Louis Edwin DeFrate | Scholars@Duke

Louis Edwin DeFrate
Frank H. Bassett III, M. D. Associate Professor

Current Appointments & Affiliations

Frank H. Bassett III, M. D. Associate Professor, Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics 2016
Associate Professor in Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics 2016
Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2016
Affiliate of the Regeneration Next Initiative, Regeneration Next Initiative, Institutes and Centers 2016

Contact Information

MSRB Room 379, Box 3093 DUMC, Durham, NC 27710
Room 379, Medical Sciences Research Building, Box 3093 Med. Ctr., Durham, NC 27710
lou.defrate@duke.edu (919) 681-9959
Google Scholar
Musculoskeletal Bioengineering Laboratory

Background
Education, Training, & Certifications
- Sc.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2005
Duke Appointment History
- Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Pratt School of Engineering 2015 - 2018
- Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering 2010 - 2016
- Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics 2014 - 2015
- Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics 2009 - 2014
- Medical Instructor in the Department of Surgery, Orthopaedics, Orthopaedics 2006 - 2009
Academic Positions Outside Duke
- Editorial Board, Journal of Biomechanics. 2016 - 2018
- Editorial Board, American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015 - 2018
- Editorial Board, Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2014 - 2018
Recognition
In the News
- APR 18, 2018 US News and World Report
  
  His and Her Knee Injuries Occur the Same Way
- APR 18, 2018 Duke Health News
  
  Study Shows Men and Women Tear ACL the Same Way In Non-Contact Injury
- DEC 1, 2017 KSAT News
  
  How to prevent knee injuries
- AUG 17, 2017 Science Magazine
  
  Knee arthritis in Americans has doubled since 1940
- AUG 10, 2017 WRAL News
  
  Athletes: Try this to prevent ACL tears and knee injuries
- OCT 22, 2013 Duke Research Blog
  
  Clinical Sciences Day: Collaboration, Mentorship Lead to Science Successes
Awards & Honors
- Kappa Delta Young Investigator Award. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and the Orthopaedic Research Society. 2016
Research
Selected Grants
- Weight loss, in vivo cartilage mechanics, and joint health awarded by National Institutes of Health 2019 - 2023
- Duke CTSA (KL2) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Duke CTSA (TL1) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Metabolomic & Radiographic Markers of Fracture Risk Among Older Adults with Diabetes awarded by National Institutes of Health 2018 - 2023
- Biomarkers to Advance Clinical Phenotypes of Low Back Pain (BACk) awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2021
- Age-related alterations in the in vivo mechanical function of the spine awarded by National Institutes of Health 2017 - 2020
- Training in Medical Imaging awarded by National Institutes of Health 2003 - 2019
- In Vivo Knee Motion and ACL Biomechanics During Dynamic Activities awarded by National Institutes of Health 2014 - 2019
- Biomechanical Markers of Knee Osteoarthritis and In Vivo Cartilage Loading awarded by National Institutes of Health 2015 - 2018
- In Vivo Cartilage Mechanics and Degeneration After ACL Deficiency awarded by National Institutes of Health 2013 - 2017
- The In Vivo Biomechanics of Lateral Ankle Ligament Injury and Reconstruction awarded by National Institutes of Health 2008 - 2012
Publications & Artistic Works
Selected Publications
- Academic Articles
  - Englander, ZA, Cutcliffe, HC, Utturkar, GM, Garrett, WE, Spritzer, CE, & DeFrate, LE. (2019, January 22). A Comparison of Knee Abduction Angles Measured by a 3D Anatomic Coordinate System Versus Videographic Analysis: Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine , 7 (1), 2325967118819831-null. Full Text
  - Collins, AT, Hatcher, CC, Kim, SY, Ziemian, SN, Spritzer, CE, Guilak, F, DeFrate, LE, & McNulty, AL. (2019, January). Selective Enzymatic Digestion of Proteoglycans and Collagens Alters Cartilage T1rho and T2 Relaxation Times. Annals of Biomedical Engineering , 47 (1), 190-201. Full Text
  - Taylor, KA, Collins, AT, Heckelman, LN, Kim, SY, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2019, January). Activities of daily living influence tibial cartilage T1rho relaxation times. Journal of Biomechanics , 82 , 228-233. Full Text
  - DeFrate, LE, Kim-Wang, SY, Englander, ZA, & McNulty, AL. (2018, December 28). Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: mechanics. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage ,. (Review) Full Text
  - Englander, ZA, Martin, JT, Ganapathy, PK, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, November). Automatic registration of MRI-based joint models to high-speed biplanar radiographs for precise quantification of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament deformation during gait. Journal of Biomechanics , 81 , 36-44. Full Text
  - Sutter, EG, Liu, B, Utturkar, GM, Widmyer, MR, Spritzer, CE, Cutcliffe, HC, Englander, ZA, Goode, AP, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, October 26). Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency on Tibiofemoral Cartilage Thickness and Strains in Response to Hopping. The American Journal of Sports Medicine ,, 363546518802225-null. Full Text
  - Collins, AT, Kulvaranon, ML, Cutcliffe, HC, Utturkar, GM, Smith, WAR, Spritzer, CE, Guilak, F, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, October 17). Obesity alters the in vivo mechanical response and biochemical properties of cartilage as measured by MRI. Arthritis Research & Therapy , 20 (1), 232-null. Full Text
  - Owusu-Akyaw, KA, Kim, SY, Spritzer, CE, Collins, AT, Englander, ZA, Utturkar, GM, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, September). Determination of the Position of the Knee at the Time of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture for Male Versus Female Patients by an Analysis of Bone Bruises: Response. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 46 (11), NP48-NP51. Full Text
  - Zhang, H, Heckelman, LN, Spritzer, CE, Owusu-Akyaw, KA, Martin, JT, Taylor, DC, Moorman, CT, Garrigues, GE, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, July 13). In Vivo Assessment of Exercise-Induced Glenohumeral Cartilage Strain. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine , 6 (7), 2325967118784518-null. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - Owusu-Akyaw, KA, Kim, SY, Spritzer, CE, Collins, AT, Englander, ZA, Utturkar, GM, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, June). Determination of the Position of the Knee at the Time of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture for Male Versus Female Patients by an Analysis of Bone Bruises. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 46 (7), 1559-1565. Full Text
  - DeFrate, L. (2018, April 1). YEAR IN REVIEW: MECHANICS. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 26 , S9-S9. Link to Item
  - Goode, A, Kraus, VB, Golightly, Y, Huebner, J, George, S, Martin, J, DeFrate, L, & Jordan, JM. (2018, April 1). ASSOCIATION BETWEEN N-CADHERIN, KERATIN-19 AND LUMICAN WITH DISC SPACE NARROWING: THE JOHNSTON COUNTY OSTEOARTHRITIS PROJECT. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 26 , S421-S421. Link to Item
  - Martin, JT, Oldweiler, AB, Spritzer, CE, Soher, BJ, Erickson, MM, Goode, AP, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, April). A magnetic resonance imaging framework for quantifying intervertebral disc deformation in vivo: Reliability and application to diurnal variations in lumbar disc shape. Journal of Biomechanics , 71 , 291-295. Full Text
  - Owusu-Akyaw, KA, Heckelman, LN, Cutcliffe, HC, Sutter, EG, Englander, ZA, Spritzer, CE, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2018, January). A comparison of patellofemoral cartilage morphology and deformation in anterior cruciate ligament deficient versus uninjured knees. Journal of Biomechanics , 67 , 78-83. Full Text
  - Liu, B, Lad, NK, Collins, AT, Ganapathy, PK, Utturkar, GM, McNulty, AL, Spritzer, CE, Moorman, CT, Sutter, EG, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2017, October). In Vivo Tibial Cartilage Strains in Regions of Cartilage-to-Cartilage Contact and Cartilage-to-Meniscus Contact in Response to Walking. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 45 (12), 2817-2823. Full Text
  - DeFrate, LE. (2017, June). Effects of ACL graft placement on in vivo knee function and cartilage thickness distributions. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society , 35 (6), 1160-1170. (Review) Full Text
  - Liu, B, Goode, AP, Carter, TE, Utturkar, GM, Huebner, JL, Taylor, DC, Moorman, CT, Garrett, WE, Kraus, VB, Guilak, F, DeFrate, LE, & McNulty, AL. (2017, May). Matrix metalloproteinase activity and prostaglandin E2 are elevated in the synovial fluid of meniscus tear patients. Connective Tissue Research , 58 (3-4), 305-316. Full Text
  - Collins, AT, Kulvaranon, ML, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Guilak, F, & Defrate, LE. (2017, April). In vivo biochemical and biomechanical properties of cartilage are affected by obesity. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 25 , S112-S113. Full Text
  - Hatcher, CC, Collins, AT, Kim, SY, Michel, LC, Mostertz, WC, Ziemian, SN, Spritzer, CE, Guilak, F, DeFrate, LE, & McNulty, AL. (2017, April). Relationship between T1rho magnetic resonance imaging, synovial fluid biomarkers, and the biochemical and biomechanical properties of cartilage. Journal of Biomechanics , 55 , 18-26. Full Text
  - Cher, WL, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Nunley, JA, DeFrate, LE, & Collins, AT. (2016, September). An analysis of changes in in vivo cartilage thickness of the healthy ankle following dynamic activity. Journal of Biomechanics , 49 (13), 3026-3030. Full Text
  - Lad, NK, Liu, B, Ganapathy, PK, Utturkar, GM, Sutter, EG, Moorman, CT, Garrett, WE, Spritzer, CE, & DeFrate, LE. (2016, September). Effect of normal gait on in vivo tibiofemoral cartilage strains. Journal of Biomechanics , 49 (13), 2870-2876. Full Text
  - DeFrate, LE. (2016, April). Dynamic joint imaging in human OA: altered in vivo cartilage function and early onset OA. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 24 , S4-S4. Full Text
  - Huebner, J, Furman, B, Manson, M, Kimmerling, K, Olson, S, Guilak, F, DeFrate, L, Zura, R, Reilly, R, & Kraus, V. (2016, April). Acute inflammatory response after severe joint injury potentially involved in the development of post-traumatic arthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 24 , S79-S80. Full Text
  - Kim, SY, Spritzer, CE, Utturkar, GM, Toth, AP, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2015, October). Knee Kinematics During Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as Determined From Bone Bruise Location. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 43 (10), 2515-2521. Full Text
  - Carter, TE, Taylor, KA, Spritzer, CE, Utturkar, GM, Taylor, DC, III, MCT, Garrett, WE, Guilak, F, McNulty, AL, & DeFrate, LE. (2015, June 1). In vivo cartilage strain increases following medial meniscal tear and correlates with synovial fluid matrix metalloproteinase activity. JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS , 48 (8), 1461-1468. Full Text Open Access Copy Link to Item
  - Carter, TE, Taylor, KA, Spritzer, CE, Utturkar, GM, Taylor, DC, Moorman, CT, Garrett, WE, Guilak, F, McNulty, AL, & DeFrate, LE. (2015, June). In vivo cartilage strain increases following medial meniscal tear and correlates with synovial fluid matrix metalloproteinase activity. Journal of Biomechanics , 48 (8), 1461-1468. Full Text Open Access Copy
  - McNulty, A, Carter, T, Taylor, K, Spritzer, C, Utturkar, G, Taylor, D, Moorman, C, Garrett, W, Guilak, F, & DeFrate, L. (2015, April). In vivo strain increases following medial meniscal tear and correlates with synovial fluid matrix metalloproteinase activity. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 23 , A95-A95. Full Text
  - Vovos, T, Furman, B, Huebner, J, Kimmerling, K, Utturkar, G, DeFrate, L, Kraus, V, Guilak, F, & Olson, S. (2015, April). Joint incongruity and biomarkers of bone metabolism as predictors of post-traumatic arthritis in mice. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 23 , A242-A243. Full Text
  - Sutter, EG, Widmyer, MR, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2015, February). In vivo measurement of localized tibiofemoral cartilage strains in response to dynamic activity. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 43 (2), 370-376. Full Text
  - Taylor, DC, Spritzer, CE, Moorman, CT, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2014, January 3). The effects of femoral graft placement on cartilage thickness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Journal of Biomechanics , 47 (1), 96-101. Full Text
  - Okafor, EC, Utturkar, GM, Widmyer, MR, Abebe, ES, Collins, AT, Taylor, DC, Spritzer, CE, Moorman, CT, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2014, January). The effects of femoral graft placement on cartilage thickness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Journal of Biomechanics , 47 (1), 96-101. Full Text
  - Widmyer, MR, Utturkar, GM, Leddy, HA, Coleman, JL, Spritzer, CE, Moorman, CT, DeFrate, LE, & Guilak, F. (2013, October). High body mass index is associated with increased diurnal strains in the articular cartilage of the knee. Arthritis and Rheumatism , 65 (10), 2615-2622. Full Text
  - Stolberg-Stolberg, JA, Furman, BD, Garrigues, NW, Lee, J, Pisetsky, DS, Stearns, NA, DeFrate, LE, Guilak, F, & Olson, SA. (2013, August). Effects of cartilage impact with and without fracture on chondrocyte viability and the release of inflammatory markers. J Orthop Res , 31 (8), 1283-1292. Full Text Link to Item
  - Coleman, JL, Widmyer, MR, Leddy, HA, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Moorman, CT, Guilak, F, & DeFrate, LE. (2013, February). Diurnal variations in articular cartilage thickness and strain in the human knee. Journal of Biomechanics , 46 (3), 541-547. Full Text
  - Taylor, KA, Cutcliffe, HC, Queen, RM, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2013, February 1). In vivo measurement of ACL length and relative strain during walking. J Biomech , 46 (3), 478-483. Full Text Link to Item
  - Coleman, JL, Widmyer, MR, Leddy, HA, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Moorman, CT, Guilak, F, & DeFrate, LE. (2013). Diurnal variations in articular cartilage thickness and strain in the human knee. Journal of Biomechanics , 46 (3), 541-547. Full Text
  - Taylor, KA, Cutcliffe, HC, Queen, RM, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2013). In vivo measurement of ACL length and relative strain during walking. Journal of Biomechanics , 46 (3), 478-483. Full Text
  - Utturkar, GM, Irribarra, LA, Taylor, KA, Spritzer, CE, Taylor, DC, Garrett, WE, & Defrate, LE. (2013, January). The effects of a valgus collapse knee position on in vivo ACL elongation. Ann Biomed Eng , 41 (1), 123-130. Full Text Link to Item
  - Wilusz, RE, DeFrate, LE, & Guilak, F. (2012, November). Immunofluorescence-guided atomic force microscopy to measure the micromechanical properties of the pericellular matrix of porcine articular cartilage. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface , 9 (76), 2997-3007. Full Text
  - Wainright, WB, Spritzer, CE, Lee, JY, Easley, ME, DeOrio, JK, Nunley, JA, & DeFrate, LE. (2012, September). The effect of modified Broström-Gould repair for lateral ankle instability on in vivo tibiotalar kinematics. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 40 (9), 2099-2104. Full Text
  - Wilusz, RE, Defrate, LE, & Guilak, F. (2012, July). A biomechanical role for perlecan in the pericellular matrix of articular cartilage. Matrix Biol , 31 (6), 320-327. Full Text Link to Item
  - Abebe, ES, Kim, J-P, Utturkar, GM, Taylor, DC, Spritzer, CE, Moorman, CT, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2011, July 7). The effect of femoral tunnel placement on ACL graft orientation and length during in vivo knee flexion. J Biomech , 44 (10), 1914-1920. Full Text Link to Item
  - Lewis, JS, Hembree, WC, Furman, BD, Tippets, L, Cattel, D, Huebner, JL, Little, D, DeFrate, LE, Kraus, VB, Guilak, F, & Olson, SA. (2011, July). Acute joint pathology and synovial inflammation is associated with increased intra-articular fracture severity in the mouse knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage , 19 (7), 864-873. Full Text Link to Item
  - Backus, JD, Furman, BD, Swimmer, T, Kent, CL, McNulty, AL, Defrate, LE, Guilak, F, & Olson, SA. (2011, April). Cartilage viability and catabolism in the intact porcine knee following transarticular impact loading with and without articular fracture. J Orthop Res , 29 (4), 501-510. Full Text Link to Item
  - Abebe, ES, Utturkar, GM, Taylor, DC, Spritzer, CE, Kim, JP, Moorman, CT, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2011, March 15). The effects of femoral graft placement on in vivo knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Biomech , 44 (5), 924-929. Full Text Link to Item
  - Taylor, KA, Terry, ME, Utturkar, GM, Spritzer, CE, Queen, RM, Irribarra, LA, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2011, February). Measurement of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament strain during dynamic jump landing. Journal of Biomechanics , 44 (3), 365-371. Full Text
  - Bischof, JE, Spritzer, CE, Caputo, AM, Easley, ME, DeOrio, JK, Nunley, JA, & DeFrate, LE. (2010, September 17). In vivo cartilage contact strains in patients with lateral ankle instability. J Biomech , 43 (13), 2561-2566. Full Text Link to Item
  - Bischof, JE, Defrate, LE, Queen, RM, & Nunley, JA. (2010, May). Bilateral jones fractures in two elite soccer players. Foot & ankle international , 31 (5), 441-447. Full Text
  - Van de Velde, SK, Bingham, JT, Hosseini, A, Kozanek, M, DeFrate, LE, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2009, December). Increased tibiofemoral cartilage contact deformation in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Arthritis and Rheumatism , 60 (12), 3693-3702. Full Text
  - Caputo, AM, Lee, JY, Spritzer, CE, Easley, ME, DeOrio, JK, Nunley, JA, & DeFrate, LE. (2009, November). In vivo kinematics of the tibiotalar joint after lateral ankle instability. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 37 (11), 2241-2248. Full Text
  - Abebe, ES, Moorman, CT, Dziedzic, TS, Spritzer, CE, Cothran, RL, Taylor, DC, Garrett, WE, & DeFrate, LE. (2009, October). Femoral tunnel placement during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an in vivo imaging analysis comparing transtibial and 2-incision tibial tunnel-independent techniques. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 37 (10), 1904-1911. Full Text
  - Gelalis, ID, DeFrate, LE, Stafilas, KS, Pakos, EE, Kang, JD, & Gilbertson, LG. (2009, February). Three-dimensional analysis of cervical spine motion: reliability of a computer assisted magnetic tracking device compared to inclinometer. Eur Spine J , 18 (2), 276-281. Full Text Link to Item
  - Caputo, AM, Lee, JY, Spritzer, CE, Easley, ME, DeOrio, JK, Nunley, JA, & DeFrate, LE. (2009). Lateral ankle instability increases anterior translation and internal rotation of the talus during in vivo loading. Foot and Ankle International , 30 (8), 804--.
  - Kaseta, MK, DeFrate, LE, Charnock, BL, Sullivan, RT, & Garrett, WE. (2008, June). Reconstruction technique affects femoral tunnel placement in ACL reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res , 466 (6), 1467-1474. Full Text Link to Item
  - Van de Velde, SK, Gill, TJ, DeFrate, LE, Papannagari, R, & Li, G. (2008, June). The effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and reconstruction on the patellofemoral joint. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 36 (6), 1150-1159. Full Text
  - Schwarzkopf, R, DeFrate, LE, Li, G, & Herndon, JH. (2008). The quantification of the origin area of the deep forearm musculature on the interosseous ligament. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis , 66 (1), 9-13. Link to Item
  - Li, G, Papannagari, R, Nha, KW, Defrate, LE, Gill, TJ, & Rubash, HE. (2007, December). The coupled motion of the femur and patella during in vivo weightbearing knee flexion. J Biomech Eng , 129 (6), 937-943. Full Text Link to Item
  - Papannagari, R, DeFrate, LE, Nha, KW, Moses, JM, Moussa, M, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2007, September). Function of posterior cruciate ligament bundles during in vivo knee flexion. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 35 (9), 1507-1512. Full Text
  - Defrate, LE, & Li, G. (2007, July). The prediction of stress-relaxation of ligaments and tendons using the quasi-linear viscoelastic model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol , 6 (4), 245-251. Full Text Link to Item
  - Li, G, Papannagari, R, DeFrate, LE, Yoo, JD, Park, SE, & Gill, TJ. (2007, June). The effects of ACL deficiency on mediolateral translation and varus-valgus rotation. Acta Orthopaedica , 78 (3), 355-360. Full Text
  - Jordan, SS, DeFrate, LE, Nha, KW, Papannagari, R, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2007, April). The in vivo kinematics of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 35 (4), 547-554. Full Text
  - Van de Velde, SK, DeFrate, LE, Gill, TJ, Moses, JM, Papannagari, R, & Li, G. (2007, February). The effect of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency on the in vivo elongation of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 35 (2), 294-300. Full Text
  - Defrate, LE, Nha, KW, Papannagari, R, Moses, JM, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2007). The biomechanical function of the patellar tendon during in-vivo weight-bearing flexion. J Biomech , 40 (8), 1716-1722. Full Text Link to Item
  - Papannagari, R, Gill, TJ, Defrate, LE, Moses, JM, Petruska, AJ, & Li, G. (2006, December). In vivo kinematics of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a clinical and functional evaluation. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 34 (12), 2006-2012. Full Text
  - Defrate, LE, Papannagari, R, Gill, TJ, Moses, JM, Pathare, NP, & Li, G. (2006, August). The 6 degrees of freedom kinematics of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: an in vivo imaging analysis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 34 (8), 1240-1246. Full Text
  - Li, G, Moses, JM, Papannagari, R, Pathare, NP, DeFrate, LE, & Gill, TJ. (2006, August). Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency alters the in vivo motion of the tibiofemoral cartilage contact points in both the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume , 88 (8), 1826-1834. Full Text
  - Li, G, Papannagari, R, DeFrate, LE, Yoo, JD, Park, SE, & Gill, TJ. (2006, April). Comparison of the ACL and ACL graft forces before and after ACL reconstruction: an in-vitro robotic investigation. Acta Orthop , 77 (2), 267-274. Full Text Link to Item
  - Defrate, LE, van der Ven, A, Boyer, PJ, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2006). The measurement of the variation in the surface strains of Achilles tendon grafts using imaging techniques. J Biomech , 39 (3), 399-405. Full Text Link to Item
  - Park, SE, DeFrate, LE, Suggs, JF, Gill, TJ, Rubash, HE, & Li, G. (2006, January 1). Erratum: The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion (The Knee (2005) 12 (377-382) DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2004.12.011). Knee , 13 (1), 76-82. Full Text
  - Park, SE, DeFrate, LE, Suggs, JF, Gill, TJ, Rubash, HE, & Li, G. (2006, January). Erratum to "The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion". Knee , 13 (1), 77-82. Link to Item
  - DeFrate, LE, & Li, G. (2005, December 1). The prediction of the stress-strain behavior of ligaments and tendons. Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference , 2005 , 874-875.
  - DeFrate, LE, Van Der Ven, A, Boyer, PJ, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2005, December 1). The measurement of the variation in the surface strains of achilles tendon grafts using imaging techniques. Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference , 2005 , 695-696.
  - Li, G, DeFrate, LE, Suggs, JF, Hanson, GR, Papannagari, R, & Rubash, HE. (2005, December 1). The development of an orthogonal fluoroscopic and MR imaging technique for accurately measuring in vivo knee joint kinematics. Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference , 2005 , 972-973.
  - Park, SE, DeFrate, LE, Suggs, JF, Gill, TJ, Rubash, HE, & Li, G. (2005, October). The change in length of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments during in vivo knee flexion. Knee , 12 (5), 377-382. Link to Item
  - Li, G, Park, SE, DeFrate, LE, Schutzer, ME, Ji, L, Gill, TJ, & Rubash, HE. (2005, August). The cartilage thickness distribution in the tibiofemoral joint and its correlation with cartilage-to-cartilage contact. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) , 20 (7), 736-744. Full Text
  - Li, G, DeFrate, LE, Rubash, HE, & Gill, TJ. (2005, July 1). Erratum: "In vivo kinematics of the ACL during weight-bearing knee flexion" (Journal of Orthopaedic Research (2005) vol. 23 (340-344) 10.1016/j.orthres.2004.08.006). Journal of Orthopaedic Research , 23 (4), 977-null. Full Text
  - Li, G, Defrate, LE, Rubash, HE, & Gill, TJ. (2005, March). In vivo kinematics of the ACL during weight-bearing knee flexion. Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society , 23 (2), 340-344. Full Text
  - Yoo, JD, Papannagari, R, Park, SE, DeFrate, LE, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2005, February). The effect of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on knee joint kinematics under simulated muscle loads. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 33 (2), 240-246. Full Text
  - Li, G, DeFrate, LE, Park, SE, Gill, TJ, & Rubash, HE. (2005, January). In vivo articular cartilage contact kinematics of the knee: an investigation using dual-orthogonal fluoroscopy and magnetic resonance image-based computer models. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 33 (1), 102-107. Full Text
  - DeFrate, LE, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2004, December). In vivo function of the posterior cruciate ligament during weightbearing knee flexion. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 (8), 1923-1928. Full Text
  - DeFrate, LE, Sun, H, Gill, TJ, Rubash, HE, & Li, G. (2004, October). In vivo tibiofemoral contact analysis using 3D MRI-based knee models. Journal of Biomechanics , 37 (10), 1499-1504. Full Text
  - Li, G, DeFrate, LE, Sun, H, & Gill, TJ. (2004, September). In vivo elongation of the anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament during knee flexion. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 (6), 1415-1420. Full Text
  - Park, SE, Stamos, BD, DeFrate, LE, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2004, September). The effect of posterior knee capsulotomy on posterior tibial translation during posterior cruciate ligament tibial inlay reconstruction. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 32 (6), 1514-1519. Full Text
  - Li, G, DeFrate, LE, Zayontz, S, Park, SE, & Gill, TJ. (2004, July). The effect of tibiofemoral joint kinematics on patellofemoral contact pressures under simulated muscle loads. J Orthop Res , 22 (4), 801-806. Full Text Link to Item
  - DeFrate, LE, van der Ven, A, Gill, TJ, & Li, G. (2004, June). The effect of length on the structural properties of an Achilles tendon graft as used in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med , 32 (4), 993-997. Full Text Link to Item
  - Li, G, Most, E, DeFrate, LE, Suggs, JF, Gill, TJ, & Rubash, HE. (2004, May). Effect of the posterior cruciate ligament on posterior stability of the knee in high flexion. J Biomech , 37 (5), 779-783. Full Text Link to Item
  - Li, G, Wuerz, TH, & DeFrate, LE. (2004, April). Feasibility of using orthogonal fluoroscopic images to measure in vivo joint kinematics. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering , 126 (2), 314-318. Full Text
  - Li, G, Zayontz, S, Most, E, DeFrate, LE, Suggs, JF, & Rubash, HE. (2004, March). In situ forces of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in high knee flexion: an in vitro investigation. J Orthop Res , 22 (2), 293-297. Full Text Link to Item
  - DEFRATE, L. (2004). In vivo tibiofemoral contact analysis using 3D MRI-based Knee model. Journal of Biomechanics , 37 (10), 1499-1504.
  - Gill, TJ, DeFrate, LE, Wang, C, Carey, CT, Zayontz, S, Zarins, B, & Li, G. (2004, January). The effect of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on patellofemoral contact pressures in the knee joint under simulated muscle loads. Am J Sports Med , 32 (1), 109-115. Full Text Link to Item
  - Li, G, Zayontz, S, DeFrate, LE, Most, E, Suggs, JF, & Rubash, HE. (2004, January). Kinematics of the knee at high flexion angles: an in vitro investigation. J Orthop Res , 22 (1), 90-95. Full Text Link to Item
  - Gill, TJ, DeFrate, LE, Wang, C, Carey, CT, Zayontz, S, Zarins, B, & Li, G. (2003, July). The biomechanical effect of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on knee joint function. Kinematic response to simulated muscle loads. The American Journal of Sports Medicine , 31 (4), 530-536. Full Text
  - Li, G, DeFrate, L, Suggs, J, & Gill, T. (2003, April). Determination of optimal graft lengths for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction--a theoretical analysis. J Biomech Eng , 125 (2), 295-299. Link to Item
  - Li, G, Gill, TJ, DeFrate, LE, Zayontz, S, Glatt, V, & Zarins, B. (2002, July). Biomechanical consequences of PCL deficiency in the knee under simulated muscle loads--an in vitro experimental study. Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society , 20 (4), 887-892. Full Text
  - DeFrate, LE, Li, G, Zayontz, SJ, & Herndon, JH. (2001, December). A minimally invasive method for the determination of force in the interosseous ligament. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) , 16 (10), 895-900. Link to Item
  - DeFrate, LE, Sakai, JL, Gilbertson, LG, Moon, SH, Nishida, K, Donaldson, WF, Kang, JD, & Woo, SLY. (1999, December 1). Magnetic tracking/virtual reality based system for comprehensive kinematic assessment of the cervical spine. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) Bed , 42 , 63-64.
  - Sakai, JL, Gilbertson, LG, DeFrate, LE, III, WFD, Kang, JD, & Woo, SL-Y. (1999). Virtual reality assisted visual feedback of cervical spine kinematics for improved control of active range-of-motion maneuvers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) BED , 43 , 15-16.
  - DeFrate, LE, Doehring, TC, Gilbertson, LG, Donaldson, WF, Kang, JD, & Woo, SLY. (1997, December 1). Axial rotation limits cervical spine flexion-extension range of motion. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) Bed , 35 , 445-446.
  - DeFrate, LE, Doehring, TC, Nishida, K, Kang, JD, Gilbertson, LG, & Woo, SLY. (1997, December 1). Virtual reality assisted measurement of in-vivo cervical spine kinematics. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) Bed , 36 , 9-10.
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