibers. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 1605-1607.
  - Grill, WM. (2000). Electrical activation of spinal neural circuits: Application to motor- system neural prostheses. Neuromodulation , 3 (2), 97-106. Full Text
  - Humbert, SD, & Grill, WM. (2000). Performance evaluation of command control algorithms for upper-extremity neuroprostheses. ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY , 12 (2), 154-154. Link to Item
  - Lemay, MA, & Grill, WM. (2000). Endpoint force patterns evoked by intraspinal stimulation - Ipsilateral and contralateral responses. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 2 , 918-920.
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (2000). Selective Microstimulation of Central Nervous System Neurons. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 28 (3), 219-233.
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (2000). Current density and electric field analysis of microelectrodes using finite element modeling. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 3 , 2010-2011.
  - Mino, H, & Grill, WM. (2000). Modeling of mammalian myelinated nerve with stochastic sodium ionic channels. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 2 , 915-917.
  - Moffitt, M, & Grill, W. (2000). Effect of source location and tissue properties on surface potentials in a cylindrical volume conductor model. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 28 (SUPPL. 1), S-112.
  - Richardson, AG, McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (2000). Modelling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibres: Influence of the myelin sheath. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing , 38 (4), 438-446.
  - Barbeau, H, McCrea, DA, O'Donovan, MJ, Rossignol, S, Grill, WM, & Lemay, MA. (1999). Tapping into spinal circuits to restore motor function. Brain Research Reviews , 30 (1), 27-51. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Bhadra, N, & Wang, B. (1999). Bladder and urethral pressures evoked by microstimulation of the sacral spinal cord in cats. Brain Research , 836 (1-2), 19-30. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Erokwu, BO, Hadziefendic, S, & Haxhiu, MA. (1999). Extended survival time following pseudorabies virus injection labels the suprapontine neural network controlling the bladder and urethra in the rat. Neuroscience Letters , 270 (2), 63-66. Full Text
  - Jr, WMG. (1999). Modeling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: Influence of tissue electrical properties. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 46 (8), 918-928. Full Text
  - Lemay, MA, & Grill, WM. (1999). Endpoint forces evoked by microstimulation of the cat spinal cord. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 1 , 481--.
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (1999). Excitation of central nervous system neurons by nonuniform electric fields. Biophysical Journal , 76 (2), 878-888. Full Text
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (1999). Model-based design of stimulus waveforms for selective microstimulation in the central nervous system. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 1 , 384--.
  - Wang, B, Bhadra, N, & Grill, WM. (1999). Functional anatomy of the male feline urethra: Morphological and physiological correlations. Journal of Urology , 161 (2), 654-659.
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1998). Stability of the input-output properties of chronically implanted multiple contact nerve cuff stimulating electrodes. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering , 6 (4), 364-373. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Wang, B, Hadziefendic, S, & Haxhiu, MA. (1998). Identification of the spinal neural network involved in coordination of micturition in the male cat. Brain Research , 796 (1-2), 150-160. Full Text
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (1998). Sensitivity analysis of a model of mammalian neural membrane. Biological Cybernetics , 79 (1), 29-37.
  - Grill, WM, & Doren, CLV. (1997). Detection of object contact during grasp using nail-mounted strain sensors. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 5 , 1952-1953.
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1997). Inversion of the current-distance relationship by transient depolarization. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 44 (1), 1-9. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, & Wang, B. (1997). Mapping knee torques evoked by intraspinal microstimulation. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 5 , 1950-1951.
  - McIntyre, CC, & Grill, WM. (1997). Microstimulation of spinal motoneurons: a model study. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 5 , 2032-2034.
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1996). Non-invasive measurement of the input-output properties of peripheral nerve stimulating electrodes. Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 65 (1), 43-50. Full Text
  - Grill, WM. (1996). Effects of tissue electrical properties on neural excitation. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , (1), 349-350.
  - Jr, WMG, & Mortimer, JT. (1996). Quantification of recruitment properties of multiple contact cuff electrodes. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering , 4 (2), 49-62. Full Text
  - Jr, WMG, & Mortimer, JT. (1996). The effect of stimulus pulse duration on selectivity of neural stimulation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 43 (2), 161-166. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1995). Stimulus waveforms for selective neural stimulation. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine , 14 (4), 375-385. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1995). Temporal stability of nerve cuff electrode recruitment properties. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 17 (2), 1089-1090.
  - Tarler, M, Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1995). Comparison between monopolar and tripolar configurations in chronically implanted nerve cuff electrodes. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 17 (2), 1093-1094.
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1994). Electrical properties of implant encapsulation tissue. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 22 (1), 23-33. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1994). Effect of stimulus pulsewidth on spatial selectivity of neural stimulation. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology - Proceedings , 16 (pt 1), 363-364.
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1993). Functional control of joint torque with a cuff electrode. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology , 15 (pt 3), 1328-1329.
  - Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1993). Selective activation of distant nerve fibers. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology , 15 (pt 3), 1249-1250.
  - Veraart, C, Grill, WM, & Mortimer, JT. (1993). Selective control of muscle activation with a multipolar nerve cuff electrode. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 40 (7), 640-653. Full Text
  - Warman, EN, Grill, WM, & Durand, D. (1992, December). Modeling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: determination of excitation thresholds. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng , 39 (12), 1244-1254. Link to Item
  - Warman, EN, Grill, WM, & Durand, D. (1992). Modeling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibers: Determination of excitation thresholds. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering , 39 (12), 1244-1254. Full Text
  - Grill, WM, Veraart, C, & Mortimer, JT. (1991). Selective activation of peripheral nerve fascicles: Use of field steering currents. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology , 13 (pt 2), 904-905.
  - Warman, EN, Grill, WM, Durand, D, & Mortimer, JT. (1991). A new formulation of the activating function for estimation of neural excitation thresholds. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology , 13 (pt 2), 916-917.
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