Scholars@Duke
Xi Chen

Xi Chen

Associate Professor of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmology, Vitreoretinal Diseases & Surgery
xi2.chen@duke.edu
2351 Erwin Road AERI3000, Durham, NC 27705

Scholarly Works - Journal articles

Preterm Infant Stress During Noncontact Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography and Contact Fundus Photography.

Journal article JAMA Ophthalmol · July 1, 2026 IMPORTANCE: Limiting the stress of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) assessments may be beneficial for preterm infants. OBJECTIVE: To compare stress in preterm infants from noncontact optical coherence tomography (OCT) vs contact fundus photography during R ... Full text Link to item Cite

Very Preterm Infant Retinal Microanatomy at 36 Weeks' Postmenstrual Age and 2-Year Neurodevelopment.

Journal article JAMA Ophthalmol · July 1, 2026 IMPORTANCE: If noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal imaging could predict 2-year neurodevelopment of very preterm (VPT; <32 weeks' gestational age) infants in neonatal intensive care, it might help to guide management. OBJECTIVE: To evalu ... Full text Link to item Cite

Exudative retinopathy from retinal vasoproliferative tumor refractory to aflibercept treated with faricimab-svoa

Journal article American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports · June 1, 2026 Purpose To report a case of exudative retinopathy secondary to retinal vasoproliferative tumor (RVPT) refractory to aflibercept treated with faricimab-svoa (faricimab). Principal results A 43-year-old female presented with an exudative and hemorrhagic lesi ... Full text Cite

Utility of handheld optical coherence tomography imaging in the surgical management of preterm infants with advanced retinopathy of prematurity.

Journal article Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · April 9, 2026 PURPOSE: The advent of handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a research instrument has significantly advanced our understanding of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We aim to determine if OCT imaging can aid in surgical decision-making for preterm ... Full text Link to item Cite

Comparison of Retinal and Choroidal OCT Measures and Features at Term Equivalent Age in Preterm and Term Infants.

Journal article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · October 1, 2025 PURPOSE: To evaluate macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) features at term-equivalent age in preterm and term infants, and to test the hypothesis that both preterm birth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are associated with differences in OCT meas ... Full text Link to item Cite

New Directions for Ophthalmic OCT - Handhelds, Surgery, and Robotics.

Journal article Transl Vis Sci Technol · January 2, 2025 The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the 1990s revolutionized diagnostic ophthalmic imaging. Initially, OCT's role was primarily in the adult ambulatory ophthalmic clinics. Subsequent advances in handheld form factors, integration into ... Full text Link to item Cite

Early Single-Examination Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers for Treatment-Requiring Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Journal article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · April 1, 2024 PURPOSE: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging adjunct imaging modality to evaluate retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). From an 11-year research database, we identify early OCT biomarkers that predict treatment-requiring ROP (TR-ROP). METHODS: Fo ... Full text Link to item Cite

A pilot optical coherence tomography angiography classification of retinal neovascularization in retinopathy of prematurity.

Journal article Sci Rep · January 4, 2024 Extraretinal neovascularization is a hallmark of treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) offers vascular flow and depth information not available from indirect ophthalmoscopy and structural OCT, ... Full text Link to item Cite

Longitudinal Choroidal Development in Preterm Infants.

Journal article Ophthalmol Sci · 2024 PURPOSE: To characterize changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness in preterm infants from 30 to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). DESIGN: The prospective, observational Study of Eye Imaging in Preterm infantS (BabySTEPS) enrolled infants eligible for reti ... Full text Link to item Cite

MACULAR NEUROVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES IN A CHILD WITH INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI ON HANDHELD OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY.

Journal article Retin Cases Brief Rep · September 1, 2023 PURPOSE: To report macular neurovascular abnormalities in a child with incontinentia pigmenti using handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A). METHODS: An eye of a child with incontinentia pigmenti enrolled in BabySTEPS was im ... Full text Link to item Cite

Retinal injury identified by overhead-mounted optical coherence tomography in two young children with infantile-onset glaucoma.

Journal article J AAPOS · February 2023 PURPOSE: To report and characterize unexpected retinal findings identified by imaging with overhead-mounted optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 2 young children with infantile-onset glaucoma. METHODS: Children with glaucoma were imaged during clinically ... Full text Link to item Cite

Insights into the developing fovea revealed by imaging.

Journal article Prog Retin Eye Res · September 2022 Early development of the fovea has been documented by histological studies over the past few decades. However, structural distortion due to sample processing and the paucity of high-quality post-mortem tissue has limited the effectiveness of this approach. ... Full text Link to item Cite

Granulicatella Adiacens as an Unusual Cause of Microbial Keratitis and Endophthalmitis: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Journal article Ocul Immunol Inflamm · July 2022 PURPOSE: To report two cases of microbial keratitis and/or endophthalmitis involving Granulicatella adiacens. METHODS: Case series. RESULTS: 24-year-old female with a history of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Candida parapsilosis keratitis presented wi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Integrated Visualization Highlighting Retinal Changes in Retinopathy of Prematurity From 3-Dimensional Optical Coherence Tomography Data.

Journal article JAMA Ophthalmol · July 1, 2022 IMPORTANCE: Early diagnosis of plus disease is critical in the management of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, there is substantial interexpert disagreement in the diagnosis of plus disease based on vascular changes alone. Information derived from ... Full text Link to item Cite

Depth-Resolved Visualization of Perifoveal Retinal Vasculature in Preterm Infants Using Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Journal article Transl Vis Sci Technol · August 2, 2021 PURPOSE: To establish methods to visualize depth-resolved perifoveal retinal vasculature in preterm infants using handheld optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). METHODS: In this exploratory study, eyes of preterm infants were imaged using an in ... Full text Link to item Cite

Macular OCT Characteristics at 36 Weeks' Postmenstrual Age in Infants Examined for Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Journal article Ophthalmol Retina · June 2021 PURPOSE: To report our ability to capture,-grade reliably, and analyze bedside macular OCT images from preterm infants and relate OCT findings to biological factors and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) status at a single time window in the Study of Eye Ima ... Full text Link to item Cite

BILATERAL INTRAVITREAL 0.19-MG FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE IMPLANT FOR PERSISTENT NONDIABETIC CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA AFTER VITRECTOMY.

Journal article Retin Cases Brief Rep · May 1, 2021 BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Iluvien (Alimera Science, Alpharetta, GA) is an injectable, nonbiodegradable, sustained-release 0.19-mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant. Although currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration only for diabetic macul ... Full text Link to item Cite

Preterm Infant Stress During Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography vs Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy Examination for Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Journal article JAMA Ophthalmol · May 1, 2021 IMPORTANCE: Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) examination for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a well-known cause of repeated preterm infant stress. OBJECTIVE: To compare stress during investigational optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to ... Full text Link to item Cite

Choroidal neovascularization in a child with infantile primary hyperoxaluria treated with bevacizumab.

Journal article J AAPOS · April 2021 Fundus manifestations of primary hyperoxaluria include crystalline deposits, focal or diffuse macular hyperpigmentation, and subretinal fibrosis. Choroidal neovascularization has been hypothesized to underlie the pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis, yet it ... Full text Link to item Cite

COMBINED INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FLAP AND AUTOLOGOUS PLASMA CONCENTRATE TO CLOSE A LARGE TRAUMATIC MACULAR HOLE IN A PEDIATRIC PATIENT.

Journal article Retin Cases Brief Rep · March 1, 2021 PURPOSE: To describe a case of a large, traumatic macular hole in a pediatric patient closed using an internal limiting membrane flap in combination with autologous plasma concentrate (APC). METHODS: Description of a surgical technique as performed in one ... Full text Link to item Cite

Foveal Differentiation and Inner Retinal Displacement Are Arrested in Extremely Premature Infants.

Journal article Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci · February 1, 2021 PURPOSE: Children with a history of prematurity often have poorly developed foveae but when during development foveal differences arise. We hypothesize that the course of foveal development is altered from the time of preterm birth. METHODS: Eyes of 102 pr ... Full text Link to item Cite

Morphological characteristics of early- versus late-onset macular edema in preterm infants.

Journal article J AAPOS · October 2020 Macular images of infants with early-onset edema (occurring at or before 33 weeks' postmenstrual age [PMA]) and infants with late-onset edema (at or after 36 weeks' PMA) were compared. At first appearance, early-onset edema has a more severe morphology, wi ... Full text Link to item Cite

Slow progressive perifoveal vascular formation in an infant with aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity.

Journal article J AAPOS · October 2020 Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (AP-ROP) is a severe form of ROP occurring in preterm infants that is characterized by rapid progression and prominent vascularity. We report the use of investigational bedside noninvasive optical coherence t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Axial and Lateral Measurements on Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography Systems Compared with Tabletop System.

Journal article Transl Vis Sci Technol · October 2020 PURPOSE: To compare the repeatability and reproducibility of axial and lateral retinal measurements using handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems and a tabletop OCT system. METHODS: Graders measured central foveal thickness (CFT), optic nerve-t ... Full text Link to item Cite

Subclinical Retinal versus Brain Findings in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Journal article Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · September 2020 PURPOSE: To detect retinal features and abnormalities on optical coherence tomography (OCT) without pupil dilation and relate these to brain injury in infants with a clinical diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). METHODS: Under an institution ... Full text Link to item Cite

Assessment of Macular Microvasculature in Healthy Eyes of Infants and Children Using OCT Angiography.

Journal article Ophthalmology · December 2019 PURPOSE: To assess macular vasculature in healthy infants and children using OCT angiography (OCTA). DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred thirty-five normal maculae of 89 healthy infants and children (mean age, 8.5±5.3 years ... Full text Open Access Link to item Cite

Ergonomic handheld OCT angiography probe optimized for pediatric and supine imaging.

Journal article Biomed Opt Express · May 1, 2019 OCT angiography is a functional extension of OCT that allows for non-invasive imaging of retinal microvasculature. However, most current OCT angiography systems are tabletop systems that are typically used for imaging compliant, seated subjects. These syst ... Full text Link to item Cite

Macular Microvascular Findings in Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Journal article Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina · May 1, 2019 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To describe depth-resolved macular microvasculature abnormalities in patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-two eyes (11 eyes o ... Full text Link to item Cite

Three-dimensional pattern of extraretinal neovascular development in retinopathy of prematurity.

Journal article Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol · April 2019 BACKGROUND: The application of three-dimensional (3D) visualization techniques to evaluate the earliest visible onset of abnormal retinal vascular development in preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), using bedside non-contact optical coher ... Full text Link to item Cite

Understanding the variability of handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography measurements in supine infants.

Journal article PLoS One · 2019 PURPOSE: Central foveal thickness (CFT) measurements from optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans provide a precise measure of severity of pathologic changes in the fovea, progress of disease and response to treatment. Although these measures are addition ... Full text Link to item Cite

VISUALIZATION FROM INTRAOPERATIVE SWEPT-SOURCE MICROSCOPE-INTEGRATED OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN VITRECTOMY FOR COMPLICATIONS OF PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.

Journal article Retina · September 2018 PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of live volumetric (4D) intraoperative swept-source microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography in vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy complications. METHODS: In this prospective study, we analyzed a subgro ... Full text Link to item Cite

Spectral-Domain OCT Findings of Retinal Vascular-Avascular Junction in Infants with Retinopathy of Prematurity.

Journal article Ophthalmol Retina · September 2018 PURPOSE: Bedside examination of premature infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is predominantly performed with ophthalmoscopic en face viewing of the retina. While postmortem retinal microstructures have been studied at the vascular-avascul ... Full text Link to item Cite

Fluorescein Angiographic Characteristics of Macular Edema During Infancy.

Journal article JAMA Ophthalmol · May 1, 2018 IMPORTANCE: Macular edema during infancy, a subclinical feature identified in premature infants by handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), has been associated with poorer visual acuity and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Features of ma ... Full text Link to item Cite

A Case of Progressive Dimming Vision.

Journal article JAMA Ophthalmol · April 1, 2018 Full text Link to item Cite

ASSESSMENT OF THE RETINAL STRUCTURE IN CHILDREN WITH INCONTINENTIA PIGMENTI.

Journal article Retina · August 2017 PURPOSE: This report aims at expanding the current knowledge of retinal microanatomy in children with incontinentia pigmenti using hand-held spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). METHODS: We reviewed OCT scans from 7 children (4 weeks-13 ye ... Full text Link to item Cite

Microscope-Integrated Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in the Operating Room in Young Children With Retinal Vascular Disease.

Journal article JAMA Ophthalmol · May 1, 2017 IMPORTANCE: Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) has gained traction as an important adjunct for clinical decision making during vitreoretinal surgery, and OCT angiography (OCTA) has provided novel insights in clinical evaluation of retinal di ... Full text Link to item Cite

Ocular Surface Epithelial Atypia Mimicking Squamous Neoplasia in Association With Ulcerative Colitis.

Journal article Cornea · April 2017 PURPOSE: Inflammatory bowel disease may be associated with extraintestinal manifestations. We report a case of severe reactive epithelial atypia resembling ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in a patient with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Case re ... Full text Link to item Cite

Optical coherence tomography of the preterm eye: from retinopathy of prematurity to brain development.

Journal article Eye Brain · 2016 Preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity are at increased risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Because the neurosensory retina is an extension of the central nervous system, anatomic abnormalities in the anterior visual pathway often relate to ... Full text Link to item Cite