Scholars@Duke

Electrochemical disinfection of human urine for water-free and additive-free toilets using boron-doped diamond electrodes

Publication ,  Journal Article
Raut, AS; Cunningham, GB; Parker, CB; Klem, EJD; Stoner, BR; Deshusses, MA; Glass, JT
Published in: ECS Transactions
January 1, 2013
Published version (DOI)

We report the development of an electrochemical disinfection system for human urine, which does not require the addition of any external water or chemical reagents. It is designed to minimize energy consumption so that it may derive its energy from solar panels. The system will be part of a modular outdoor toilet for use in developing countries. The system was tested with a physiological saline solution and an organic dye to determine minimum-energy operating conditions. Disinfection was then quantified using synthetic urine and Escherichia coli (E. Coli) as indicator organisms. The colony forming unit (CFU) count of E. Coli was reduced from >109 CFU/100 mL to within World Health Organization permissible limits after treatment. Effects of suspended fecal matter on disinfection efficiency were also studied. © The Electrochemical Society.

Duke Scholars

Charles Parker
Author Charles Parker  
Brian R. Stoner
Author Brian R. Stoner Electrical and Computer Engineering
Marc Deshusses
Author Marc Deshusses Civil and Environmental Engineering
Jeffrey Glass
Author Jeffrey Glass Electrical and Computer Engineering

Published In

ECS Transactions

DOI

10.1149/05317.0001ecst

EISSN

1938-6737

ISSN

1938-5862

Publication Date

January 1, 2013

Volume

53

Issue

17

Start / End Page

1 / 11

Related Subject Headings

  • 4018 Nanotechnology
  • 4017 Mechanical engineering
  • 4008 Electrical engineering
 

Citation

APA
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ICMJE
MLA
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Raut, A. S., Cunningham, G. B., Parker, C. B., Klem, E. J. D., Stoner, B. R., Deshusses, M. A., & Glass, J. T. (2013). Electrochemical disinfection of human urine for water-free and additive-free toilets using boron-doped diamond electrodes. ECS Transactions, 53(17), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1149/05317.0001ecst
Raut, A. S., G. B. Cunningham, C. B. Parker, E. J. D. Klem, B. R. Stoner, M. A. Deshusses, and J. T. Glass. “Electrochemical disinfection of human urine for water-free and additive-free toilets using boron-doped diamond electrodes.” ECS Transactions 53, no. 17 (January 1, 2013): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1149/05317.0001ecst.
Raut AS, Cunningham GB, Parker CB, Klem EJD, Stoner BR, Deshusses MA, et al. Electrochemical disinfection of human urine for water-free and additive-free toilets using boron-doped diamond electrodes. ECS Transactions. 2013 Jan 1;53(17):1–11.
Raut, A. S., et al. “Electrochemical disinfection of human urine for water-free and additive-free toilets using boron-doped diamond electrodes.” ECS Transactions, vol. 53, no. 17, Jan. 2013, pp. 1–11. Scopus, doi:10.1149/05317.0001ecst.
Raut AS, Cunningham GB, Parker CB, Klem EJD, Stoner BR, Deshusses MA, Glass JT. Electrochemical disinfection of human urine for water-free and additive-free toilets using boron-doped diamond electrodes. ECS Transactions. 2013 Jan 1;53(17):1–11.

Published In

ECS Transactions

DOI

10.1149/05317.0001ecst

EISSN

1938-6737

ISSN

1938-5862

Publication Date

January 1, 2013

Volume

53

Issue

17

Start / End Page

1 / 11

Related Subject Headings

  • 4018 Nanotechnology
  • 4017 Mechanical engineering
  • 4008 Electrical engineering