Scholars@Duke

• Background
• 

  Education, Training, & Certifications

  • Sc.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2005
• 

  Previous Appointments & Affiliations

  • Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering 2020 - 2023
  • Frank H. Bassett III, M. D. Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Science Departments 2016 - 2021
  • Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2016 - 2020
  • Associate Professor in Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Science Departments 2016 - 2019
  • Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering 2015 - 2018
  • Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2010 - 2016
  • Frank H. Bassett III, M. D. Assistant Professor - Track V in the School of Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Science Departments 2012 - 2015
  • Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Science Departments 2014 - 2015
  • Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Science Departments 2009 - 2014
  • Medical Instructor in the Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery, Clinical Science Departments 2006 - 2009
• 

  Academic Positions Outside Duke

  • Editorial Board, Journal of Biomechanics. 2016 - 2018
  • Editorial Board, American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015 - 2018
  • Editorial Board, Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2014 - 2018
• Recognition
• 

  In the News

  • MAY 4, 2023

    Duke Today

    Duke Awards 44 Distinguished Professorships

  • APR 18, 2018

    US News and World Report

    His and Her Knee Injuries Occur the Same Way

  • APR 18, 2018

    Duke Health News

    Study Shows Men and Women Tear ACL the Same Way In Non-Contact Injury

  • DEC 1, 2017

    KSAT News

    How to prevent knee injuries

  • AUG 17, 2017

    Science Magazine

    Knee arthritis in Americans has doubled since 1940

  • AUG 10, 2017

    WRAL News

    Athletes: Try this to prevent ACL tears and knee injuries

  • OCT 22, 2013

    Duke Research Blog

    Clinical Sciences Day: Collaboration, Mentorship Lead to Science Successes
• 

  Awards & Honors

  • Kappa Delta Young Investigator Award. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2016
• Research
• 

  Selected Grants

  • Mentoring in Musculoskeletal Pain Phenotypes awarded by National Institutes of Health 2022 - 2027
  • Biomechanical and Biological Predictors of Cartilage Health Following Meniscus Injury awarded by National Institutes of Health 2021 - 2026
  • In Vivo Knee Motion and ACL Biomechanics During Dynamic Activities awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2025
  • Mechanical Biomarkers of Chronic Low Back Pain awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2024
  • Duke CTSA (TL1) Year 5 awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2024
  • Weight loss, in vivo cartilage mechanics, and joint health awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2023
  • Biomarkers to Advance Clinical Phenotypes of Low Back Pain (BACk) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2023
  • Quantitative MRI of Glenohumeral Cartilage & Labrum in Shoulder Instability awarded by Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation 2022 - 2023
  • Metabolomic & Radiographic Markers of Fracture Risk Among Older Adults with Diabetes (K23) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
  • Development of Chondroregenerative Therapy for Human Osteoarthritis awarded by University of Rochester Medical Center 2017 - 2022
  • Exercise-induced recovery of intervertebral disc health awarded by National Institutes of Health 2020 - 2022
  • Comparison of In-Vivo Knee cartilage vs. augmented anterolateral ligament reconstruction awarded by Piedmont Orthopedic Foundation 2019 - 2022
  • Age-related alterations in the in vivo mechanical function of the spine awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2020
  • Training in Medical Imaging awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2020
  • In Vivo Knee Motion and ACL Biomechanics During Dynamic Activities awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2019
  • Biomechanical Markers of Knee Osteoarthritis and In Vivo Cartilage Loading awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2018
  • In Vivo Cartilage Mechanics and Degeneration After ACL Deficiency awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2017
  • The In Vivo Biomechanics of Lateral Ankle Ligament Injury and Reconstruction awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2012
• 

  External Relationships

  • Elsevier
  • NIH
• Publications & Artistic Works
• 

  Selected Publications

  • Academic Articles

    • Kim-Wang, S. Y., Bradley, P. X., Cutcliffe, H. C., Collins, A. T., Crook, B. S., Paranjape, C. S., … DeFrate, L. E. (2023). Auto-segmentation of the tibia and femur from knee MR images via deep learning and its application to cartilage strain and recovery. J Biomech, 149, 111473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111473
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    • Bradley, P. X., Thomas, K. N., Kratzer, A. L., Robinson, A. C., Wittstein, J. R., DeFrate, L. E., & McNulty, A. L. (2023). The Interplay of Biomechanical and Biological Changes Following Meniscus Injury. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 25(2), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-022-01093-3
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    • Foody, J. N., Bradley, P. X., Spritzer, C. E., Wittstein, J. R., DeFrate, L. E., & Englander, Z. A. (2023). Elevated In Vivo ACL Strain Is Associated With a Straight Knee in Both the Sagittal and the Coronal Planes. Am J Sports Med, 51(2), 422–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465221141876
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    • Coppock, J. A., Zimmer, N. E., Englander, Z. A., Danyluk, S. T., Kosinski, A. S., Spritzer, C. E., … DeFrate, L. E. (2023). In vivo intervertebral disc mechanical deformation following a treadmill walking "stress test" is inversely related to T1rho relaxation time. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 31(1), 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2022.09.008
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    • Kim-Wang, S. Y., Spritzer, C. E., Owusu-Akyaw, K., Coppock, J. A., Goode, A. P., Englander, Z. A., … DeFrate, L. E. (2023). The Predicted Position of the Knee Near the Time of ACL Rupture Is Similar Between 2 Commonly Observed Patterns of Bone Bruising on MRI. Am J Sports Med, 51(1), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465221131551
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    • Goode, A. P., Cleveland, R. J., George, S. Z., Schwartz, T. A., Kraus, V. B., Renner, J. B., … Golightly, Y. M. (2022). Predictors of Lumbar Spine Degeneration and Low Back Pain in the Community: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 74(10), 1659–1666. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24643
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    • Englander, Z. A., Foody, J. N., Cutcliffe, H. C., Wittstein, J. R., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2022). Use of a Novel Multimodal Imaging Technique to Model In Vivo Quadriceps Force and ACL Strain During Dynamic Activity. Am J Sports Med, 50(10), 2688–2697. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465221107085
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    • Martin, J. T., Wesorick, B., Oldweiler, A. B., Kosinski, A. S., Goode, A. P., & DeFrate, L. E. (2022). In vivo fluid transport in human intervertebral discs varies by spinal level and disc region. Jor Spine, 5(2), e1199. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsp2.1199
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    • Heckelman, L. N., Soher, B. J., Spritzer, C. E., Lewis, B. D., & DeFrate, L. E. (2022). Design and validation of a semi-automatic bone segmentation algorithm from MRI to improve research efficiency. Sci Rep, 12(1), 7825. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11785-6
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    • Martin, J. T., Oldweiler, A. B., Kosinski, A. S., Spritzer, C. E., Soher, B. J., Erickson, M. M., … DeFrate, L. E. (2022). Lumbar intervertebral disc diurnal deformations and T2 and T1rho relaxation times vary by spinal level and disc region. Eur Spine J, 31(3), 746–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-07097-4
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    • Tamayo, K. S., Heckelman, L. N., Spritzer, C. E., DeFrate, L. E., & Collins, A. T. (2022). Obesity impacts the mechanical response and biochemical composition of patellofemoral cartilage: An in vivo, MRI-based investigation. J Biomech, 134, 110991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.110991
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    • Cutcliffe, H. C., Kottamasu, P. K., McNulty, A. L., Goode, A. P., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2021). Mechanical metrics may show improved ability to predict osteoarthritis compared to T1rho mapping. J Biomech, 129, 110771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110771
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    • Heckelman, L. N., Wesorick, B. R., DeFrate, L. E., & Lee, R. H. (2021). Diabetes is associated with a lower minimum moment of inertia among older women: An analysis of 3D reconstructions of clinical CT scans. J Biomech, 128, 110707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110707
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    • Kim-Wang, S. Y., Holt, A. G., McGowan, A. M., Danyluk, S. T., Goode, A. P., Lau, B. C., … McNulty, A. L. (2021). Immune cell profiles in synovial fluid after anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries. Arthritis Res Ther, 23(1), 280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-021-02661-1
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    • Andress, B., Kim, J. H., Cutcliffe, H. C., Amendola, A., Goode, A. P., Varghese, S., … McNulty, A. L. (2021). Meniscus cell regional phenotypes: Dedifferentiation and reversal by biomaterial embedding. J Orthop Res, 39(10), 2177–2186. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24954
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    • Coppock, J. A., Danyluk, S. T., Englander, Z. A., Spritzer, C. E., Goode, A. P., & DeFrate, L. E. (2021). Increasing BMI increases lumbar intervertebral disc deformation following a treadmill walking stress test. J Biomech, 121, 110392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110392
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    • Englander, Z. A., Lau, B. C., Wittstein, J. R., Goode, A. P., & DeFrate, L. E. (2021). Patellar Tendon Orientation and Strain Are Predictors of ACL Strain In Vivo During a Single-Leg Jump. Orthop J Sports Med, 9(3), 2325967121991054. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967121991054
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    • Crook, B. S., Collins, A. T., Lad, N. K., Spritzer, C. E., Wittstein, J. R., & DeFrate, L. E. (2021). Effect of walking on in vivo tibiofemoral cartilage strain in ACL-deficient versus intact knees. J Biomech, 116, 110210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110210
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    • Kim-Wang, S. Y., Scribani, M. B., Whiteside, M. B., DeFrate, L. E., Lassiter, T. E., & Wittstein, J. R. (2021). Distribution of Bone Contusion Patterns in Acute Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Torn Knees. Am J Sports Med, 49(2), 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520981569
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    • Collins, A. T., Hu, G., Newman, H., Reinsvold, M. H., Goldsmith, M. R., Twomey-Kozak, J. N., … Karner, C. M. (2021). Obesity alters the collagen organization and mechanical properties of murine cartilage. Sci Rep, 11(1), 1626. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-80599-1
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    • Cutcliffe, H. C., & DeFrate, L. E. (2021). Four-Point Bending Testing for Mechanical Assessment of Mouse Bone Structural Properties. Methods Mol Biol, 2230, 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_12
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    • Collins, A. T., Kulvaranon, M., Spritzer, C. E., McNulty, A. L., & DeFrate, L. E. (2020). The Influence of Obesity and Meniscal Coverage on In Vivo Tibial Cartilage Thickness and Strain. Orthop J Sports Med, 8(12), 2325967120964468. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120964468
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    • Cutcliffe, H. C., Davis, K. M., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. (2020). The Characteristic Recovery Time as a Novel, Noninvasive Metric for Assessing In Vivo Cartilage Mechanical Function. Ann Biomed Eng, 48(12), 2901–2910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02558-1
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    • Heckelman, L. N., Riofrio, A. D., Vinson, E. N., Collins, A. T., Gwynn, O. R., Utturkar, G. M., … DeFrate, L. E. (2020). Dose and Recovery Response of Patellofemoral Cartilage Deformations to Running. Orthop J Sports Med, 8(12), 2325967120967512. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120967512
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    • Englander, Z. A., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2020). In vivo attachment site to attachment site length and strain of the ACL and its bundles during the full gait cycle measured by MRI and high-speed biplanar radiography: Response. J Biomech, 109, 109918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109918
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    • Englander, Z. A., Wittstein, J. R., Goode, A. P., Garrett, W. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2020). Reconsidering Reciprocal Length Patterns of the Anteromedial and Posterolateral Bundles of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament During In Vivo Gait. Am J Sports Med, 48(8), 1893–1899. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520924168
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    • Goode, A. P., Schwartz, T. A., Kraus, V. B., Huebner, J. L., George, S. Z., Cleveland, R. J., … Jordan, J. M. (2020). Inflammatory, Structural, and Pain Biochemical Biomarkers May Reflect Radiographic Disc Space Narrowing: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Orthop Res, 38(5), 1027–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24534
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    • Heckelman, L. N., Smith, W. A. R., Riofrio, A. D., Vinson, E. N., Collins, A. T., Gwynn, O. R., … DeFrate, L. E. (2020). Quantifying the biochemical state of knee cartilage in response to running using T1rho magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep, 10(1), 1870. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58573-8
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    • Cutcliffe, H. C., & DeFrate, L. E. (2020). Comparison of Cartilage Mechanical Properties Measured During Creep and Recovery. Sci Rep, 10(1), 1547. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58220-2
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    • Englander, Z. A., Garrett, W. E., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2020). In vivo attachment site to attachment site length and strain of the ACL and its bundles during the full gait cycle measured by MRI and high-speed biplanar radiography. J Biomech, 98, 109443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109443
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    • Englander, Z. A., Baldwin, E. L., Smith, W. A. R., Garrett, W. E., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2019). In Vivo Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deformation During a Single-Legged Jump Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and High-Speed Biplanar Radiography. Am J Sports Med, 47(13), 3166–3172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546519876074
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    • Ruprecht, J. C., Waanders, T. D., Rowland, C. R., Nishimuta, J. F., Glass, K. A., Stencel, J., … McNulty, A. L. (2019). Meniscus-Derived Matrix Scaffolds Promote the Integrative Repair of Meniscal Defects. Sci Rep, 9(1), 8719. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44855-3
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    • Englander, Z. A., Cutcliffe, H. C., Utturkar, G. M., Taylor, K. A., Spritzer, C. E., Garrett, W. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2019). In vivo assessment of the interaction of patellar tendon tibial shaft angle and anterior cruciate ligament elongation during flexion. J Biomech, 90, 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.04.034
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    • DeFrate, L. E., Kim-Wang, S. Y., Englander, Z. A., & McNulty, A. L. (2019). Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: mechanics. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 27(3), 392–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.12.011
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    • Paranjape, C. S., Cutcliffe, H. C., Grambow, S. C., Utturkar, G. M., Collins, A. T., Garrett, W. E., … DeFrate, L. E. (2019). A New Stress Test for Knee Joint Cartilage. Sci Rep, 9(1), 2283. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38104-2
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    • Taylor, K. A., Collins, A. T., Heckelman, L. N., Kim, S. Y., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., … DeFrate, L. E. (2019). Activities of daily living influence tibial cartilage T1rho relaxation times. J Biomech, 82, 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.029
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    • Collins, A. T., Hatcher, C. C., Kim, S. Y., Ziemian, S. N., Spritzer, C. E., Guilak, F., … McNulty, A. L. (2019). Selective Enzymatic Digestion of Proteoglycans and Collagens Alters Cartilage T1rho and T2 Relaxation Times. Ann Biomed Eng, 47(1), 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-02143-7
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    • Englander, Z. A., Cutcliffe, H. C., Utturkar, G. M., Garrett, W. E., Spritzer, C. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2019). A Comparison of Knee Abduction Angles Measured by a 3D Anatomic Coordinate System Versus Videographic Analysis: Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Orthop J Sports Med, 7(1), 2325967118819831. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118819831
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    • Sutter, E. G., Liu, B., Utturkar, G. M., Widmyer, M. R., Spritzer, C. E., Cutcliffe, H. C., … DeFrate, L. E. (2019). Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on Tibiofemoral Cartilage Thickness and Strains in Response to Hopping. Am J Sports Med, 47(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518802225
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    • Englander, Z. A., Martin, J. T., Ganapathy, P. K., Garrett, W. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2018). Automatic registration of MRI-based joint models to high-speed biplanar radiographs for precise quantification of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament deformation during gait. J Biomech, 81, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.09.010
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    • Collins, A. T., Kulvaranon, M. L., Cutcliffe, H. C., Utturkar, G. M., Smith, W. A. R., Spritzer, C. E., … DeFrate, L. E. (2018). Obesity alters the in vivo mechanical response and biochemical properties of cartilage as measured by MRI. Arthritis Res Ther, 20(1), 232. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1727-4
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    • Owusu-Akyaw, K. A., Kim, S. Y., Spritzer, C. E., Collins, A. T., Englander, Z. A., Utturkar, G. M., … DeFrate, L. E. (2018). Determination of the Position of the Knee at the Time of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture for Male Versus Female Patients by an Analysis of Bone Bruises: Response. Am J Sports Med, 46(11), NP48–NP51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518788316
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    • Zhang, H., Heckelman, L. N., Spritzer, C. E., Owusu-Akyaw, K. A., Martin, J. T., Taylor, D. C., … DeFrate, L. E. (2018). In Vivo Assessment of Exercise-Induced Glenohumeral Cartilage Strain. Orthop J Sports Med, 6(7), 2325967118784518. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118784518
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    • Owusu-Akyaw, K. A., Kim, S. Y., Spritzer, C. E., Collins, A. T., Englander, Z. A., Utturkar, G. M., … DeFrate, L. E. (2018). Determination of the Position of the Knee at the Time of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture for Male Versus Female Patients by an Analysis of Bone Bruises. Am J Sports Med, 46(7), 1559–1565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518764681
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    • Martin, J. T., Oldweiler, A. B., Spritzer, C. E., Soher, B. J., Erickson, M. M., Goode, A. P., & DeFrate, L. E. (2018). A magnetic resonance imaging framework for quantifying intervertebral disc deformation in vivo: Reliability and application to diurnal variations in lumbar disc shape. J Biomech, 71, 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.01.045
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    • DeFrate, L. (2018). YEAR IN REVIEW: MECHANICS. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 26, S9–S9.
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    • Goode, A., Kraus, V. B., Golightly, Y., Huebner, J., George, S., Martin, J., … Jordan, J. M. (2018). Association between n-cadherin, keratin-19 and lumican with disc space narrowing: the Johnston county osteoarthritis project. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 26, S421–S421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.02.813
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    • Owusu-Akyaw, K. A., Heckelman, L. N., Cutcliffe, H. C., Sutter, E. G., Englander, Z. A., Spritzer, C. E., … DeFrate, L. E. (2018). A comparison of patellofemoral cartilage morphology and deformation in anterior cruciate ligament deficient versus uninjured knees. J Biomech, 67, 78–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.019
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    • Liu, B., Lad, N. K., Collins, A. T., Ganapathy, P. K., Utturkar, G. M., McNulty, A. L., … DeFrate, L. E. (2017). In Vivo Tibial Cartilage Strains in Regions of Cartilage-to-Cartilage Contact and Cartilage-to-Meniscus Contact in Response to Walking. Am J Sports Med, 45(12), 2817–2823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517712506
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    • DeFrate, L. E. (2017). Effects of ACL graft placement on in vivo knee function and cartilage thickness distributions. J Orthop Res, 35(6), 1160–1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23541
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    • Hatcher, C. C., Collins, A. T., Kim, S. Y., Michel, L. C., Mostertz, W. C., Ziemian, S. N., … McNulty, A. L. (2017). Relationship between T1rho magnetic resonance imaging, synovial fluid biomarkers, and the biochemical and biomechanical properties of cartilage. J Biomech, 55, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.02.001
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    • Collins, A. T., Kulvaranon, M. L., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., Guilak, F., & Defrate, L. E. (2017). In vivo biochemical and biomechanical properties of cartilage are affected by obesity. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 25, S112–S113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.02.181
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    • Liu, B., Goode, A. P., Carter, T. E., Utturkar, G. M., Huebner, J. L., Taylor, D. C., … McNulty, A. L. (2017). Matrix metalloproteinase activity and prostaglandin E2 are elevated in the synovial fluid of meniscus tear patients. Connect Tissue Res, 58(3–4), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2016.1256391
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    • Cher, W. L., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., Nunley, J. A., DeFrate, L. E., & Collins, A. T. (2016). An analysis of changes in in vivo cartilage thickness of the healthy ankle following dynamic activity. J Biomech, 49(13), 3026–3030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.05.030
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    • Lad, N. K., Liu, B., Ganapathy, P. K., Utturkar, G. M., Sutter, E. G., Moorman, C. T., … DeFrate, L. E. (2016). Effect of normal gait on in vivo tibiofemoral cartilage strains. J Biomech, 49(13), 2870–2876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.06.025
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    • DeFrate, L. E. (2016). Dynamic joint imaging in human OA: altered in vivo cartilage function and early onset OA. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 24, S4–S4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.027
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    • Huebner, J. L., Furman, B. D., Manson, M. J., Kimmerling, K. A., Olson, S. A., Guilak, F., … Kraus, V. B. (2016). Acute inflammatory response after severe joint injury potentially involved in the development of post-traumatic arthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 24, S79–S80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.169
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    • Kim, S. Y., Spritzer, C. E., Utturkar, G. M., Toth, A. P., Garrett, W. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2015). Knee Kinematics During Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as Determined From Bone Bruise Location. Am J Sports Med, 43(10), 2515–2521. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515594446
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    • Carter, T. E., Taylor, K. A., Spritzer, C. E., Utturkar, G. M., Taylor, D. C., Moorman, C. T., … DeFrate, L. E. (2015). In vivo cartilage strain increases following medial meniscal tear and correlates with synovial fluid matrix metalloproteinase activity. J Biomech, 48(8), 1461–1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.030
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    • Vovos, T. J., Furman, B. D., Huebner, J. L., Kimmerling, K. A., Utturkar, G. M., DeFrate, L. E., … Olson, S. A. (2015). Joint incongruity and biomarkers of bone metabolism as predictors of post-traumatic arthritis in mice. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 23, A242–A243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.02.449
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    • Sutter, E. G., Widmyer, M. R., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., Garrett, W. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2015). In vivo measurement of localized tibiofemoral cartilage strains in response to dynamic activity. Am J Sports Med, 43(2), 370–376. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546514559821
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    • Okafor, E. C., Utturkar, G. M., Widmyer, M. R., Abebe, E. S., Collins, A. T., Taylor, D. C., … DeFrate, L. E. (2014). The effects of femoral graft placement on cartilage thickness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Biomech, 47(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.003
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    • Widmyer, M. R., Utturkar, G. M., Leddy, H. A., Coleman, J. L., Spritzer, C. E., Moorman, C. T., … Guilak, F. (2013). High body mass index is associated with increased diurnal strains in the articular cartilage of the knee. Arthritis Rheum, 65(10), 2615–2622. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38062
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    • Stolberg-Stolberg, J. A., Furman, B. D., Garrigues, N. W., Lee, J., Pisetsky, D. S., Stearns, N. A., … Olson, S. A. (2013). Effects of cartilage impact with and without fracture on chondrocyte viability and the release of inflammatory markers. J Orthop Res, 31(8), 1283–1292. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.22348
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    • Coleman, J. L., Widmyer, M. R., Leddy, H. A., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., Moorman, C. T., … DeFrate, L. E. (2013). Diurnal variations in articular cartilage thickness and strain in the human knee. J Biomech, 46(3), 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.013
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    • Taylor, K. A., Cutcliffe, H. C., Queen, R. M., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., Garrett, W. E., & DeFrate, L. E. (2013). In vivo measurement of ACL length and relative strain during walking. J Biomech, 46(3), 478–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.10.031
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    • Utturkar, G. M., Irribarra, L. A., Taylor, K. A., Spritzer, C. E., Taylor, D. C., Garrett, W. E., & Defrate, L. E. (2013). The effects of a valgus collapse knee position on in vivo ACL elongation. Ann Biomed Eng, 41(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0629-x
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    • Wilusz, R. E., DeFrate, L. E., & Guilak, F. (2012). Immunofluorescence-guided atomic force microscopy to measure the micromechanical properties of the pericellular matrix of porcine articular cartilage. J R Soc Interface, 9(76), 2997–3007. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0314
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    • Wainright, W. B., Spritzer, C. E., Lee, J. Y., Easley, M. E., DeOrio, J. K., Nunley, J. A., & DeFrate, L. E. (2012). The effect of modified Broström-Gould repair for lateral ankle instability on in vivo tibiotalar kinematics. Am J Sports Med, 40(9), 2099–2104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512454840
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    • Wilusz, R. E., Defrate, L. E., & Guilak, F. (2012). A biomechanical role for perlecan in the pericellular matrix of articular cartilage. Matrix Biol, 31(6), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2012.05.002
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    • Abebe, E. S., Kim, J.-P., Utturkar, G. M., Taylor, D. C., Spritzer, C. E., Moorman, C. T., … DeFrate, L. E. (2011). The effect of femoral tunnel placement on ACL graft orientation and length during in vivo knee flexion. J Biomech, 44(10), 1914–1920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.04.030
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    • Lewis, J. S., Hembree, W. C., Furman, B. D., Tippets, L., Cattel, D., Huebner, J. L., … Olson, S. A. (2011). Acute joint pathology and synovial inflammation is associated with increased intra-articular fracture severity in the mouse knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 19(7), 864–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2011.04.011
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    • Backus, J. D., Furman, B. D., Swimmer, T., Kent, C. L., McNulty, A. L., Defrate, L. E., … Olson, S. A. (2011). Cartilage viability and catabolism in the intact porcine knee following transarticular impact loading with and without articular fracture. J Orthop Res, 29(4), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.21270
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    • Abebe, E. S., Utturkar, G. M., Taylor, D. C., Spritzer, C. E., Kim, J. P., Moorman, C. T., … DeFrate, L. E. (2011). The effects of femoral graft placement on in vivo knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Biomech, 44(5), 924–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.11.028
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    • Taylor, K. A., Terry, M. E., Utturkar, G. M., Spritzer, C. E., Queen, R. M., Irribarra, L. A., … DeFrate, L. E. (2011). Measurement of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament strain during dynamic jump landing. J Biomech, 44(3), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.10.028
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    • Bischof, J. E., Spritzer, C. E., Caputo, A. M., Easley, M. E., DeOrio, J. K., Nunley, J. A., & DeFrate, L. E. (2010). In vivo cartilage contact strains in patients with lateral ankle instability. J Biomech, 43(13), 2561–2566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.05.013
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    • Bischof, J. E., Defrate, L. E., Queen, R. M., & Nunley, J. A. (2010). Bilateral jones fractures in two elite soccer players. Foot Ankle Int, 31(5), 441–447. https://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2010.0441
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    • Van de Velde, S. K., Bingham, J. T., Hosseini, A., Kozanek, M., DeFrate, L. E., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2009). Increased tibiofemoral cartilage contact deformation in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Arthritis Rheum, 60(12), 3693–3702. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24965
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    • Caputo, A. M., Lee, J. Y., Spritzer, C. E., Easley, M. E., DeOrio, J. K., Nunley, J. A., & DeFrate, L. E. (2009). In vivo kinematics of the tibiotalar joint after lateral ankle instability. Am J Sports Med, 37(11), 2241–2248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509337578
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    • Abebe, E. S., Moorman, C. T., Dziedzic, T. S., Spritzer, C. E., Cothran, R. L., Taylor, D. C., … DeFrate, L. E. (2009). Femoral tunnel placement during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an in vivo imaging analysis comparing transtibial and 2-incision tibial tunnel-independent techniques. Am J Sports Med, 37(10), 1904–1911. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509340768
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    • Caputo, A. M., Lee, J. Y., Spritzer, C. E., Easley, M. E., DeOrio, J. K., Nunley, J. A., & DeFrate, L. E. (2009). Lateral ankle instability increases anterior translation and internal rotation of the talus during in vivo loading. Foot and Ankle International, 30(8), 804.
    • Gelalis, I. D., DeFrate, L. E., Stafilas, K. S., Pakos, E. E., Kang, J. D., & Gilbertson, L. G. (2009). Three-dimensional analysis of cervical spine motion: reliability of a computer assisted magnetic tracking device compared to inclinometer. Eur Spine J, 18(2), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0853-0
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    • Kaseta, M. K., DeFrate, L. E., Charnock, B. L., Sullivan, R. T., & Garrett, W. E. (2008). Reconstruction technique affects femoral tunnel placement in ACL reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 466(6), 1467–1474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-008-0238-z
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    • Van de Velde, S. K., Gill, T. J., DeFrate, L. E., Papannagari, R., & Li, G. (2008). The effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and reconstruction on the patellofemoral joint. Am J Sports Med, 36(6), 1150–1159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508314404
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    • Schwarzkopf, R., DeFrate, L. E., Li, G., & Herndon, J. H. (2008). The quantification of the origin area of the deep forearm musculature on the interosseous ligament. Bull Nyu Hosp Jt Dis, 66(1), 9–13.
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    • Li, G., Papannagari, R., Nha, K. W., Defrate, L. E., Gill, T. J., & Rubash, H. E. (2007). The coupled motion of the femur and patella during in vivo weightbearing knee flexion. J Biomech Eng, 129(6), 937–943. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2803267
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    • Papannagari, R., DeFrate, L. E., Nha, K. W., Moses, J. M., Moussa, M., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2007). Function of posterior cruciate ligament bundles during in vivo knee flexion. Am J Sports Med, 35(9), 1507–1512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507300061
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    • Defrate, L. E., & Li, G. (2007). The prediction of stress-relaxation of ligaments and tendons using the quasi-linear viscoelastic model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol, 6(4), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-006-0056-8
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    • Li, G., Papannagari, R., DeFrate, L. E., Yoo, J. D., Park, S. E., & Gill, T. J. (2007). The effects of ACL deficiency on mediolateral translation and varus-valgus rotation. Acta Orthop, 78(3), 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453670710013924
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    • Jordan, S. S., DeFrate, L. E., Nha, K. W., Papannagari, R., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2007). The in vivo kinematics of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion. Am J Sports Med, 35(4), 547–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506295941
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    • Van de Velde, S. K., DeFrate, L. E., Gill, T. J., Moses, J. M., Papannagari, R., & Li, G. (2007). The effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency on the in vivo elongation of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. Am J Sports Med, 35(2), 294–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506294079
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    • Defrate, L. E., Nha, K. W., Papannagari, R., Moses, J. M., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2007). The biomechanical function of the patellar tendon during in-vivo weight-bearing flexion. J Biomech, 40(8), 1716–1722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.08.009
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    • Papannagari, R., Gill, T. J., Defrate, L. E., Moses, J. M., Petruska, A. J., & Li, G. (2006). In vivo kinematics of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a clinical and functional evaluation. Am J Sports Med, 34(12), 2006–2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506290403
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    • Defrate, L. E., Papannagari, R., Gill, T. J., Moses, J. M., Pathare, N. P., & Li, G. (2006). The 6 degrees of freedom kinematics of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: an in vivo imaging analysis. Am J Sports Med, 34(8), 1240–1246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506287299
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    • Li, G., Moses, J. M., Papannagari, R., Pathare, N. P., DeFrate, L. E., & Gill, T. J. (2006). Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency alters the in vivo motion of the tibiofemoral cartilage contact points in both the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 88(8), 1826–1834. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.E.00539
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    • Li, G., Papannagari, R., DeFrate, L. E., Yoo, J. D., Park, S. E., & Gill, T. J. (2006). Comparison of the ACL and ACL graft forces before and after ACL reconstruction: an in-vitro robotic investigation. Acta Orthop, 77(2), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/17453670610046019
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    • Park, S. E., DeFrate, L. E., Suggs, J. F., Gill, T. J., Rubash, H. E., & Li, G. (2006). Erratum to "The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion". Knee, 13(1), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2004.12.012
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    • Park, S. E., DeFrate, L. E., Suggs, J. F., Gill, T. J., Rubash, H. E., & Li, G. (2006). Erratum: The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion (The Knee (2005) 12 (377-382) DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2004.12.011). Knee, 13(1), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2005.09.005
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    • Defrate, L. E., van der Ven, A., Boyer, P. J., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2006). The measurement of the variation in the surface strains of Achilles tendon grafts using imaging techniques. J Biomech, 39(3), 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.12.021
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    • DeFrate, L. E., & Li, G. (2005). The prediction of the stress-strain behavior of ligaments and tendons. Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference, 2005, 874–875.
    • DeFrate, L. E., Van Der Ven, A., Boyer, P. J., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2005). The measurement of the variation in the surface strains of achilles tendon grafts using imaging techniques. Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference, 2005, 695–696.
    • Li, G., DeFrate, L. E., Suggs, J. F., Hanson, G. R., Papannagari, R., & Rubash, H. E. (2005). The development of an orthogonal fluoroscopic and MR imaging technique for accurately measuring in vivo knee joint kinematics. Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference, 2005, 972–973.
    • Park, S. E., DeFrate, L. E., Suggs, J. F., Gill, T. J., Rubash, H. E., & Li, G. (2005). The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion. Knee, 12(5), 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2004.12.011
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    • Li, G., Park, S. E., DeFrate, L. E., Schutzer, M. E., Ji, L., Gill, T. J., & Rubash, H. E. (2005). The cartilage thickness distribution in the tibiofemoral joint and its correlation with cartilage-to-cartilage contact. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 20(7), 736–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.04.001
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    • Li, G., DeFrate, L. E., Rubash, H. E., & Gill, T. J. (2005). Erratum: "In vivo kinematics of the ACL during weight-bearing knee flexion" (Journal of Orthopaedic Research (2005) vol. 23 (340-344) 10.1016/j.orthres.2004.08.006). Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 23(4), 977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthres.2005.03.001
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    • Li, G., Defrate, L. E., Rubash, H. E., & Gill, T. J. (2005). In vivo kinematics of the ACL during weight-bearing knee flexion. J Orthop Res, 23(2), 340–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthres.2004.08.006
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    • Yoo, J. D., Papannagari, R., Park, S. E., DeFrate, L. E., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2005). The effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on knee joint kinematics under simulated muscle loads. Am J Sports Med, 33(2), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504267806
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    • Li, G., DeFrate, L. E., Park, S. E., Gill, T. J., & Rubash, H. E. (2005). In vivo articular cartilage contact kinematics of the knee: an investigation using dual-orthogonal fluoroscopy and magnetic resonance image-based computer models. Am J Sports Med, 33(1), 102–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504265577
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    • DeFrate, L. E., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2004). In vivo function of the posterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion. Am J Sports Med, 32(8), 1923–1928. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504264896
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    • DeFrate, L. E., Sun, H., Gill, T. J., Rubash, H. E., & Li, G. (2004). In vivo tibiofemoral contact analysis using 3D MRI-based knee models. J Biomech, 37(10), 1499–1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.01.012
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    • Li, G., DeFrate, L. E., Sun, H., & Gill, T. J. (2004). In vivo elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament during knee flexion. Am J Sports Med, 32(6), 1415–1420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503262175
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    • Park, S. E., Stamos, B. D., DeFrate, L. E., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2004). The effect of posterior knee capsulotomy on posterior tibial translation during posterior cruciate ligament tibial inlay reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 32(6), 1514–1519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504265594
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    • Li, G., DeFrate, L. E., Zayontz, S., Park, S. E., & Gill, T. J. (2004). The effect of tibiofemoral joint kinematics on patellofemoral contact pressures under simulated muscle loads. J Orthop Res, 22(4), 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orthres.2003.11.011
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    • DeFrate, L. E., van der Ven, A., Gill, T. J., & Li, G. (2004). The effect of length on the structural properties of an Achilles tendon graft as used in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med, 32(4), 993–997. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546503261739
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    • Li, G., Most, E., DeFrate, L. E., Suggs, J. F., Gill, T. J., & Rubash, H. E. (2004). Effect of the posterior cruciate ligament on posterior stability of the knee in high flexion. J Biomech, 37(5), 779–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.031
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    • Li, G., Wuerz, T. H., & DeFrate, L. E. (2004). Feasibility of using orthogonal fluoroscopic images to measure in vivo joint kinematics. J Biomech Eng, 126(2), 314–318. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1691448
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    • Li, G., Zayontz, S., Most, E., DeFrate, L. E., Suggs, J. F., & Rubash, H. E. (2004). In situ forces of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in high knee flexion: an in vitro investigation. J Orthop Res, 22(2), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00179-7
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    • DEFRATE, L. (2004). In vivo tibiofemoral contact analysis using 3D MRI-based Knee model. Journal of Biomechanics, 37(10), 1499–1504.
    • Li, G., Zayontz, S., DeFrate, L. E., Most, E., Suggs, J. F., & Rubash, H. E. (2004). Kinematics of the knee at high flexion angles: an in vitro investigation. J Orthop Res, 22(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(03)00118-9
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    • Gill, T. J., DeFrate, L. E., Wang, C., Carey, C. T., Zayontz, S., Zarins, B., & Li, G. (2004). The effect of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on patellofemoral contact pressures in the knee joint under simulated muscle loads. Am J Sports Med, 32(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399703258794
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    • Li, G., DeFrate, L., Suggs, J., & Gill, T. (2003). Determination of optimal graft lengths for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction--a theoretical analysis. J Biomech Eng, 125(2), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1554409
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    • Gill, T. J., DeFrate, L. E., Wang, C., Carey, C. T., Zayontz, S., Zarins, B., & Li, G. (2003). The biomechanical effect of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on knee joint function. Kinematic response to simulated muscle loads. Am J Sports Med, 31(4), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310040901
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    • Li, G., Gill, T. J., DeFrate, L. E., Zayontz, S., Glatt, V., & Zarins, B. (2002). Biomechanical consequences of PCL deficiency in the knee under simulated muscle loads--an in vitro experimental study. J Orthop Res, 20(4), 887–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(01)00184-X
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    • DeFrate, L. E., Li, G., Zayontz, S. J., & Herndon, J. H. (2001). A minimally invasive method for the determination of force in the interosseous ligament. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 16(10), 895–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0268-0033(01)00092-4
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    • DeFrate, L. E., Sakai, J. L., Gilbertson, L. G., Moon, S. H., Nishida, K., Donaldson, W. F., … Woo, S. L. Y. (1999). Magnetic tracking/virtual reality based system for comprehensive kinematic assessment of the cervical spine. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) Bed, 42, 63–64.
    • Sakai, J. L., Gilbertson, L. G., DeFrate, L. E., Donaldson, W. F., Kang, J. D., & Woo, S. L. Y. (1999). Virtual reality assisted visual feedback of cervical spine kinematics for improved control of active range-of-motion maneuvers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) Bed, 43, 15–16.
    • DeFrate, L. E., Doehring, T. C., Gilbertson, L. G., Donaldson, W. F., Kang, J. D., & Woo, S. L. Y. (1997). Axial rotation limits cervical spine flexion-extension range of motion. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) Bed, 35, 445–446.
    • DeFrate, L. E., Doehring, T. C., Nishida, K., Kang, J. D., Gilbertson, L. G., & Woo, S. L. Y. (1997). Virtual reality assisted measurement of in-vivo cervical spine kinematics. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) Bed, 36, 9–10.
    • DeFrate, L. E. (n.d.). IN VIVO STRAIN INCREASES FOLLOWING MEDIAL MENISCAL TEAR AND CORRELATES WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE ACTIVITY. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.
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  • Conference Papers

    • Hora, M., Pontzer, H., Defrate, L. E., Charles, H. C., Sladek, V., & Mcginnis, A. (2020). Effect of gait and velocity on in-vivo tibial loading in humans. In American Journal of Physical Anthropology (Vol. 171, pp. 124–124). Los Angeles, CA: WILEY.
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    • Goode, A., Cleveland, R., Hu, D., George, S., Kraus, V. B., Schwartz, T., … Golightly, Y. (2019). Predictors of Incident and Worsening Lumbar Spine Degeneration: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. In Arthritis & Rheumatology (Vol. 71). WILEY.
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    • Sakai, J. L., Gilbertson, L. G., Defrate, L. E., Donaldson, W. F., Kang, J. D., & Woo, S. L. Y. (1999). VIRTUAL REALITY ASSISTED VISUAL FEEDBACK OF CERVICAL SPINE KINEMATICS FOR IMPROVED CONTROL OF ACTIVE RANGE-OF-MOTION MANEUVERS. In Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (Imece) (Vol. 1999-D, pp. 15–16). https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE1999-0354
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    • DeFrate, L. E., Doehring, T. C., Nishida, K., Kang, J. D., Gilbertson, L. G., & Woo, S. L. Y. (1997). VIRTUAL REALITY ASSISTED MEASUREMENT OF IN-VIVO CERVICAL SPINE KINEMATICS. In Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings (Imece) (Vol. 1997-H, pp. 9–10). https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE1997-0202
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• Teaching & Mentoring
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  Recent Courses

  • BME 791: Graduate Independent Study 2023
  • BME 791: Graduate Independent Study 2022

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