Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders Guidelines of the American Venous Forum
The management of venous malformations
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Markovic, JN; Shortell, CK
January 1, 2024
Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) are rare, localized, or diffused abnormalities of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that arise by embryologic dysmorphogenesis without increased endothelial proliferation, which leads to true structural and/or functional anomalies of the vascular system. 1 Their frequently inexorable growth and expansion can result in substantial morbidity and, in some cases, premature death. With an estimated incidence of 0.8%–1%, predominantly venous malformations are the most common type, and they comprise approximately two-thirds of all CVMs. 2
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Markovic, J. N., & Shortell, C. K. (2024). The management of venous malformations. In Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders Guidelines of the American Venous Forum (pp. 681–691). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003328971-75
Markovic, J. N., and C. K. Shortell. “The management of venous malformations.” In Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders Guidelines of the American Venous Forum, 681–91, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003328971-75.
Markovic JN, Shortell CK. The management of venous malformations. In: Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 2024. p. 681–91.
Markovic, J. N., and C. K. Shortell. “The management of venous malformations.” Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders Guidelines of the American Venous Forum, 2024, pp. 681–91. Scopus, doi:10.1201/9781003328971-75.
Markovic JN, Shortell CK. The management of venous malformations. Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders Guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 2024. p. 681–691.